Predicting enteric methane production from cattle in the tropics.

Accurate estimates of methane (CH4) production by cattle in different contexts are essential to developing mitigation strategies in different regions. We aimed to: (i) compile a database of CH4 emissions from Brazilian cattle studies, (ii) evaluate prediction precision and accuracy of extant proposed equations for cattle and (iii) develop specialized equations for predicting CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. Data of nutrient intake, diet composition and CH4 emissions were compiled from in vivo studies using open-circuit respiratory chambers, SF6 technique or the GreenFeed® system. A final dataset containing intake, diet composition, digestibility and CH4 emissions (677 individual animal observations, 40 treatment means) obtained from 38 studies conducted in Brazil was used. The dataset was divided into three groups: all animals (GEN), lactating dairy cows (LAC) and growing cattle and non-lactating dairy cows (GCNL). A total of 54 prediction equations available in the literature were evaluated. A total of 96 multiple linear models were developed for predicting CH4 production (MJ/day). The predictor variables were DM intake (DMI), gross energy (GE) intake, BW, DMI as proportion of BW, NDF concentration, ether extract (EE) concentration, dietary proportion of concentrate and GE digestibility. Model selection criteria were significance (P < 0.05) and variance inflation factor lower than three for all predictors. Each model performance was evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006) Tier 2 method performed better for GEN and GCNL than LAC and overpredicted CH4 production for all datasets. Increasing complexity of the newly developed models resulted in greater performance. The GCNL had a greater number of equations with expanded possibilities to correct for diet characteristics such as EE and NDF concentrations and dietary proportion of concentrate. For the LAC dataset, equations based on intake and animal characteristics were developed. The equations developed in the present study can be useful for accurate and precise estimation of CH4 emissions from cattle in tropical conditions. These equations could improve accuracy of greenhouse gas inventories for tropical countries. The results provide a better understanding of the dietary and animal characteristics that influence the production of enteric CH4 in tropical production systems.

Performance and methane emissions of grazing Nellore bulls supplemented with crude glycerin.

Supplementation of grass-fed cattle with low-cost feeding alternatives may be an attractive way to improve efficiency of cattle production. We hypothesized that inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) in supplements provided to grass-fed cattle could improve feed conversion without negative effects on growth performance while reducing methane emissions. Our hypothesis was tested using Nellore bulls grazing tropical pasture ( = 50; initial BW of 427 ± 19.41 kg; age of 17 ± 2 mo) supplemented with increasing concentrations (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 g/kg DM basis of supplement) of CG and corn gluten replacing corn grain. A second experiment was conducted using 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (490.1 ± 47.8 kg BW; age of 25 mo) to assess the impact of different concentrations of glycerin in the supplement on ruminal VFA concentration. Inclusion of CG did not affect total DMI ( = 0.53), DMI of forage ( = 0.41), supplement DMI ( = 0.47), organic matter intake ( = 0.50), crude protein intake ( = 0.24), NDF intake ( = 0.49), GE intake ( = 0.50), NDF digestibility ( = 0.17), final BW ( = 0.17), LM area ( = 0.50), rib fat thickness ( = 0.87), or carcass gain ( = 0.13). The inclusion of CG in the supplement linearly increased ( < 0.001) the molar proportion of propionate, butyrate, and valerate; linearly decreased acetate ( = 0.001); and did not affect the molar proportion of isovalerate ( = 0.31) and isobutyrate ( = 0.63), thereby reducing the acetate to propionate ratio ( < 0.001). The increase of CG supplementation of young bulls in pasture had a quadratic effect on BW gain ( = 0.002), with lower BW gain with 140 g/kg DM of CG in the supplement and tended ( = 0.06) to improve G:F. Inclusion of CG did not affect ruminal CH emission expressed in kilograms per year ( = 0.74), grams per kilogram of DMI ( = 0.69), and grams per kilogram of carcass gain ( = 0.48). Crude glycerin supplementation was not effective as a strategy to reduce CH emission in grass-fed cattle. However, CG can be effectively used as a partial energy source in supplement of grazing cattle, promoting an improvement in feed efficiency.

Impact of ground soybean and starch levels on the quality of meat from feedlot young Nellore bulls.

Twenty-eight young Nellore bulls (395±32kg initial body weight) were assigned to a completely randomized design (2×2 factorial design with 7 animals per treatment) to evaluate effects on the quality of meat. Diet treatments consisted of high (about 25%) or low (about 16%) starch levels, with or without ground soybean addition. Shear force was decreased in the meat from animals fed a low-starch diet (P=0.0016). Meat from animals fed a high-starch diet had increased total concentrations of unsaturated (P=0.0029) and monounsaturated fatty acids (P=0.0253). Polyunsaturated fatty acid content increased in the meat from animals fed a diet containing soybean (P=0.0121). High starch diets (>25%) decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat from young Nellore bulls.

Energy requirements for growth of pubertal female Saanen goats.

Previous research on energy requirements of female Saanen goats, using the factorial approach, has not considered the specific requirements for maintenance and growth during the pubertal phase. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate energy requirements for maintenance (Trial 1) and growth (Trial 2) of non-pregnant and non-lactating female Saanen goats at the pubertal phase from 30 to 45 kg. In Trial 1, the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats randomly assigned to three levels of intake: ad libitum, and 70% and 40% of ad libitum intake. These animals were pair-fed in six slaughter groups, each consisting of one animal for each level of intake. In Trial 2, the net energy requirements for growth (NEg ) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats, which were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW of 30, 38 and 45 kg. The NEm was 52 kcal/kg(0.75) of BW. The NEg increased from 3.5 to 4.7 Mcal/kg of BW gain as BW increased from 30 to 45 kg. Our results suggest that the guidelines of the major feeding systems for the entire growth phase may not be adequate for females at pubertal phase.

Effect of starch-based supplementation level combined with oil on intake, performance, and methane emissions of growing Nellore bulls on pasture.

Intake of tropical grass forages alone is generally insufficient to avoid nutrition imbalances and reduced animal performance; therefore, supplementation is often recommended. The hypothesis of the present study is that when combined with fat, soybean hulls (SH) could replace corn as a source of energy, reducing methane production without affecting animal performance. This study evaluated the effects of starch-based supplementation level combined with oil on intake, digestibility, performance, and methane emissions of growing Nellore bulls (P = 44; initial BW = 250.69 ± 27 kg) fed cv. Xaraés during the rainy season. There were no interactions between starch level and oil supplementation with regard to intake of DM (P = 0.67), forage DM (P = 0.55), supplement DM (P = 0.14), OM (P = 0.66), CP (P = 0.74), NDF (P = 0.50), ether extract (EE; = 0.47), and GE ( P= 0.68). The intake of EE was greater for animals supplemented with oil than those fed supplements without oil (P < 0.01). There were no interactions between starch level and oil supplementation on digestibility of DM (P= 0.18), OM (P = 0.11), NDF (P= 0.42), and EE (P = 0.14). Moreover, there was interaction between starch and oil supplementation on GE (P < 0.01). Independent of starch level used, the addition of oil decreased the digestibility of OM (P = 0.04) and NDF (P = 0.03). There were no main effects of starch level, oil, or interaction between starch and oil for initial BW (P = 0.10), final BW (P = 0.94), ADG (P = 0.40), feed efficiency (P= 0.37), and carcass gain (P = 0.38). There was no interaction between starch-based supplementation level and oil on methane emissions when expressed in grams per day (P = 0.77), kilograms per year (P = 0.77), grams per kilogram DMI (P = 0.53), and grams per kilogram carcass gain (P= 0.31). There was, however, an interaction (P = 0.04) between starch level and oil on methane emissions when corrected for NDF intake. Additionally, oil decreased enteric methane emission for intake of GE (P = 0.04) and EE (P < 0.01) of animals fed with starch level. Soybean hulls have an estimated feeding value similar to that of corn. The use of oil supplementation may be effective to reduce enteric methane emission of Nellore bulls raised on pasture.

Fatty acid profile, carcass and quality traits of meat from Nellore young bulls on pasture supplemented with crude glycerin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore bulls (279.5±16.3 initial body weight) raised on pasture supplemented with crude glycerin at 0%, 7%, 14%, 21% or 28% (DM basis). The diets were similar in energy and protein levels, and the glycerin replaced corn in the supplement. After slaughter, the carcass characteristics were measured, and the longissimus muscle was collected to determine the meat quality. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the supplement did not change (P>0.05) any of the carcass characteristics and meat quality assessed; however, the pH decreased linearly (P=0.03), and margaric acid (17:0) increased (P=0.02) in the longissimus muscle with the addition of glycerin in the diet. Our conclusion is that the inclusion of crude glycerin up to the level of 28% of dry matter in the supplement does not alter the carcass characteristics or the meat quality from animals raised on pasture.

Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs.

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding corn silage inoculated without or with either Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) alone or a combination of LB and Lactobacillus plantarum (LBLP) on the apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance of lambs. Thirty Santa Inês×Dorper crossbred intact males lambs weighing 20.4±3.8 kg were blocked by weight into 10 groups. Lambs in each group were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 dietary treatments: untreated (Control), LB, and LBLP silage. Lambs were fed experimental diets for 61 d. The apparent digestibility was indirectly estimated from indigestible NDF measured on d 57 to 59. Spot urine samples were collected from all animals on d 59 to estimate microbial protein synthesis. Lambs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation on d 61 when they weighed 32.4±5.2 kg. Six additional ruminally cannulated Santa Inês×Dorper crossbred wethers weighing 40.5±1.8 kg were used to examine dietary effects on ruminal fermentation. Average daily gain was increased when lambs were fed LBLP silage (P<0.05) but not LB silage. The LBLP silage had the highest (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration and both inoculated silages had greater acetic acid concentrations than the Control silage (P<0.05). Inoculation of corn silage increased intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, total carbohydrate (CHO), and GE by the lambs but decreased digestibility of DM, OM, CP, total and nonstructural carbohydrates, and concentration of GE and ME. (P<0.05). Nevertheless, lambs fed inoculated silages had greater microbial N supply than those on the Control treatment (P<0.05). The acetate to propionate ratio was lower in ruminal fluid of wethers in LBLP treatment than LB and Control treatment (P<0.05) and ruminal pH tended to be greater in LB lambs than in LBLP and Control wethers (P<0.10). Finally, the inoculation with both bacteria combined enhanced the silage fermentation. The intakes of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and GE were improved in the lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri alone or combined with L. plantarum. The microbial N supply was enhanced in the lambs fed corn silage inoculated with L. buchneri. The inoculation of L. buchneri combined with L. plantarum reduced the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and improved the ADG of lambs.

Effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and methane emissions of feedlot Nellore steers.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lipids with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and enteric CH4 emission of Nellore steers. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial BW of 419 ± 11 kg (at 15 ± 2 mo) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a DM basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without additional fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The lipid source significantly affected (P < 0.05) nutrient intake. The greatest intakes of DM, OM, and CP were observed in the animals that were fed the WF or PF diets, and the lowest intakes were observed in the animals that were fed the PO diet. Intake of NDF decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of PO. Enteric methane emission (g/kg DMI) was reduced by an average of 30% when the animals were fed diets containing WS, LO, and PO (P < 0.05), and these diets caused a larger reduction in the energy loss in the form of methane compared to those without added fat and with added PF (3.3 vs. 4.7%). The different fatty acid profiles did not affect the backfat thickness or the loin eye area of the animals (P > 0.05). However, animals fed PO displayed lower daily weight gain (0.36 kg/d), feed efficiency (0.08 kg ADG/kg DM), HCW (245 kg), and hot yield percentage (52.6%) compared to animals that were fed the other diets. Therefore, PO compared to the other lipid sources used in this study reduces intake, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass yield. Therefore, PO is not suggested for feedlot-finished animals.

Fatty acid profile, carcass and meat quality traits of young Nellore bulls fed crude glycerin replacing energy sources in the concentrate.

Carcass and meat quality traits of 60 Nellore young bulls fed diets without crude glycerin (CG); with CG replacing corn (CGc; 10% of dry matter - DM) in the concentrate; and with CG replacing soybean hull (CGsh; 10% of DM) in the concentrate were evaluated. Diets were evaluated at two concentrate levels (CLs). The CL did not affect cold carcass weight (CCW; P=0.6074), cold carcass dressing (CCD; P=0.9636), rib fat thickness (RFT; P=0.8696) and longissimus muscle area (LMA; P=0.7524). Animals fed diets with CGc or CGsh showed meat with greater deposition of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; P=0.0022) and CLA (18:2 cis-9, trans-11) contents (P=0.0001) than animals fed diets without CG. The inclusion of 10% of CG in diets CGc or CGsh does not affect the carcass and meat quality traits; however, it increases the MUFA and CLA contents in beef, although these changes are very small in nutritional terms.

Substituição de monensina sódica por bicarbonato de sódio em dietas de novilhas confinadas / Evaluation of the replacement of Monensin with Sodium Bicarbonate in diets for confined bovines

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da substituição da monensina sódica pelo bicarbonato de sódio em dietas de novilhas em confinamento em relação ao desempenho animal, à conversão alimentar e ao parâmetro de fermentação ruminal. Foram utilizadas 56 novilhas mestiças, confinadas por 112 dias, submetidas a dietas com duas porcentagens de concentrado, 50% e 80% da matéria seca, com adição de monensina sódica ou bicarbonato de sódio, em fatorial 2x2. O volumoso utilizado para compor as dietas testadas foi composto de silagem de milho e cana-de-açúcar na proporção de 60:40, respectivamente. O nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior nos animais alimentos com dietas com alto grão. A monensina, na dieta 80:20, proporcionou maiores valores de nitrogênio amoniacal, uma e nove horas após o consumo da ração. O uso de bicarbonato promoveu os maiores valores de pH ruminal na dieta com 50% de concentrado, de seis a 18 horas após o consumo. Não houve efeito do aditivo sobre o desempenho animal. A alta inclusão de grãos na dieta propiciou aumento do desempenho animal e da eficiência alimentar. Conclui-se que o uso de bicarbonato de sódio em dietas para terminação de animais em confinamento é uma opção viável em substituição à monensina sódica para a manipulação da fermentação ruminal.

The effects of replacing monensin with sodium bicarbonate in diets for confined heifers on weight gain (WG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed:gain ratio (FGR) and rumen fermentation parameters were evaluated. Fifity six heifers were utilized (Santa Gertrudis x Braunvieh). Diets were formulated with two levels of concentrate (50% and 80% concentrate) with sodium monensin or sodium bicarbonate. The DMI was higest in heifers with an intake of 80% concentrate. There was not difference when the same concentrate levels were evaluated in relation to the DMI. The heifers at 80% concentrate showed highest WG. There was no significant difference in relation to WG between monensin and bicarbonate treatments and levels concentrate proportions. There were significant effects regarding FGR between treatments. The heifers on 80% concentrate showed lowest FGR. In the evaluation of N-NH3, the highest values were observed, on the whole, at 80:20 diets in relation to 50:50 diets. In the additive use, the monensin on 80:20 diets promoted the highest values of N-NH3 at 1 for 9 hours after feed intake. In the values of ruminal pH, the bicarbonate increased the values on 50:50 at 6 for18 hours after feed intake, in relation to the 80:20 diet. In this case, it was concluded that the use of sodium bicarbonate in diets for confined finishing heifers is a viable option for the replacement of monensin sodium.

Degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade intestinal da proteína de capim-elefante com três idades de corte / Rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein of elephant-grass at three cutting ages

Determinaram-se a degradabilidade potencial (DP) e a digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não degradada no rúmen (DIPNDR) do capim-elefante em diferentes idades de rebrote (30, 45 e 60 dias) e comparou-se a técnica do saco de náilon móvel (in situ) com o método de três estádios (in vitro). Para tanto, utilizaram-se seis novilhos mestiços canulados no rúmen e duodeno alimentados exclusivamente com capim-elefante picado. O ensaio de degradabilidade foi realizado com amostras do capim incubadas no rúmen por 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120h. A digestibilidade intestinal foi determinada utilizando-se os resíduos de incubação por 24 horas. Na técnica in situ os resíduos em sacos de náilon foram colocados no duodeno e recuperados nas fezes. No método in vitro, os resíduos foram submetidos à digestão com HCl-pepsina-pancreatina. Em amostras de capim com idades de 30, 45 e 60 dias foram observados valores de DP da proteína de 87,5; 87,8 e 83,8 por cento, respectivamente. A DIPNDR variou com a idade do capim e foi semelhante entre os métodos in situ e in vitro somente para o capim com 60 dias. O método in situ apresentou estimativa de digestibilidade intestinal mais coerente com as mudanças na composição química do capim-elefante decorrentes do envelhecimento.

The potential degradability (PD) and intestinal digestibility of ruminal escape protein (IDREP) of elephant-grass at 30, 45, and 60 days of regrowth were determined and the mobile bag technique (in situ) was compared to the three-stage method (in vitro). Thus, six cross-bred steers with rumen and duodenum canulas were used and fed exclusively with chopped elephant grass. The degradability trial was carried out with grass samples incubated in rumen by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The intestinal digestibility was determined using 24-h ruminal incubation residue. In the in situ technique, residues in nylon bags were placed in duodenum and recovered in feces. In the in vitro method, residues were digested with solution of HCl-pepsin-pancreatin. In samples of grass at 30, 45, and 60 days of age, the values of protein PD were 87.5, 87.8, and 83.8 percent, respectively. The IDREP ranged with grass age and it was similar between in situ and in vitro methods only for 60-day old grass. Considering the changes in elephant-grass chemical composition due to aging, the in situ method supplied a more coherent estimative of intestinal digestibility.

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of Boer crossbred kids.

Meat production by goats has become an important livestock enterprise in several parts of the world. Nonetheless, energy and protein requirements of meat goats have not been defined thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of 34 (3/4) Boer x (1/4) Saanen crossbred, intact male kids (20.5 +/- 0.24 kg of initial BW). The baseline group was 7 randomly selected kids, averaging 21.2 +/- 0.36 kg of BW. An intermediate group consisted of 6 randomly selected kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 28.2 +/- 0.39 kg. The remaining kids (n = 21) were allocated randomly on d 0 to 3 levels of DMI (treatments were ad libitum or restricted to 70 or 40% of the ad libitum intake) within 7 slaughter groups. A slaughter group contained 1 kid from each treatment, and kids were slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid reached 35 kg of BW. Individual body components (head plus feet, hide, internal organs plus blood, and carcass) were weighed, ground, mixed, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined using equations developed from the composition of the baseline kids. The calculated daily maintenance requirement for NE was 77.3 +/- 1.05 kcal/kg(0.75) of empty BW (EBW) or 67.4 +/- 1.04 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW. The daily ME requirement for maintenance (118.1 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW or 103.0 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW) was calculated by iteration, assuming that the heat produced was equal to the ME intake at maintenance. The partial efficiency of use of ME for NE below maintenance was 0.65. A value of 2.44 +/- 0.4 g of net protein/kg(0.75) of EBW for daily maintenance was determined. Net energy requirements for growth ranged from 2.55 to 3.0 Mcal/kg of EBW gain at 20 and 35 kg of BW, and net protein requirements for growth ranged from 178.8 to 185.2 g/kg of EBW gain. These results suggest that NE and net protein requirements for growing meat goats exceed the requirements previously published for dairy goats. Moreover, results from this study suggest that the N requirement for maintenance for growing goats is greater than the established recommendations.

Efeito dos taninos condensados de forrageiras nativas do semi-árido nordestino sobre o crescimento e atividade celulolítica de Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 / Effects of condensed tannins from northeastern semi-arid shrubs on growth and cellulolytic activity of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1

Avaliaram-se o crescimento da população, a atividade in vitro da enzima 1,4-b-endoglucanase e a taxa de digestão de celulose em culturas de Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 na presença de 50, 100, 200 e 400æg/ml de taninos purificado das leguminosas Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta), Mimosa caesalpinifolia (Sabiá) e Bauhinia cheilantha (Mororó). O crescimento bacteriano, a atividade da endoglucanase e a digestão de celulose foram fortemente inibidos pela presença dos taninos condensados purificados das três espécies, entretanto, a intensidade da inibição foi variável em função da espécie da leguminosa e da concentração de tanino.

The effects of tannin levels in three Brazilian browse legumes Mimosa hostilis (Jurema Preta), Mimosa caesalpinifolia (Sabiá) e Bauhinia cheilantha (Mororó) on growth and endoglucanase activity of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were evaluated. Isolated cultures of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were used to assess cellular growth, 1, 4-beta-endoglucanase activity, and cellulose digestion in the presence of 50, 100, 200 and 400æg/ml of purified tannins from the three legume species. Growth of FD1, 1, 4-beta-endoglucanase activity and cellulose digestion were highly inhibited by the presence of purified tannins of the three legume species. However, the intensity of inhibition varied in according to the legume species and tannin concentration.

Considerações sobre os principais indicadores utilizados em estudos de nutrição com ruminantes / Considerations on the main markers used in nutrition studies with rumlnants / Consideraciones acerca de los principales indicadores utilizados en estudios de nutrición con rumiantes

ABSTRACT: In animal metabolism studies, sometimes it's not possible to obtain the desired information in a direct way, and therefore it is necessary to make use of substances designated as markers, which allow the estimative of determined physiological and nutritional parameters. The markers are grouped into internal, which are represented by indigestible materials occurring naturally on a diet, and external markers, which are materials that are either added to the diet or administered orally or intraruminally to the animal. However, in order to be used as a marker, a substance must comply with some essential criteria. There are several problems associated to the use of markers, specially their incomplete recovery in the duodenum or faeces. Each group of markers has its own characteristics, which will defi ne its application. Chromium oxide is the most extensively used external marker, presenting a great wide application, especially because it is easy to use and it cost is low.Among the internal markers, the use of the indigestible fi bre portion of the foods is recommended for its facility to use and has demonstrated reliable and accurate values in several studies. The use of n-alkanes, especially for the intake estimation in grazing animals, has provided quite satisfactory values. Several criteria, like the facility to use and determination must be established to guide the decision by the marker which better adapts to the parameters that will be assessed.KEYWORDS: Markers, animal metabolism, methodology, nutrition

RESUMO: Em estudos de metabolismo animal, muitas vezes, não é possível obter de forma direta a informação desejada, sendo necessário o uso de substâncias denominadas indicadores, possibilitando a estimativa de determinados parâmetros fi siológicos e nutricionais. Os indicadores são divididos em internos, representados por substâncias indigestíveis presentes naturalmente na dieta, ou externos, quando adicionados à dieta ou fornecidos via oral ou ruminal aos animais. Para que uma substância possa ser utilizada como indicador, deve atender a determinados critérios, sendo vários os problemas associados ao seu uso, especialmente a incompleta recuperação do indicador no duodeno ou fezes. Cada grupo de indicadores possui suas características próprias, defi nindo em que situação ele melhor se aplica. O óxido crômico é o indicador externo mais amplamente difundido, apresentando uma grande amplitude de aplicações, associada ainda às vantagens de fácil utilização e baixo custo. Entre os indicadores internos, a utilização da porção da fi bra indigestível dos alimentos vem se destacando pela facilidade de uso e bons resultados apresentados pela literatura. A utilização dos n-alcanos, sobretudo em estimativa de consumo de animais em regime de pastejo, tem apresentado resultados bastante satisfatórios. No momento da escolha, devem ser estabelecidos critérios, como facilidade de uso e determinação, que norteiem a decisão pelo indicador que melhor se adapte aos parâmetros a ser avaliados

RESUMEN: En estudios de metabolismo animal, muchas veces no es posible obtener de forma directa la información deseada, debiéndose entonces, hacer uso de sustancias denominadas indicadores, haciendo posible con eso la estimación de determinados parámetros fi siológicos y nutricionales. Los indicadores son divididos en internos y externos, existiendo una gran variedad de indicadores que deben ser escogidos de acuerdo con la respuesta a ser encontrada. Por tanto, para que una sustancia pueda ser utilizada como indicador, ella debe atender a determinados criterios básicos. Diversos son los problemas asociados al uso de indicadores, especialmente su incompleta recuperación en el duodeno o heces. Cada grupo de indicadores posee sus propias características, defi niéndose en que situación se aplica mejor. El óxido de cromo es el indicador externo mas ampliamente difundido, presentando una grande amplitud de aplicaciones, asociado además a las ventajas de fácil uso y bajo costo. Entre los indicadores internos, la utilización de la porción de la fi bra indigestible de los alimentos fue destacada por la facilidad de uso y de buenos resultados presentados por la literatura. La utilización de n-alcanos, sobre todo en estimaciones de consumo de alimento de animales en régimen de pastoreo presentó resultados bastante satisfactorios. En el momento de elegir el indicador para ser utilizado, deben ser establecidos criterios que norteen la decisión por el indicador que mejor se adecue a los parámetros evaluados y a sus facilidades de uso y determinación.

Relação entre variáveis na regulação do consumo de vacas Holandês x Zebu em lactação sob pastejo em capim-elefante / Relationship between variables concerning elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum. ) dry matter intake by grazing Holstein x Zebu lactating cows

A análise fatorial de componentes principais (CP) foi usada no exame do relacionamento entre variáveis de um banco de dados da Embrapa Gado de Leite. As variáveis disponíveis foram relacionadas às vacas (dias em lactação, teores lácteos de gordura e extrato seco total, produção de leite, ordem de lactação, peso vivo e grau de sangue), ao manejo (dia de pastejo, disponibilidade e períodos de descanso da pastagem), ao ambiente (estação do ano, precipitação pluviométrica) e ao alimento (consumo de nutrientes do concentrado e da cana x uréia, consumo de MS de pastagem de capim-elefante, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da pastagem e concentração fecal de PB, FDN e FDA). O primeiro CP (33,7 por cento da inércia dos dados) representou o uso da suplementação volumosa (cana x uréia) da pastagem em resposta à redução sazonal da disponibilidade e do consumo de capim-elefante. O segundo CP (15,3 por cento da inércia) foi relacionado ao consumo de nutrientes do concentrado. O terceiro CP (8,5 por cento da inércia) representou efeitos do manejo sobre a composição química da pastagem. A interpretação gráfica dos resultados favoreceu a percepção mais dinâmica da intensidade da associação e do antagonismo entre as variáveis contextualizadas no estudo.

Comparaçäo de marcadores de fase sólida para medir fluxo de matéria seca e matéria orgânica no duodeno / Comparison of markers of particulate matter to study the flow of duodenal dry and organic matter

Compararam-se dois marcadores externos, óxido crômico e cloreto de itérbio, e dois marcadores internos, fibra detergente neutro (FDN indigestível) e fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDA indigestível) para medir fluxo de matéria seca (MS) e matéria orgânica (MO) no duodeno, em três novilhos com cânulas de rúmen e duodeno alimentados com dietas com as seguintes relaçöes volumoso (V) - concentrado (C): V80 subscrito C20 subscrito, V60 subscrito C40 subscrito e V40 subscrito C60 subscrito. Por marcadores, os resultados obtidos do fluxo de MS duodenal foram 3816,8, 3269,3, 2739,2 e 2713,2g/d e para MO foram 3305,1, 2841,6, 2392,2 e 2351,3g/d estimados pelo óxido crômico, cloreto de itérbio, FEN e FDA indigestível, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestäo ruminal da MS expressos como porcentagem do total digerido foram 38,8, 57,8, 80,2 e 81,9 por cento e da MO, 48,4, 65,3, 84,8 e 85,7 por cento, quando estimados pelo óxido crômico, cloreto de itérbio, FDN e FDA indigestível, respectivamente. Conclui-se que as estimativas de fluxos duodenais dependem do tipo de marcadores utilizados e que os marcadores FDN e FDA indigestíveis produzem estimativas equivalentes

Efeito de diferentes relaçöes volumoso: concentrado no consumo, digestibilidade aparente e partiçäo da digestäo de dieta de bovinos / Effects of forage: concentrate rations on intake apparent digestibility and post-ruminal digestibility of bovine diets

Foram utilizados três novilhos com cânulas de rúmen e duodeno, alimentados com dietas variando a relaçäo volumoso (V):concentrado (C) (V80C20, V60C40, V40C60), sendo o volumoso, feno de "coast cross" (Cynodon dactylon) (5,67 por cento PB e 83,30 por cento FDN). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ingestäo, a digestibilidade aparente e a partiçäo da digestäo dos nutrientes das dietas acima. Como marcador de fluxo de matéria seca (MS) foi utilizada a fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) indigestível. Os consumos médios de MS foram de 77,99; 91,03 e 91,81g MS/kg PV elevado a 0,75, para as dietas com 20, 40 e 60 por cento de concentrado, respectivamente. Coeficientes de digestäo aparente (porcentagem) da MS (50,48; 57,32 e 61,33), da matéria orgânica - MO (52,03; 58,91 e 62,76) e da energia bruta - EB (48,95; 56,40 e 60,00) aumentaram significativamente nas dietas com 20, 40 e 60 por cento de concentrado, respectivamente, mas para FDN (44,54; 45,28 e 42,53), FDA (40,69; 44,39 e 43,60), celulose (51,54; 54,34 e 52,04); hemicelulose (49,63; 46,78 e 39,18) e amido (86,59; 91,89 e 93,21) näo foi observada diferença significativa nas dietas. A digestibilidade ruminal e pós-ruminal da MS, MO, FDN, FDA, celulose e amido näo diferiram significativamente nas dietas. A digestäo ruminal da hemicelulose (94,81; 90,26 e 85,99 por cento) e da EB (93,88; 83,30 e 78,77 por cento) diminuiu significativamente quando se aumentou o nível de concentrado na dieta e, consequentemente, aumentou significativamente a digestäo pós ruminal da hemicelulose (5,19; 9,74 e 14,03 por cento) e da EB (6,12; 16,20 e 21,23 por cento)

Polietilenoglicol e cobalto-EDTA como marcadores da fase líquida ruminal / Polyethylene glycol and cobalt-EDTA as markers of ruminal liquid phase

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de comparar dois marcadores de fase líquida polietilenoglicol (PEG) e cobalto - EDTA (Co-EDTA). O volume, a taxa de diluiçäo e a utilizaçäo de fluxo total do fluído ruminal foram calculados usando análise de regressäo. Foram utilizados três novilhos canulados no rúmen em um delineamento em quadrado latino (3 x 3), recebendo dietas variando a relaçäo volumoso (V): concentrado (C) (V80C20, V60C40, V40C60). Näo houve diferença entre níveis de concentrado na dieta, no entanto entre os marcadores houve diferença significativa para todas as características estudadas. O volume ruminal estimado através do PEG foi de 33,38 por cento do peso vivo (PV) e pelo Co-EDTA foi de 12,32 por cento do peso vivo (PV). A técnica de determinaçäo do PEG utilizada foi turbidimétrica. Este método apresenta grande variaçäo na leitura de absorçäo induzindo com isso a erros na estimativa do volume ruminal e outros parâmetros. O Co-EDTA apresenta resultados mais precisos, sendo portanto mais confiável como marcador de fase líquida ruminal

Composiçäo das bactérias ruminais e duodenais de bovinos alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado na dieta / Composition of duodenal and ruminal bacterias of steers fed with different levels of concentrate in diet

Três novilhos com cânula de rúmen e duodeno alimentados com dietas variando a relaçäo volumosos (V): concentrado (C) (V80:C20, V60:C40, V40:C60) foram utilizados para verificar possíveis diferenças na composiçäo de alguns marcadores microbianos em microrganismos isolados na digesta ruminal e duodenal. Na235SO4 foi infundido continuamente no rúmen por 48 horas (0,5 micraCI/ml, 40 ml/hora). Microrganismos foram analisados quanto a porcentagem de nitrogênio (N), matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), DAPA e purinas. As relaçöes N:DAPA, N:Purinas e D:M (35S na digesta duodenal total:35S na fraçäo microbiana, isolada a partir da digesta duodenal) foram calculadas. As porcentagens do MO, N, DAPA e purinas na MS apresentaram valores médios de 57,38; 6,85; 0,16 e 3,23, respectivamente, e as relaçöes N:DAPA, N:Purinas e D:M, 44,58; 2,12 e 0,55, respectivamente. Näo foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados quanto ao nível de concentrado na dieta