Aroclor 1254 impairs sperm quality, fertilization ability, and embryo development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic environment adversely affect non-target organisms, including fish. Especially, the male reproduction and next generation can be damaged through high exposure to these pollutants. Hence, the sperm cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (0, 1, 5, 10, or 25 mg/l) for 4 h. The sperm quality parameters were analyzed by SCA (Sperm Class Analyzer). The fertility, eyeing, and hatching rates were determined as gamete markers. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde-MDA), glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)] were measured for determination of oxidative stress. Our results showed that Aroclor 1254 negatively affected the motility rate and duration, fertilization rate, embryogenesis, and hatching and also triggered antioxidant defense mechanisms at the highest concentration (25 mg L-1). Furthermore, linear speed (VSL), linearity index (LIN), and amplitude lateral head (ALH) were significantly changed after exposure to 25 mg L-1, and the lowest concentrations (1 and 10 mg L-1) did not significantly affect the motility and fertilizing capacity. The embryogenesis and hatching were significantly affected by sperm exposure to 1, 10, and 25 mg L-1 of Aroclor 1254. Consequently, Aroclor 1254 causes potential hazards in male germ cells, and the exposure of sperm cells to pollutants can adversely affect next generation of wild populations.

In vivo and in vitro evolution of the effects of cypermethrin on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, Linnaeus, 1758) spermatozoa.

Synthetic pyrethroid pesticide is commonly used in agricultural activities in the Black Sea region during reproduction period of turbot. In this sense, in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that cypermethrin (CYP) could be one of the environmental factors affecting decreasing turbot stocks. In this study, effects of in vivo and in vitro administration of CYP, a synthetic pyrethroid, on sperm kinematics motility (MOT), progressive motility (PM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), straight line velocity (STR), amplitude of lateral head (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF), oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and also histopathological alterations in gonads were investigated in spermatazoa of turbot (Schopthalmus maximus). Broodstock was supplied from culture origin and used in spawning season, additionally, two (0, 0.187 and 0.218 ppb) and three (0, 1.025, 2.05 and 4.1 ppb) different CYP concentrations were performed for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. In vivo and in vitro studies, significant reductions were found in sperm MOT, PM, VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, and ALH properties depend on the increase in CYP concentrations (p < 0.05). Besides, activities of GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT increased. In terms of histological alterations, no difference was observed among groups (0, 0.187 and 0.218 ppb) in the maturity stage of the germ cells. According to obtained results, sperm kinematics was affected significantly with increased the dose levels of CYP (p < 0.05).

Protective Effects of Chrysin Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Lead Acetate in Rat Kidneys: a Biochemical and Histopathological Approach.

In this study, the protective effects of chrysin (CR) on lead acetate (PbAc)-induced renal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated with biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. In the study, rats were given orally at 30 mg/kg/body weight (BW) PbAc after CR of 25 and 50 mg/kg/BW was administered to them orally (a total of 7 administrations for 7 days). The results showed that CR reduced urea and creatinine levels by alleviating PbAc-induced kidney damage. It was determined that CR decreases PbAc-induced lipid peroxidation due to its antioxidant properties and increases catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) levels. It was also detected that CR protects DNA from the toxic effects of PbAc and reduces 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Biochemical and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated that CR had anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and reduced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-33 (IL-33), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), p53 levels, and the activities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which were increased with PbAc administration. Moreover, CR was found to increase the levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and nephrine in PbAc-induced kidney tissue. CR decreased the contents of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and copper (Cu) and increased those of potassium (K) calcium (Ca) in renal tissue. These results indicated that CR considerably alleviates kidney toxicity caused by PbAc.

Chrysin protects against testicular toxicity caused by lead acetate in rats with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.

In the present study, the protective effects of chrysin (CHR) against testicular damage caused by lead acetate (PbAc) were examined. In this way, 30 min after rats were given 25 and 50 mg/kg/b.w CHR orally for seven consecutive days, 30 mg/kg/b.w PbAc was administered orally. In biochemical analysis of testicular tissue, it was found that PbAc-reduced antioxidant parameters [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)], while it increased lipid peroxidation, inflammatory markers [nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)], and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). In the immunohistochemical examination, it was determined that PbAc increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and caspase-3. Accordingly, PbAc was found to cause a decrease in sperm motility and an increase in the percentage of dead sperm. However, it has been observed that CHR relieves oxidative stress due to its antioxidant properties, thus protecting against inflammation and apoptosis. It also allowed the CHR sperm parameters to return to control group levels. The results revealed that CHR could be a natural substance to be used in Pb-induced testicular toxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lead (Pb) is an important environmental contaminant heavy metal. Pb is believed to reduce fertility in men. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the damage caused by Pb to testicular tissue. CHR is an antioxidant substance that occurs naturally in various plants and has various pharmacological properties. In the present study, it was investigated whether CHR has a protective effect against testicular toxicity induced by PbAc. The results revealed that in rats, CHR protects the testicular tissue from PbAc toxicity by showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, thus bringing sperm parameters closer to normal.

Evaluation of the role of L-arginine on spermatological parameters, seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase enzyme activities in rams.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of L-arginine on spermatological parameters, seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase enzyme activities. Fertile rams that are 2-3 years old and weighing 50-60 kg were used as material. The semen was collected by artificial vagina at 1st, 4th, 24th, 48th, 72nd, 96th and 120th hours for the control group before L-arginine administration. For treatment groups, L-arginine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg kg-1  bw-1 and semen was collected at the time point described for the control group. Spermatological characteristics of semen samples (semen volume, pH, sperm motility, concentration and abnormal sperm rate), seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase enzyme activities were determined. Increased seminal plasma nitric oxide level (p < .01), seminal plasma arginase activity (p < .01), semen volume (p < .05), semen mass activity (p < .05), sperm motility (p < .05) and concentration (p < .01) and decreased abnormal sperm rate (p < .05 and p < .01) were observed by L-arginine administration. In conclusion, it may be concluded that L-arginine application in rams during the breeding season may have positive effects on rams' reproductive performance.

Influence of vitamin E and vitamin E-selenium combination on arginase activity, nitric oxide level and some spermatological properties in ram semen.

The effects of vitamin E and vitamin E-selenium combination on seminal plasma arginase activity and nitric oxide level and some spermatological properties in rams were investigated in this study. For control group, animals were injected intramuscularly with physiological saline. For vitamin E group, rams were injected intramuscularly with 300 mg/ram vitamin E. For vitamin E + selenium group, animals were injected intramuscularly with 5 ml/ram vitamin E + selenium. The semen was collected by artificial vagina at 1st, 4th, 24th, 48th and 72nd hr after administration in each group. Significant decreases in seminal plasma arginase activity (at 1st, 24th and 48th hr), nitric oxide level (at 72nd hr) and abnormal sperm rate (at 1st, 24th and 72nd hr), and significant increases in semen volume (at 24th hr), semen mass activity (at 24th and 48th hr), sperm motility (at 24th, 48th and 72nd hr) and concentration (at 1st hr) were observed in vitamin E group compared with control group. Similarly, significant increase in semen volume (at 1st, 24th and 48th hr), mass activity, (at 48th hr), motility (at 48th and 72nd hr) and concentration (at 4th, 24th and 48th hr), and significant decrements in abnormal sperm rate (at 1st, 24th, 48th and 72nd hr), seminal plasma nitric oxide level (at 1st, 4th, 24th and 48th hr) and semen pH (at 24th and 48th hr) were detected in vitamin E + selenium group in comparison to the control group. As a result, it is suggested that vitamin E and/or vitamin E + selenium applications may improve reproductive performance.

The changes in semen quality, arginase activity and nitric oxide level in dexamethasone-treated rams.

This study was made to investigate the effects of intramuscular administrations of dexamethasone on seminal plasma nitric oxide levels and arginase activity, and some spermatological parameters in rams. Ten Akkaraman rams weighing 50-60 kg and 2 years old were used as material in this study. The study was performed during the breeding season (September-November) for rams. The semen was collected by artificial vagina at 1st, 4th, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours for control group before dexamethasone administration. For treatment group, 0.25 mg/kg dexamethasone was administered and semen was collected at the time points described for control group. Spermatological characteristics of semen samples (semen volume, pH, sperm motility, density and abnormal sperm rate), seminal plasma arginase enzyme activities and nitric oxide levels were determined. It was determined that the administration of dexamethasone was detected to decrease seminal plasma arginase activity (p < .05 and .01) and nitric oxide level (p < .05), semen volume (p < .05 and .01), mass activity (p < .05 and .01), sperm density (p < .05) and sperm motility (p < .05 and .01), and to increase abnormal sperm rate (p < .05 and .01). In conclusion, dexamethasone is not recommended to be used during the breeding season as it damages the sperm quality of the rams.

Palliative effect of curcumin on doxorubicin-induced testicular damage in male rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin (CUR) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced testicular damage in male rats. Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats were used. Control group was received saline for 7 days. CUR group received CUR for 7 days. DOX group received single dose DOX on the 5th day. DOX+ CUR-100 group received 100 mg/kg/day CUR for 7 days and DOX injection on the 5th day. DOX + CUR-200 group received 200 mg/kg/day CUR for 7 days and DOX injection on the 5th day. DOX treatment decreased in sperm motility rate, live sperm percentages, cellular antioxidants, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, necrosis, degenerations, and slimming in seminiferous tubules, and DNA damages in testes by inducing oxidative stress. CUR treatment mitigated significantly these side effects when compared with DOX group in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, CUR treatment can be used in the mitigation of DOX-induced testicular toxicity.

Curcumin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by abrogation of inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage, and protein oxidation in rats.

Doxorubicin (DXR) is a highly effective drug for chemotherapy. However, cardiotoxicity reduces its clinical utility in humans. The present study aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of curcumin against DXR-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were subjected to oral treatment of curcumin (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Cardiotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of DXR (40 mg/kg body weight) on the 5th day and the rats sacrificed on 8th day. Curcumin ameliorated DXR-induced lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, decrease in antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) enzyme activities, and cardiac toxicity markers (CK-MB, LDH, and cTn-I). Curcumin also attenuated activities of Caspase-3, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and levels of nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1ß, and cardiac tissue damages that were induced by DXR. Moreover, curcumin decreased the expression of 8-OHdG and 3,3'-dityrosine. This study demonstrated that curcumin has a multi-cardioprotective effect due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.

Chemoprotective effects of curcumin on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats: by modulating inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage.

Doxorubicin (DXR) is one of the most important chemotherapeutic agent. However, nephrotoxicity reduces its clinical utility in humans. The aim of the study was to investigate protective effects of curcumin (CMN) against DXR-induced nephrotoxicity. Rats were subjected to oral treatment of CMN (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Nephrotoxicity was induced by single intra peritoneal injection of DXR (40 mg/kg body weight) on the fifth day and then the experiment was terminated on the eighth day. Nephroprotective effects of CMN were associated with decrease in serum toxicity markers and increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. CMN was able to reduced the levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1ß, iNOS and COX-2 in the rats. It also reduced the expressions of apoptotic marker including caspase-3, and oxidative DNA damage marker including 8-OHdG. Collectively, these findings indicated that CMN protect against DXR-induced nephrotoxicity.

Malathion-induced spermatozoal oxidative damage and alterations in sperm quality of endangered trout Salmo coruhensis.

The use of pesticides has been increased along with increasing the farming activities and has caused environmental impacts deleteriously. In particular, non-target organisms including fish can be affected by toxic effects of pesticides. Therefore, the impacts of malathion (MTN) on oxidative stress and sperm quality were investigated in vitro. The MTN concentrations used on this study were 0 (control), 75, 100, and 125 µg/L. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), non-enzymatic (GSH), and enzymatic (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) activities in spermatozoa were examined for determination of oxidative stress status. Our findings showed that motility rate and period of sperm cells significantly decreased with exposure to MTN. Biochemical assays revealed that CAT activity and levels of MDA, GSH increased in spermatozoa based on concentration while activity of GSH-Px and SOD decreased. Consequently, spermatozoa were highly sensitive to MTN exposure. MTN has disruptive effects on sperm quality and caused to oxidative stress in spermatozoa.

The in vitro effect of cypermethrin on quality and oxidative stress indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss spermatozoa.

There is limited information on the scientific literature about the effect of in vitro exposure of fish sperm to pesticides. In vitro effect of cypermethrin on sperm quality and oxidative stress has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the effects of cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, on quality and oxidative stress of spermatozoa were examined in vitro. To explore the potential in vitro toxicity of cypermethrin, fish spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of cypermethrin (1.025, 2.05 and 4.1 µg/l) for 2 h. The motility rate and duration of sperm were determined after exposure to cypermethrin. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in spermatozoa were analyzed for determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance. Our results indicated that spermatozoa motility and duration significantly decreased with exposure to cypermethrin. Additionally, activity of GSH-Px (P<0.05) and MDA and GSH levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner while CAT activity decreased (P<0.05). Consequently, the oxidant and antioxidant status and sperm quality were affected by quantitative changes and different concentrations of cypermethrin.

The in vitro effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin on quality and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss spermatozoa.

There is little information in the scientific literature about effect of in vitro exposure of fish spermatozoa to pesticides. In vitro effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) on sperm quality and oxidative stress has not been fully explored yet. The effects of LCT, which is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, on quality and oxidative stress of spermatozoa were investigated in vitro due to extensively use to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. To explore the potential in vitro toxicity of LCT, fish spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations of LCT (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 µg/L) for 2h. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in spermatozoa were analyzed for determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance. Our results indicated that the percentage and duration of sperm motility significantly decreased with exposure to LCT. Activity of GSH-Px and MDA (P<0.05) and GSH levels (P<0.05) increased in a concentration-dependent manner while CAT activity decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the oxidant and antioxidant status and sperm quality were affected by increasing concentrations of LCT.

Rutin attenuates gentamicin-induced renal damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in rats.

Gentamicin is commonly used against gram-negative microorganisms. Its therapeutic use is mainly limited by nephrotoxicity. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of rutin on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The rats were treated with saline intraperitoneally (group I), 150 mg/kg of rutin orally (group II), 80 mg/kg of gentamicin intraperitoneally for 8 d (group III), or 150 mg/kg of rutin plus 80 mg/kg of gentamicin (group IV). The serum urea, creatinine, kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and protein concentration were measured, and renal histopathology analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Rutin pretreatment attenuated nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin by reducing the urea, creatinine, and MDA levels and increasing the SOD, CAT, and GPx activity, and the GSH levels. The rutin also inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cleaved caspase-3 and light chain 3B (LC3B), as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining. The present study demonstrates that rutin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic effects and that it attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Effects of febrile and afebrile seizures on oxidant state in children.

No comparative studies have addressed the oxidant and antioxidant states of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. To reveal this differential state, the study was designed to identify the seizure type with the worse prognosis by determining erythrocyte arginase and erythrocyte catalase, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid malondialdehyde, and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide levels. Study groups were classified as febrile (group 1, n = 21), afebrile (group 2, n = 21), and control (group 3, n = 41, subdivided as 3a, febris positive, convulsion negative, and 3b, febris negative, convulsion negative). Levels of erythrocyte arginase, erythrocyte catalase, plasma malondialdehyde, cerebrospinal fluid malondialdehyde, plasma nitric oxide, and cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide levels were determined for all groups. A difference was detected between the control and febrile seizure groups with respect to erythrocyte catalase and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of nitric oxide (P < 0.05). Both febrile states and convulsions influence oxidative mechanism. Oxidative stress-generating potential differs for febrile and afebrile seizures. In afebrile seizures, greater levels of oxidative stress might affect prognosis adversely. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of fever as a protective factor against possible neurological damage during convulsive seizures.

Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism.

Free radicals are now well known to damage cellular components. To investigate whether age and thyroid level affect peroxidation speed, we examined the levels of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities in different age groups of hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced in 30- and 60-day-old Wistar Albino rats by the i.p. administration of propylthiouracil (10 mg kg(-1) body weight) for 15 days. While malondialdehyde levels of 30- or 60-day-old hypothyroid rats were increased in liver, they were decreased in the tissues of the heart and thyroid. While glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels did not change in heart, brain and liver tissues of 30-day-old rats, they increased in brain and heart tissues of 60-day-old experimental groups, but decreased in the liver. Catalase activities decreased in the liver and heart of rats with hypothyroidism, but increased in erythrocytes. In control groups while malondialdehyde levels increased in brain, heart and thymus with regard to age, they decreased in plasma. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities were not affected by age in tissues of the thymus, thyroid and brain, but they were decreased in the heart tissue. The changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities which were determined in different tissues of hypothyroid rats indicate a cause for functional disorder of these tissues. Moreover, there may be changes depending on age at lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity levels.