Circulating Oxalate Levels in Short Bowel Syndrome as a Severity Marker of CKD.

Introduction: Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) may exhibit enteric hyperoxaluria (EH), and the prevalence of oxalate nephropathy in SBS is likely underestimated. Plasma oxalate (POx) is a surrogate of systemic oxalate deposition and, consequently, may increase the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main objective of this study was to explore the distribution of POx levels in patients with SBS. Methods: Patients followed for SBS were recruited prospectively in the OXAGO study (NCT04119765) to assess POx during their annual renal follow-up including iohexol clearance. The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, and SBS type 2 and type 3 for more than 6 months. Results: A total of 47 patients were included but only 45 patients has a measured POx (55% males, 80% SBS type 2, 66% parenteral nutrition, 61% kidney stone history). POx levels were 6.8 ± 4.4 µmol/l, 29% of patients had POx ≥5 µmol/l. In the whole cohort, mean urinary oxalate (UOx) was 648±415 and 54% were >500 µmol/24h. In the group of patients with high POx levels (HPO), 24-hour urine oxalate was significantly higher than in the group with normal POx levels (NPO) (919 ± 566 vs. 526 ± 257 µmol/l; P = 0.003). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 66 ± 22 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and 91% had CKD. GFR was significantly lower in the HPO than in the NPO group (49 ± 23 vs. 73 ± 18 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.0005. Conclusion: Patients with SBS can display increased POx levels even with GFR >30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. POx may be an interesting biomarker to assess the severity of EH.

A European Survey on Digestive Perianastomotic Ulcerations, a Rare Crohn-like Disorder Occurring in Children and Young Adults.

OBJECTIVES: Digestive perianastomotic ulcerations (DPAU) resembling Crohn disease lesions are long-term complications of intestinal resections, occurring in children and young adults. They are known to be uncommon, severe and difficult to treat. METHODS: In the absence of recommendations, we performed a large European survey among the members of the ESPGHAN working group on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to collect the experience of expert pediatric gastroenterologists on DPAU. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (29 boys and 22 girls) were identified from 19 centers in 8 countries. Most patients were followed after necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 20) or Hirschsprung disease (n = 11). The anastomosis was performed at a median age (interquartile range) of 6 [1-23] months, and first symptoms occurred 39 [22-106] months after surgery. Anemia was the most prevalent symptom followed by diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and failure to thrive. Hypoalbuminemia, elevated CRP, and fecal calprotectin were common. Deep ulcerations were found in 59% of patients usually proximally to the anastomosis (68%). During a median follow-up of 40 [19-67] months, treatments reported to be the most effective included exclusive enteral nutrition (31/35, 88%), redo anastomosis (18/22, 82%), and alternate antibiotic treatment (37/64, 58%). CONCLUSIONS: Unfortunately, persistence of symptoms, failure to thrive, and abnormal laboratory tests at last follow-up in most of patients show the burden of DPAU lacking optimal therapy and incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology.

Natural History of Asymptomatic Superior Mesenteric Arterial Stenosis Depends on Coeliac and Inferior Mesenteric Artery Status.

OBJECTIVE: The benefit of preventive treatment for superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis remains uncertain. The latest European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) guidelines remain unclear given the lack of data in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate asymptomatic SMA stenosis prognosis according to the presence of associated coeliac artery (CA) and/or inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) stenosis. METHODS: This was a single academic centre retrospective study. The entire computed tomography (CT) database of a single tertiary hospital was reviewed from 2009 to 2016. Two groups were defined: patients with isolated > 70% SMA stenosis (group A) and patients with both SMA and CA and/or IMA > 70% stenosis (group B). Patient medical histories were reviewed to determine the occurrence of mesenteric disease (MD) defined as development of acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) or chronic mesenteric ischaemia (CMI). RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included. Median follow up was 39 months. There were 24 patients in group A and 53 patients in group B. In group B, eight (10.4%) patients developed MD with a median onset of 50 months. AMI occurred in five patients with a median of 33 months and CMI in three patients with a median of 88 months. Patients of group B developed more MD (0% vs. 15.1%; p = .052). The five year survival rate was 45% without significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with SMA stenosis associated with CA and/or IMA seem to have a higher risk of developing mesenteric ischaemia than patients with isolated SMA stenosis. Considering the low life expectancy of these patients, cardiovascular risk factor assessment and optimisation of medical treatment is essential. Preventive endovascular revascularisation could be discussed for patients with non-isolated > 70% SMA stenosis, taking into account life expectancy.

Revascularization of Isolated Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection for Post-Mesenteric Infarction Exudative Enteropathy: The Contribution of a Multidisciplinary Care Teamwork.

BACKGROUND: Isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is increasingly diagnosed; the conservative treatment appears to be the best option when blood supply is maintained. However, some patients require a more invasive attitude, due to acute or chronic ischemic complication. Multidisciplinary care within a health-care network improves medical and surgical support. We present a case of chronic complication of isolated SMA dissection requiring a revascularization, followed by bowel resection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old man presented abdominal pain secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis of unknown cause. An isolated small bowel resection with immediate restoration of continuity was first performed to remove the necrotic tissue. The patient developed post-ischemic exudative enteropathy and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Re-examination of the first computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an isolated dissection of the SMA that had not been diagnosed. The patient was then successfully treated by superior mesenteric revascularization, and after recovering, he underwent small bowel resection for chronic ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: SMA revascularization has to be performed in case of SMA dissection complicated of bowel ischemia. Enteropathy is a rare complication of chronic mesenteric ischemia requiring digestive and vascular management in a dedicated health-care team.

Vitamin C in Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Need for Monitoring.

To date, there are no recommendations about screening plasma vitamin C concentration and adjust its supplementation in patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin C status and determine if a commercial multivitamin preparation (CMVP) containing 125 mg of vitamin C is sufficient in stable patients on HPN. All clinically stable patients receiving HPN or an intravenous fluid infusion at least two times per week for at least 6 months, hospitalized for nutritional assessment, were retrospectively included, for a total of 186 patients. We found that 29% of the patients had vitamin C insufficiency (i.e., <25 µmol/L). In univariate analysis, C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.002) and intake of only 125 mg of vitamin C (p = 0.001) were negatively associated with vitamin C levels, and duration of follow-up in our referral center (p = 0.009) was positively associated with vitamin C levels. In multivariate analysis, only CRP (p = 0.001) and intake of 125 mg of vitamin C (p < 0.0001) were independently associated with low plasma vitamin C concentration. Patients receiving only CMVP with a low plasma vitamin C level significantly received personal compounded HPN (p = 0.008) and presented an inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.002). Vitamin C insufficiency is frequent in individuals undergoing home parenteral nutrition; therefore, there is a need to monitor plasma vitamin C levels, especially in patients on HPN with an inflammatory syndrome and only on CMVP.

Hyperphagia in short bowel patients: Fat-free mass is a strong predictor.

OBJECTIVES: Some patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) develop hyperphagic behavior. Such an increase in food intake stimulates intestinal adaptation and limits dependence on parenteral nutrition (PN). The aim of this study was to determine the factors modulating food consumption in patients with SBS. METHODS: The associations between oral energy intake (OEI) and anthropometric, metabolic, nutritional, and intestinal absorption-related characteristics were determined in a monocentric cohort of patients with SBS on PN with a stable nutritional status. Body composition was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were retrospectively collected from clinical records. RESULTS: After screening, 38 adult patients with a SBS on PN were included in this study. OEI ranged from 577 to 4054kcal/d. OEI correlated positively with weight, fat-free mass, handgrip strength, and resting energy expenditure (REE) and negatively with free triiodothyronine and C-reactive protein using Spearman correlation. Fat-free mass and thyroid-stimulating hormone remained positively correlated with OEI independently of all other parameters in a multilinear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Fat-free mass is a strong predictor of OEI in patients with SBS on PN and without debilitating gastrointestinal symptoms. Increasing fat-free mass could be a way to stimulate OEI in these patients. Further studies are needed to assess this assumption.