Effect of repeated administration with subtoxic doses of acetaminophen to rats on enterohepatic recirculation of a subsequent toxic dose.

Development of resistance to toxic effects of acetaminophen (APAP) was reported in rodents and humans, though the mechanism is only partially understood. We examined in rats the effect of administration with subtoxic daily doses (0.2, 0.3, and 0.6g/kg, i.p.) of APAP on enterohepatic recirculation and liver toxicity of a subsequent i.p. toxic dose of 1g/kg, given 24h after APAP pre-treatment. APAP and its major metabolite APAP-glucuronide (APAP-Glu) were determined in bile, urine, serum and liver homogenate. APAP pre-treatment was not toxic, as determined by serum markers of liver damage and neither induced oxidative stress as demonstrated by assessment of ROS generation in liver or glutathione species in liver and bile. APAP pre-treatment induced a partial shift from biliary to urinary elimination of APAP-Glu after administration with the toxic dose, and decreased hepatic content and increased serum content of this conjugate, consistent with a marked up-regulation of its basolateral transporter Mrp3 relative to apical Mrp2. Preferential secretion of APAP-glu into blood decreased enterohepatic recirculation of APAP, thus attenuating liver exposition to the intact drug, as demonstrated 6h after administration with the toxic dose. The beneficial effect of interfering the enterohepatic recirculation was alternatively tested in animals receiving activated charcoal by gavage to adsorb APAP of biliary origin. The data indicated decreased liver APAP content and glutathione consumption. We conclude that selective up-regulation of Mrp3 expression by APAP pre-treatment may contribute to development of resistance to APAP hepatotoxicity, at least in part by decreasing its enterohepatic recirculation.

Induction of rat intestinal P-glycoprotein by spironolactone and its effect on absorption of orally administered digoxin.

The effect of the diuretic spironolactone (SL) on expression and function of intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as well as its impact on intestinal absorption of digoxin, was explored. Rats were treated with daily doses of 200 micromol/kg b.wt. of SL intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days. The small intestine was divided into four equal segments of approximately 25 cm, with segment I being the most proximal. Brush-border membranes were isolated and used in analysis of P-gp expression by Western blot analysis. P-gp content increased in the SL group by 526, 292, 210, and 622% over controls for segments I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Up-regulation of apical P-gp was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. P-gp transport activity was explored in intestinal sacs prepared from segment IV using two different model substrates. Serosal to mucosal transport (efflux) of rhodamine 123 was 140% higher, and mucosal to serosal transport (absorption) of digoxin was 40% lower in the SL group, both indicating increased P-gp function. In vivo experiments showed that intestinal absorption of a single dose of digoxin administered p.o. was attenuated by SL pretreatment. Thus, concentration of digoxin in portal and peripheral blood was lower in SL versus control groups, as well as its accumulation in kidney and liver. Urinary excretion of digoxin was significantly decreased in the SL group, probably reflecting decreased systemic availability of digoxin for subsequent urinary elimination. We conclude that SL induces P-gp expression with potential impact on intestinal absorption of substrates with therapeutic application.

Shift from biliary to urinary elimination of acetaminophen-glucuronide in acetaminophen-pretreated rats.

Despite its toxicity, acetaminophen (APAP) is used increasingly as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent. We examined the effect of prior exposure to APAP on its biliary and urinary elimination. The biliary and urinary elimination of a test dose of APAP (150 mg/kg i.v.) was determined in male Wistar rats 24 h after pretreatment with vehicle, a single dose (1.0 g/kg i.p.), or increasing daily doses (0.2, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 g/kg/day i.p.) of APAP. Although elimination of the parent APAP was minimally affected, biliary excretion of APAP glucuronide was significantly decreased 70 and 80%, whereas urinary excretion was significantly increased 90 and 100% in the groups pretreated with single and repeated doses of APAP, respectively, relative to vehicle controls. Western analysis and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy indicated a marked increase in hepatic expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3) in both groups pretreated with APAP, relative to expression of Mrp2. ATP-dependent transport of [3H]taurocholate, an Mrp3 substrate, was significantly increased in basolateral liver plasma membrane vesicles from rats pretreated with repeated doses of APAP relative to controls. Enterohepatic recirculation of APAP glucuronide after administration of the same test dose of the drug was significantly decreased in rats pretreated with repeated doses of APAP. These data indicate that APAP pretreatment induced a shift from biliary to urinary elimination of APAP glucuronide, consistent with the increased expression of Mrp3 in the basolateral domain of the hepatocyte. We postulate that decreased enterohepatic recirculation contributes to decreased APAP hepatotoxicity by reducing liver exposure.

Effect of acetaminophen on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein.

We evaluated the effect of acetaminophen (APAP), given as a single, 1g/kg body weight dose, on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), two major canalicular drug transporters. The studies were performed 24h after administration of the drug. APAP induced an increase in plasma membrane content of Mrp2 detected by western blotting, consistent with increased detection of the protein at the canalicular level by immunoflourescence microscopy. In vivo biliary excretion of dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, a well known Mrp2 substrate, was slightly but significantly increased by APAP, agreeing well with upregulation of the transporter. Basal biliary excretion of oxidized glutathione, an endogenous Mrp2 substrate, was also increased by APAP, likely indicating increased hepatic synthesis as a result of APAP-induced oxidative stress followed by accelerated canalicular secretion mediated by Mrp2. APAP also increased the expression of P-gp detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy as well as the in vivo biliary secretory rate of digoxin, a model P-gp substrate. Because specific APAP-conjugated metabolites are Mrp2 substrates, we postulate that induction of Mrp2 by APAP may represent an adaptive mechanism to accelerate liver disposition of the drug. In addition, increased Mrp2-mediated elimination of oxidized glutathione may be essential in maintaining the redox equilibrium in the hepatocyte under conditions of APAP-induced oxidative stress.

La sobredosis de paracetamol y la colestasis experimental inducen la expresión de los genes que codifican la P-glicoprotína tipo 1 en ratas / Paracetamol overdose and experimental cholestasis induced gene expresion that codified P-glicoprotein tipe 1 in rats

Excretion of lipophilic cationic toxic compounds from the interior of the hepatocyte to the bile is mediated by P-Glycoprotein. It is an integral protein located in the bile canaliculi. The present work study the hepatic expression of P-Glycoprotein in different models of experimental liver disease: Acute paracetamol intoxication, extrahepatic cholestasis and cholestasis followed by acute paracetamol intoxication. mRNA was isolated from liver tissue, and the expression of Pg-p was assessed by Northern blot. It is concluded that the hepatic expression of mdr1b is increased in the experimental liver diseases when compared to controls. On the other hand, mdr2 expression was similar between the different groups

La sobredosis de paracetamol y la colestasis experimental inducen la expresión de los genes que codifican la P-glicoprotína tipo 1 en ratas / Paracetamol overdose and experimental cholestasis induced gene expresion that codified P-glicoprotein tipe 1 in rats

Excretion of lipophilic cationic toxic compounds from the interior of the hepatocyte to the bile is mediated by P-Glycoprotein. It is an integral protein located in the bile canaliculi. The present work study the hepatic expression of P-Glycoprotein in different models of experimental liver disease: Acute paracetamol intoxication, extrahepatic cholestasis and cholestasis followed by acute paracetamol intoxication. mRNA was isolated from liver tissue, and the expression of Pg-p was assessed by Northern blot. It is concluded that the hepatic expression of mdr1b is increased in the experimental liver diseases when compared to controls. On the other hand, mdr2 expression was similar between the different groups (AU)

[Paracetamol overdose and experimental cholestasis induced gene expression regulation that codified P-Glycoprotein type 1 in rats]. / La sobredosis de paracetamol y la colestasis experimental inducen la expresión de los genes que codifican la P-glicoprotína tipo 1 en ratas.

Excretion of lipophilic cationic toxic compounds from the interior of the hepatocyte to the bile is mediated by P-Glycoprotein. It is an integral protein located in the bile canaliculi. The present work study the hepatic expression of P-Glycoprotein in different models of experimental liver disease: Acute paracetamol intoxication, extrahepatic cholestasis and cholestasis followed by acute paracetamol intoxication. mRNA was isolated from liver tissue, and the expression of Pg-p was assessed by Northern blot. It is concluded that the hepatic expression of mdr1b is increased in the experimental liver diseases when compared to controls. On the other hand, mdr2 expression was similar between the different groups.

Desocupación y salud: caracterización de la morbilidad en la población despedida de trabajadores gráficos durante los años 2000-2001 / Unemployment and health: characterization of the disease in the population farewell of workers graphics during the years 2000-2001

En el contexto de los trabajadores industriales de nuestro país, los trabajadores gráficos se caracterizan por una fuerte tradición profesional de oficio que ha debido adaptarse a cambios tecnológicos con reducción en el número de puestos de trabajo, como consecuencia de la retracción del consumo interno. Inmersos en la inseguridad laboral y el empobrecimiento, pueden constituirse como objeto de estudio para establecer diferencias en el estado de salud entre los trabajadores ocupados y trabajadores despedidos. La presente investigación intenta articular la relación entre las políticas de Recursos Humanos de las empresas de la Industria Gráfica, el proceso de inseguridad laboral-empobrecimiento-despido sufrido por sus trabajadores y las implicancias sobre el proceso salud-enfermedad, en el período correspondiente a los años 2000-2001. Al momento de este estudio, la Industria Gráfica se caracteriza por gran heterogeneidad en la estructura de sus empresas, con paso a la renovación tecnológica y una sustancial reducción de la demanda de sus productos en el mercado, debido a la recesión que atraviesa el país. Esta última dimensión es considerada relevante al momento de explicar el número de despidos, que se acrecienta en la segunda mitad del período. Estos despidos se distribuyeron con mayor fuerza entre los grupos más jóvenes, las mujeres y los/las de menores salarios. En las empresas que emplean más de cien trabajadores, la magnitud de los despidos se correspondió con la totalidad de la industria. Estas empresas, basaron su estrategia en la reducción de costos salariales sin conflictos con el personal, despidiendo a los de mayor edad, no sólo por sus altos salarios sino también porque guardan la memoria de la organización sindical. Al mismo tiempo, incorporaron una población joven, de mayor presencia femenina y reducido salario. La reconversión tecnológica se identifica como recurso que favorece a las empresas no sólo por la reducción de puestos de trabajo, sino...

La sobredosis de paracetamol y la colestasis experimental inducen la expresión de los genes que codifican la P-glicoprotína tipo 1 en ratas. / [Paracetamol overdose and experimental cholestasis induced gene expression regulation that codified P-Glycoprotein type 1 in rats]

Excretion of lipophilic cationic toxic compounds from the interior of the hepatocyte to the bile is mediated by P-Glycoprotein. It is an integral protein located in the bile canaliculi. The present work study the hepatic expression of P-Glycoprotein in different models of experimental liver disease: Acute paracetamol intoxication, extrahepatic cholestasis and cholestasis followed by acute paracetamol intoxication. mRNA was isolated from liver tissue, and the expression of Pg-p was assessed by Northern blot. It is concluded that the hepatic expression of mdr1b is increased in the experimental liver diseases when compared to controls. On the other hand, mdr2 expression was similar between the different groups.

¿Contribuye el TNF-alfa a la fisiopatolog'ia de las hepatopatias? / Does TNF-alpha contribute to liver disease physiopathology?

The aim of the present paper is to establish the possible role of serum TNF in the pathophysiology of three experimental models of liver injury: paracetamol intoxication, cholestasis followed by paracetamol intoxication and cholestasis. We concluded that under our experimental conditions the serum TNF-alpha levels were not responsible for the inflammatory phenomena described in our previous paper as apopt.

¿Contribuye el TNF-alfa a la fisiopatologia de las hepatopatias? / Does TNF-alpha contribute to liver disease physiopathology?

The aim of the present paper is to establish the possible role of serum TNF in the pathophysiology of three experimental models of liver injury: paracetamol intoxication, cholestasis followed by paracetamol intoxication and cholestasis. We concluded that under our experimental conditions the serum TNF-alpha levels were not responsible for the inflammatory phenomena described in our previous paper as apopt. (Au)

Metabolismo de benzodiacepinas en distintos modelos de hepatopatías experimentales / Benzodiazepines metabolism in different models of experimental liver diseases

El objetivo de este trabajo es estabelecer posibles alteraciones en la glucuronización de benzodizcepinas en dos modelos experimentales de injuria hepática: La intoxicación aguda con paracetamol y la colestasis seguida de una intoxicación aguda con paracetamol. Por el contrario, los animales colestáticos seguidos de una intoxicación con paracetamol, mostraron un incremento en la glucuronización de los sustratos ensayados.

Metabolismo de benzodiacepinas en distintos modelos de hepatopatías experimentales / Benzodiazepines metabolism in different models of experimental liver diseases

El objetivo de este trabajo es estabelecer posibles alteraciones en la glucuronización de benzodizcepinas en dos modelos experimentales de injuria hepática: La intoxicación aguda con paracetamol y la colestasis seguida de una intoxicación aguda con paracetamol. Por el contrario, los animales colestáticos seguidos de una intoxicación con paracetamol, mostraron un incremento en la glucuronización de los sustratos ensayados. (AU)

Evolucion de parametros bioquimicos e histopatologicos en la sobredosis con paracetamol durante la colestasis experimental / Development of biochemical and histopathological parameters in paracetamol overdose in experimental cholestasis

En este trabajo se estudia el efecto de la intoxicación aguda con paracetamol (P) en ratas colestáticas. Se tomaron 4 grupos de ratas: controles, controles intoxicadas con P, controles colestáticas y colestáticas intoxicadas con P. Para todos los grupos se realizaron test de bioquímica hepática e histopatología del hígado. Se concluye que las ratas colestáticas sufren menor daño hepático cuando se las somete a intoxicación con P que sus respectivos controles