Migración y seguridad alimentaria y nutricional: experiencias de Venezuela a Colombia / Migration, food and nutrition security: experiences from Venezuela to Colombia

El movimiento de personas es impulsado por la falta de alimentos y de condiciones básicas para mantener la vida. Para el año 2023, los refugiados, migrantes y solicitantes de asilo venezolanos fue de 7.710.887. El objetivo de este manuscrito es compartir las experiencias sobre la migración e inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional de quienes migran desde Venezuela a Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y referencial, que cita evidencias de dos trabajos de grado (T1, T2) de la Maestría de Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (T1 n=15 adultos; T2 n= 11 adolescentes, 7 madres, 2 informantes claves), que evidencian experiencias de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y las causas del proceso migratorio. Adicionalmente, comparto mi propia experiencia migratoria y de acceso a los alimentos. Resultados: Antes de la migración, varias dimensiones de la SAN emergen en las entrevistas cualitativas: "falta de suficiente cantidad de alimentos", "saltar comidas", "acostarse sin comer o no tener suficientes alimentos para alimentar a la familia". La migración se inicia con la decisión de las personas después de algún suceso no deseado, desembocan en un: "hasta aquí aguanto", "solo podía comer arroz y granos", hasta preparar el morral (mochila) o maleta para emigrar. Durante el proceso migratorio, los que llegan caminando "sufren" inseguridad en todos los aspectos, hasta personal. Una vez arribado al territorio colombiano, desaparecen algunos factores de la inseguridad alimentaria, mientras que otros permanecen, como la falta de calidad de la dieta. Conclusiones: La migración atenúa algunas dimensiones de la SAN, otras permanecen. La nostalgia por el compartir momentos relacionados con la alimentación con seres queridos siempre está latente durante los procesos migratorios(AU)

The movement of people is driven by the lack of food and basic conditions to sustain life. By 2023, Venezuelan refugees, migrants and asylum seekers had reached 7,710,887. The objective of this manuscript is to share the experiences of migration and food and nutrition insecurity among those, moving from Venezuela to Colombia. Methods: Descriptive and referential, that show evidences from two thesis (T1, T2) from the Master's Degree in Food and Nutritional Sovereignty and Security (FS) at the National University of Colombia (T1 n=15 adults; T2 n= 11 teenagers y 7 mothers). These studies evidence data on food and nutritional security as well as consequences of migration. Additionally, I reflect on my own migration experience and access to food. Results: Prior to migration, qualitative interviews reveal dimensions of FS: "lack of enough food", "skipping meals", "going to bed hungry without eating" or "not having enough food to feed the family:. Migration begins with individual decisions after experiencing undesirable events and reaching a point of saturation, where they decide, "this is as far as I can take it", "I could only eat rice and grains" and begin preparing to migrate by packing their belongings. During the migratory process, those who arrive on foot experience "insecurity in all aspects, including personal safety. Once in Colombian territory, some factors of food insecurity disappear, while others remain, such as the low quality of the diet. Conclusions: Migration alleviates some dimensions of FS, while others persist. Nostalgia for shared food-related moments with loved ones is always present during migration processes(AU)

Food insecurity and the double burden of malnutrition in Colombian rural households.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine in Colombian rural households the association between different severity levels of household food insecurity and the presence of the double burden of malnutrition (SCOWT), defined as the coexistence of a stunted child under 5 years of age and an overweight or obese (OWOB) mother. DESIGN: A secondary data analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the Colombian National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN) 2015. Household food insecurity status was assessed by using the Latin-American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). The household SCOWT status (child stunting and OWOB mother) was determined using anthropometric data from a mother and her child. SETTING: Rural Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 2·350 mother-child pairs living in the same household. RESULTS: Sixty-two per cent of the households were food-insecure and SCOWT was present in 7·8 % of the households. Moderate (OR: 2·39, 95 % CI (1·36, 4·21)) and severe (OR: 1·86, 95 % CI (1·10, 3·15)) food insecurity was associated with SCOWT in an unadjusted logistic regression. Only moderate food insecurity remained significantly associated with SCOWT in a multivariate logistic regression (adjusted OR: 2·41, 95 % CI (1·24, 4·68)). CONCLUSIONS: Colombian rural areas are not exempt from the worldwide concern of increasing OWOB rates while stunting is still persistent. These results highlight the need of implementing double-duty rural actions targeting the most vulnerable households to SCOWT, particularly in terms of overcoming food insecurity beyond hunger satisfaction to prevent all forms of malnutrition.

Prácticas vinculadas al consumo de sal en pacientes con enfermedad renal / Salt intake practices in patients with renal disease

Excederse en el consumo de sal es una práctica común, que conlleva a consecuencias patológicas en la población en general, más aún en el paciente renal. Un consumo elevado de este elemento se asocia con mayor riesgo de desarrollo de hipertensión, enfermedad cardiovascular y renal, patologías responsables de 60% de la morbi-mortalidad mundial. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda un consumo máximo de 5g. sal/día. Esta investigación busca determinar las prácticas vinculadas al consumo de sal y estimar su consumo en pacientes con enfermedad renal, que asisten al departamento de nefrología del hospital Guanare, Portuguesa-Venezuela. Es un estudio mixto, realizado en 66 pacientes (n=36 grupos focales, n=30 entrevistas cuantitativas). Las variables estudiadas fueron: disponibilidad de sal en hogar, consumo de alimentos con elevado contenido de sodio y prácticas cualitativas vinculadas al consumo de sal. Los pacientes consumieron 12,5 (♀) y 11,3 (♂) g/día de sal, provenientes del consumo directo y alimentos procesados. Los alimentos con elevado contenido de sodio más frecuentemente consumidos fueron: leche entera en polvo, quesos llanero y blanco pasteurizado, embutidos, enlatados, bebidas gaseosas, margarina, sazonadores y salsas (mayonesa, inglesa, ajo y soya). Los pacientes no leen el etiquetado nutricional y desconocen la cantidad de sodio de alimentos procesados. Los pacientes evitan el uso de sal de mesa, pero no el consumo de alimentos procesados. El consumo de sal de los pacientes, duplica las recomendaciones internacionales y nacionales que regulan el consumo de sodio, lo que conlleva a una disminución de la expectativa y calidad de vida(AU)

Exceed salt intake is a common practice, that leads to pathological consequences in the whole population, even more in the patient with renal disease. High salt consumption has been associated with hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease that are responsible for 60% of worldwide morbi-mortality. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum intake of 5 g of salt/day. The aim of this study is to determine practices related with salt intake, and estimate the consumption in patients with renal disease, who attended the nephrology department in Guanare´s Hospital, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. We used a mixed-method approach in 66 patients (n=36 subjects from focus groups, n=30 who participated in quantitative interviews). The main variables studied were: availability of salt at household, intake of foods with high Sodium content, practices related with use of salt. The patients consumed 12.5 (♀) and 11.3 (♂) g/day, from salt alone and processed foods. The most consumed foods with high sodium content were: whole milk powder, white local cheese, ham, canned food, soft drinks, margarine, mayonnaise, garlic and soy sauce. Patients do not read the food label, ignore the amount of sodium in processed foods, avoid the salt on the table, but not from processed food. The salt intakes of these patients exceed more than double the international and national recommendations, and as a consequence they diminished their life expectancy and reduced their quality of life(AU)

[Dietary diversity and associated factors among beneficiaries of 77 child care centers: Central Regional, Venezuela]. / Diversidad alimentaria y factores asociados en beneficiarios de 77 multihogares de cuidado diario: región central de Venezuela.

The aim of this study was to estimate household measure diet quality, using a dietary diversity score, and its associated demographic and socio-economic factors. One hundred fifty three households representatives of the Capital District and Miranda State belonging of seventy seven day care children centers were studied. To gather data on dietary diversity, we used the food register method, collecting data on household food availability during a month. Dietary diversity at day care centers of the Capital District was 46 foods differed from that found, in Miranda State was 39 foods (p = 0.005). Likewise it differed in beneficiaries' households of the Capital District was 33 foods compared to those in Miranda State was 25 foods (p = 0.000). There were 13 and 14 foods more between day care centers and the households in both states. State (Capital District or Miranda), money spent on food per person, households size and social level were variables that explained 28.9% of dietary diversity variation in households studied. Households in the Capital District had less members, spent more money on food, and a greater proportion were non-poor compared to those in Miranda. These factors could partially explain differences in diet quality among households in the two States. Whatever perspective studied indicates that the dietary diversity had a statistically significant difference between day care centers and households in states studied. Miranda State was more deficiency than Capital District. Higher dietary diversity reflects a better quality diet at day care centers compared to households studied.