Analyzing U.S. State Governments' COVID-19 Homepages during the Initial Lockdown in March and April 2020: Information Content and Interactivity.

During times of a pandemic, government emergency response webpages are an important communication channel and if properly managed, will mitigate pandemic impacts. Guided by the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) framework and web interactivity literature, this study examined the information content and interactivity of U.S. state governments' COVID-19 homepages when many states declared stay-at-home orders in March or April of 2020. Using a web archive service, we retrieved 48 state governments' COVID-19 homepages. Three coders coded these pages for the presence or absence of information content on five dimensions (timely updates, sensemaking information, efficacy information, targeted guidance, and anti-stigma communication) and interactivity on four dimensions (accessibility, navigability, media richness, and engagement). Results revealed that a large proportion of state governments' COVID-19 homepages provided timely information facilitating people's understanding of the pandemic. Yet, there were some information gaps regarding how to cope with the pandemic or its related problems, such as mental stress and social discrimination. While many COVID-19 homepages allowed easy navigation, page engagement and accessibility seemed inadequate. U.S. state governments' COVID-19 homepages could be a good source for sensemaking. Practitioners and researchers should explore how to better harness interactive Internet technologies and present information that fosters people's efficacy to manage through the pandemic.

Constructing and Communicating COVID-19 Stigma on Twitter: A Content Analysis of Tweets during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak.

This study focuses on stigma communication about COVID-19 on Twitter in the early stage of the outbreak, given the lack of information and rapid global expansion of new cases during this period. Guided by the model of stigma communication, we examine four types of message content, namely mark, group labeling, responsibility, and peril, that are instrumental in forming stigma beliefs and sharing stigma messages. We also explore whether the presence of misinformation and conspiracy theories in COVID-19-related tweets is associated with the presence of COVID-19 stigma content. A total of 155,353 unique COVID-19-related tweets posted between December 31, 2019, and March 13, 2020, were identified, from which 7000 tweets were randomly selected for manual coding. Results showed that the peril of COVID-19 was mentioned the most often, followed by mark, responsibility, and group labeling content. Tweets with conspiracy theories were more likely to include group labeling and responsibility information, but less likely to mention COVID-19 peril. Public health agencies should be aware of the unintentional stigmatization of COVID-19 in public health messages and the urgency to engage and educate the public about the facts of COVID-19.