Fully Automated Measurement of the Insall-Salvati Ratio with Artificial Intelligence.

Patella alta (PA) and patella baja (PB) affect 1-2% of the world population, but are often underreported, leading to potential complications like osteoarthritis. The Insall-Salvati ratio (ISR) is commonly used to diagnose patellar height abnormalities. Artificial intelligence (AI) keypoint models show promising accuracy in measuring and detecting these abnormalities.An AI keypoint model is developed and validated to study the Insall-Salvati ratio on a random population sample of lateral knee radiographs. A keypoint model was trained and internally validated with 689 lateral knee radiographs from five sites in a multi-hospital urban healthcare system after IRB approval. A total of 116 lateral knee radiographs from a sixth site were used for external validation. Distance error (mm), Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate model performance. On a random sample of 2647 different lateral knee radiographs, mean and standard deviation were used to calculate the normal distribution of ISR. A keypoint detection model had mean distance error of 2.57 ± 2.44 mm on internal validation data and 2.73 ± 2.86 mm on external validation data. Pearson correlation between labeled and predicted Insall-Salvati ratios was 0.82 [95% CI 0.76-0.86] on internal validation and 0.75 [0.66-0.82] on external validation. For the population sample of 2647 patients, there was mean ISR of 1.11 ± 0.21. Patellar height abnormalities were underreported in radiology reports from the population sample. AI keypoint models consistently measure ISR on knee radiographs. Future models can enable radiologists to study musculoskeletal measurements on larger population samples and enhance our understanding of normal and abnormal ranges.

Coffee break - Epidemiologic analysis, traditions & holidays that increase burn risk of pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Burns are estimated to cause up to 1% of admissions to emergency department in low- and middle-income countries, and up to 220 admissions per 100 K people in high income countries. Knowing the special features in every population could help formulate prevention strategies tailored for the specific group targeted and thus help decrease the incidence of burns in the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined all patients files admitted to the Rappaport hospital within Rambam Medical Center between the years 2012-2016. RESULTS: Male admissions accounted for 57% (18.1 per 100 K life years) of all admissions. Scald was the most prominent cause of burn in all the cohort subgroups, with 65% of all burns. The specific cause of scald varied in the subgroups. Burns usually happened during weekend (p < 0.001). Transition seasons, i.e. autumn and spring, were the most dangerous for our cohort (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric burn patterns were found correlate to population, timing, and customs. Mapping the hazardous rituals that may cause burns in different populations, is the first step towards prevention.

The anal fistula plug in Crohn's disease patients with fistula-in-ano: a systematic review.

AIM: This study aimed to review, consolidate and analyse the findings of studies investigating the efficacy of anal fistula plugs (AFPs) in treating fistula-in-ano in patients with Crohn's disease. METHOD: A literature review was conducted via Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Library for the period 1995-2015. Articles were selected and reviewed based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were extracted, of which 12 were included in the systematic review. In total, 84 patients (n = 1-20 per study) with a median age of 45 (18-72) years and a median follow-up time of 9 (3-24) months were analysed. The total success rate, defined as closure of the fistula tract, was 49/84 (58.3%, 95% CI 47-69). Success in patients with recurrent anal fistulae was 2/5 (40%, 95% CI 5-85). Overall, the success rates of Surgisis and GORE BIO-A brand plugs were 48/80 (60%, 95% CI 48-71) and 1/4 (25%, 95% CI 1-81). The recurrence rate of fistula-in-ano in the five studies that reported recurrence was 3/22 (13.6%). In two comparative studies, inferior overall success rates were found in patients who received preoperative immunomodulators vs. those who did not [3/11 (27.3%) vs. 17/23 (73.9%)]. CONCLUSION: The studies suggest that the use of an AFP in patients with Crohn's disease is a safe procedure with reasonable success, little morbidity and a low risk of incontinence. The current literature is limited by a number of factors, including small study cohorts, grouping of fistulae in Crohn's disease with other types of anal fistula, short and highly variable follow-up times and multiple confounding factors such as number of fistula tracts, use of preoperative steroids or immunosuppressants, previous use of setons and variation in surgical technique.

High-dose propofol triggers short-term neuroprotection and long-term neurodegeneration in primary neuronal cultures from rat embryos.

This study investigated the effects of propofol on primary neuronal cultures from rat embryos. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were prepared from Wistar rat embryos (E18). The viability of cells exposed to 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg/ml propofol for up to 48 h was assessed using a methyltetrazolium assay. In order to evaluate the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) receptors, cells were also preincubated with the GABA(A)-receptor antagonists, gabazine and picrotoxin. Propofol at a concentration of 1 mg/ml significantly reduced cell viability after 12 h. In contrast, this concentration led to a significant increase in cell viability at 3 and 6 h. The GABA(A)-receptor antagonists did not influence the neurodegenerative effect of propofol but abolished its neuroprotective effect. DNA fragmentation as a marker of apoptosis was elevated after 24 h propofol treatment. These results confirm that high doses of propofol can cause GABA(A) receptor triggered neuroprotection and a subsequent time-dependent, but GABA(A) independent, neurodegeneration in primary cortical neurons.

Total serum bilirubin levels during cyclooxygenase inhibitor treatment for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.

AIM: To determine whether ibuprofen use in VLBW infants is associated with increased serum bilirubin levels and impaired neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age compared to indomethacin. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated bilirubin data and outcome parameters of 178 VLBW infants treated with COX inhibitors for a haemodynamically relevant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) between 1998 and 2003 in a single institution. In our department ibuprofen replaced indomethacin for PDA treatment in 2001, while clinical and echocardiographic criteria for the indication of PDA invention have remained unchanged. RESULTS: Ibuprofen and indomethacin therapy groups did not differ in their baseline clinical profile. Peak serum bilirubin concentration was 10.2 mg/dL in the ibuprofen group and 8.6 mg/dL in the indomethacin group (p < 0.01), while phototherapy duration did not differ. At 2 years of age neurodevelopmental outcome was similar in both groups. In a single case analysis, four cases of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome despite inconspicuous clinical course were identified in the ibuprofen group. CONCLUSION: In VLBW infants with PDA, ibuprofen treatment was associated with higher bilirubin levels than indomethacin.

Organization of microscale objects using a microfabricated optical fiber.

We demonstrate the use of a single fiber-optic axicon device for organization of microscopic objects using longitudinal optical binding. Further, by manipulating the shape of the fiber tip, part of the emanating light was made to undergo total internal reflection in the conical tip region, enabling near-field trapping. Near-field trapping resulted in trapping and self-organization of long chains of particles along azimuthal directions (in contrast to the axial direction, observed in the case of large tip cone angle far-field trapping).

[Gaussian distribution of intelligence in VLBW preterm infants at age 5: very low correlation with very low birth weight]. / Normalverteilung der Intelligenz von VLBW-Frühgeborenen mit 5 Jahren: sehr geringe Korrelation mit sehr geringem Geburtsgewicht.

BACKGROUND: Preterm infants with very low birth weight < 1500 g (VLBW) have a higher risk of developmental disorders. In addition to the common estimation of the mean intelligence values, we studied the distribution of intelligence at preschool age in VLBW infants and the risk factors influencing this distribution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 277 VLBW infants < 32 weeks born in 1991-1995 and treated according to a standardized regimen in one Perinatal Center was carried out, including measurement of intelligence (Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children) at age 5. Statistical methods employed were: explorative data analysis, correlation, chi (2)- and t-tests; the tested variables were: small for gestational age (< third percentile), perinatal acidemia (umbilical arterial pH < 7.10), perinatal hypoxia (BE < - 10), hypothermia (< 36 degrees C), hypoglycemia after the first day of life (< 30 mg / dL), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (FiO (2) > 0.21 > or = 36 weeks), intraventricular hemorrhage, ventricular dilation, periventricular leukomalacia, seizures, abnormal acoustic evoked potentials, and hyperexcitability at discharge. RESULTS: The distribution of intelligence in 137 VLBW infants < 32 weeks (60 % follow-up rate) was similar to a symmetrical Gaussian bell curve. The intelligence increased very slightly with birth weight (Pearson correlation: 0.172; p = 0.045) and was significantly lower in children with hypoglycemia after the first day of life (- 13.35; 95 % confidence interval: - 20.08 to - 6.63; p = 0.002), hyperexcitability at discharge (- 16.28; 95 % confidence interval: - 25.26 to - 7.31; p = 0.005), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (- 7.00; 95 % confidence interval - 11.71 to - 2.29; p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: At preschool age, the intelligence of VLBW infants is normally distributed and correlates only slightly with the very low birth weight. Hypoglycemia after the first day of life and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are risk factors for lower intelligence. Hyperexcitability at discharge seemed to represent a promising prognostic factor for a later intelligence reduction.

Controlled ablation of microtubules using a picosecond laser.

The use of focused high-intensity light sources for ablative perturbation has been an important technique for cell biological and developmental studies. In targeting subcellular structures many studies have to deal with the inability to target, with certainty, an organelle or large macromolecular complex. Here we demonstrate the ability to selectively target microtubule-based structures with a laser microbeam through the use of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) variants of green fluorescent protein fusions of tubule. Potorous tridactylus (PTK2) cell lines were generated that stably express EYFP and ECFP tagged to the alpha-subunit of tubulin. Using microtubule fluorescence as a guide, cells were irradiated with picosecond laser pulses at discrete microtubule sites in the cytoplasm and the mitotic spindle. Correlative thin-section transmission electron micrographs of cells fixed one second after irradiation demonstrated that the nature of the ultrastructural damage appeared to be different between the EYFP and the ECFP constructs suggesting different photon interaction mechanisms. We conclude that focal disruption of single cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules can be precisely controlled by combining laser microbeam irradiation with different fluorescent fusion constructs. The possible photon interaction mechanisms are discussed in detail.

[HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in South Limburg, 1994-1998/1999: increasing trend in Heerlen, not in Maastricht]. / HIV-prevalentie onder injecterende druggebruikers in Zuid-Limburg, 1994-1998/'99: stijgende trend in Heerlen, niet in Masstricht.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection and gain insights into the risk behaviour among injecting drug users (IDU) in Heerlen and Maastricht, the Netherlands. DESIGN: Descriptive inventory. METHOD: In 1994, 1996 and 1998/1999 a questionnaire on risk behaviour was obtained from 866 IDUs in Heerlen and Maastricht, and 858 saliva and serum samples were also obtained for testing on HIV antibodies. RESULTS: In the total region of Heerlen and Maastricht, no significant change in HIV prevalence was found (1994: 10%, 1996: 12%, 1998/1999: 14%). However, in Heerlen the HIV prevalence was demonstrated to have increased significantly (1994: 11%, 1996: 16%, 1998/1999: 22%), whereas in Maastricht HIV prevalence was constant (1998/1999: 5%). The percentage of participants that injected drugs in the six months preceding the survey decreased from 80% in 1994 to 63% in 1998/1999. Injection-related risk behaviour slightly decreased: in 1998/1999 14% of the participants had borrowed used syringes or needles in the last 6 months. Additionally, inconsistent condom use with steady and casual sexual partners was reported. Of the participants, 86-89% did not always use condoms with steady partners and 49% with casual partners. DISCUSSION: In view of the increasing HIV prevalence among IDUs in Heerlen, the persistent injecting and sexual risk behaviour and the large number of IDUs who have sexual contact with non-users in Heerlen and Maastricht, there is a substantial risk of HIV transmission both within the IDU community and to the general population.

Re-epithelialization in cornea organ culture after chemical burns and excimer laser treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epithelial healing rates observed in freshly cultured rabbit corneas chemically burned with high-concentration hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and subsequently treated with phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). METHODS: We obtained 126 fresh corneoscleral rims from cadaveric New Zealand white rabbits. Each cornea was exposed to 4-mm cellulose sponges soaked in a solution of topical 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride solution, 2M HCl, or 0.5M NaOH. A transepithelial PTK (6-mm zone; 100-microm ablation depth) was then performed using the excimer laser (150-mJ/cm(2) energy pulse; 20 nanosecond duration; and 10-Hz frequency). Corneas were placed in tissue culture, and 1 cornea from each group was taken out of culture each day after treatment. Re-epithelialization was monitored by means of fluorescein staining, slitlamp photography, and histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Corneas treated with HCl and NaOH exhibited immediate epithelial defects that slowly healed over time. In PTK-treated corneas, the re-epithelialization rate was accelerated compared with that of controls (P =.003 for the HCl group, and P<.001 for the NaOH group). The new epithelial layers were smoother in PTK-treated corneas, as confirmed by results of histopathological analysis. CONCLUSION: Corneal damage caused by HCl and NaOH may be modulated in vitro by PTK in this rabbit model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After corneal chemical damage, 193-nm excimer laser PTK accelerates epithelial wound healing.

Simple organ cornea culture model for re-epithelialization after in vitro excimer laser ablation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Most of the in vitro work to characterize the effects of clinical laser surgery on corneal tissues has concentrated on the effects on stromal keratocytes and endothelium with little attention being paid to corneal epithelium. Our purpose is to describe the epithelial healing rates observed in freshly cultured rabbit corneas treated with phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Corneas were placed in a simple organ culture system, with media change every 2 days. A clinical excimer laser was used to perform a 6 mm diameter, 100 microm depth transepithelial PTK on 24 cultured rabbit corneas, 1 day after culture initiation. For each post-treatment day, one experimental and one control cornea were removed from culture and stained with fluorescein, photographed, and fixed for histology. Epithelial defect area was measured with digital imaging software and analyzed statistically to assess the re-epithelialization rate. RESULTS: Control corneas, maintained in culture for 1-4 days, had no epithelial defects. Those corneas treated with PTK exhibited an immediate epithelial defect that slowly healed over 3 days. This was confirmed on histopathological analysis. A significant linear trend in re-epithelialization across the time points studied was found (F = 80.48, P = 0.0029). The slope of the linear regression model showed an estimate rate of re-epithelialization of -6.70 over the 3 days. CONCLUSION: We have described the development of a simple, whole organ, rabbit cornea culture model for re-epithelialization after PTK. Our rates of epithelial healing resemble those found in the literature in live rabbit models. Therefore, this model may possibly be used to monitor epithelial wound healing in different corneal diseases or injuries.

Intravitreal VEGF and bFGF produce florid retinal neovascularization and hemorrhage in the rabbit.

PURPOSE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) causes widespread retinal vascular dilation, produces breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, and is implicated in ocular neovascularization (NV). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) also has been implicated in the production of ocular NV. This study was performed to investigate the ability of simultaneous sustained intravitreal release of both VEGF and bFGF to induce robust retinal NV in the rabbit. METHODS: Intravitreal implantation of sustained-release Hydron polymeric pellets containing both 20 microg of VEGF and 20 microg of bFGF was performed on adult male Dutch belted rabbits. In other animals either 20 microg or 50 microg bFGF-containing pellets was implanted intravitreally; also, either 20 microg VEGF or 50 microg VEGF-containing pellets was implanted. Control rabbits received either blank polymeric pellets or a pellet containing 30 microg bovine serum albumin. Eyes were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy after surgery at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. Findings were documented by color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography (FA). Eyes were enucleated and prepared for histologic analysis at 28 days following intravitreal implantation of the VEGF/bFGF-containing pellets. RESULTS: In all eyes implanted with VEGF/bFGF pellets, dilation and tortuosity of existing blood vessels were observed within 48 hrs after pellet implantation. The progression of retinal vascular changes was rapid and occurred over the entire optic disk and medullary rays between 4 and 7 days. Hemorrhage occurred as early as 14 days after VEGF/bFGF pellet implantation. In eyes with massive hemorrhage, total traction retinal detachment developed after the second week. The presence of abnormal tissues at the vitreo-retinal interface within 28 days was demonstrated by light microscopy while FA showed profuse leakage of dye from anomalous vessels within the first week. Neither bFGF-exposed eyes nor control eyes showed any vascular changes. Eyes that received only VEGF-containing pellets exhibited tortuosity of existing vessels, but neither hemorrhaging nor retinal detachment occurred. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that retinal vascular changes leading to hemorrhaging is produced rapidly in the rabbit by simultaneous intravitreal release of both VEGF and bFGF. Understanding how these growth factors induce retinal NV may suggest novel therapeutic treatment strategies.

Monitoring tumor response during photodynamic therapy using near-infrared photon-migration spectroscopy.

Benzoporphyrin-derivative (BPD)-monoacid-ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed on subcutaneous tumor implants in a rat ovarian cancer model. In order to assess PDT efficacy the tumor and normal tissue optical properties were measured noninvasively prior to and during PDT using frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM). FDPM data were used to quantify tissue absorption and reduced scattering properties (given by the parameters mu a and mu's, respectively) at four near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (674, 811, 849 and 956 nm). Tissue physiologic properties, including the in vivo concentration of BPD, deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb), oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), total hemoglobin (TotHb), water (H2O) and percent tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%StO2), were calculated from optical property data. PDT efficacy was also determined from morphometric analysis of tumor necrosis in histologic specimens. All the measured tumor properties changed significantly during PDT. [Hb] increased by 9%, while [HbO2], [TotHb] and %StO2 decreased by 18, 7 and 12%, respectively. Using histologic data we show that long-term PDT efficacy is highly correlated to mean BPD concentration in tumor and PDT-induced acute changes in [HbO2], [TotHb] and %StO2 (correlation coefficients of 0.829, 0.817 and 0.953, respectively). Overall, our results indicate that NIR FDPM spectroscopy is able to quantify noninvasively and dynamically the PDT-induced physiological effects in vivo that are highly correlated with therapeutic efficacy.

Fluorescence detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia for photodynamic therapy with the topical agents 5-aminolevulinic acid and benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether 2 photosensitizers, benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring and 5-aminolevulinic acid, are selectively absorbed by dysplastic cervical cells after topical administration. STUDY DESIGN: This phase I clinical trial involved 18 women with biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at the Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, Calif. Colposcopically directed cervical biopsy specimens obtained after 1.5, 3, or 6 hours of exposure to a randomly assigned photosensitizer were evaluated for selective drug absorption with hematoxylin and eosin staining and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: After exposure to 5-aminolevulinic acid, cervical tissue showed maximal fluorescence in dysplastic cells relative to normal cells, with negligible stromal fluorescence. According to our detection methods benzoporphyrin-derivative monoacid ring demonstrated nonselective, diffusion-driven uptake, with fluorescence appearing in the superficial cells, followed by nonselective drug absorption in the remaining cells and stroma of the epithelium. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated selective absorption of 5-aminolevulinic acid by dysplastic cervical cells. This agent therefore represents a promising photosensitizing prodrug for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with photodynamic therapy.

PEG-m-THPC-mediated photodynamic effects on normal rat tissues.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignancies uses light to activate a photosensitizer preferentially accumulated in cancer cells. The first pegylated photosensitizer, tetrakis-(m-methoxypolyethylene glycol) derivative of 7,8-dihydro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-21-23-[H]-porphyrin (PEG-m-THPC), was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing rats. The aim of this study was to assess the photodynamic threshold for damage and its sequelae in normal rat tissue. Thirty-five Fischer rats were sensitized with 3, 9 or 30 mg/kg body weight PEG-m-THPC. Colon, vagina and perineum were irradiated with laser light of 652 nm wavelength and an optical dose of 50, 150 or 450 J/cm fiber length. Temperature in the pelvis was measured during PDT. Three days following PDT the effect on skin, vagina, colon, striated muscle, connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels was assessed by histology. The healing of the above-mentioned tissues was assessed on two rats 3 and 8 weeks after PDT using 9 mg/kg PEG-m-THPC activated with 450 J/cm laser light. No dark toxicity was observed. PDT using 30 mg/kg PEG-m-THPC induced severe necrosis irrespective of the optical dose. Body weight of 9 or 3 mg/kg activated with less than 450 J/cm induced moderate or no damage. No substantial increase in body temperature was seen during PDT. Tissues with severe PDT-induced damage seem to have a good tendency to regenerate. We conclude that within the dose required for tumor treatment PEG-m-THPC is a safe photosensitizer with promising properties. PDT of the colon mucosa below 9 mg/kg PEG-m-THPC and 150 J/cm seems to be safe. All other tissues can be exposed to 9 mg/kg PEG-m-THPC activated with less than 450 J/cm laser light with little side effects.

Effect of pentoxifylline on the intrinsic swimming forces of human sperm assessed by optical tweezers.

It is still controversial whether in vitro exposure of sperm to pentoxifylline increases sperm motility and force, which is defined as the product of velocity by beat frequency of the tail. Laser optical tweezers have been successfully used in the past to evaluate sperm force in basal conditions. The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether exposure of human sperm to pentoxifylline has any effect on sperm intrinsic forces. Twelve healthy subjects undergoing routine semen analysis were enrolled in the study. Ten exhibited normal semen parameters, 2 exhibited asthenozoospermia. Each semen specimen was washed and, after swim-up, resuspended in human tubal fluid (HTF) and divided into 2 aliquots. One aliquot was incubated with pentoxifylline for 30 minutes (final concentration = 3.6 mM); the second aliquot, without pentoxifylline, served as a control. After 30 minutes the pentoxifylline-treated aliquot was divided into 2 portions, 1 of which was washed to remove the pentoxifylline, the other was left in prolonged coincubation with the chemical. The main outcome was the measurement of sperm intrinsic force in milliwatts (mW), which was assessed by means of a noninvasive infrared laser optical trap created by a continuous wave, 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser beam directed in an inverted microscope. Exposure of sperm to pentoxifylline consistently increased sperm relative escape force from the laser optical trap. The increase ranged from 33% to 154% over baseline force compared with controls. The average absolute increase in sperm force rose from 37 mW to 79 mW (P < .05). Specimens with sperm having an initial low relative escape force gained the highest relative increase. The effect of pentoxifylline on sperm force, already apparent after 5 minutes, reached a peak at 30 minutes and persisted for up to 3 hours in sperm that were left in coincubation and in those on which the pentoxifylline had been washed off. In conclusion, pentoxifylline significantly increases sperm intrinsic relative force in normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic samples. This experiment confirms that optical tweezers can provide an accurate determination of sperm force in in vitro conditions. Clinical data must now establish whether a documented increase in sperm force is an important parameter for assessing sperm fertilizing capacity.

Gene inactivation by multiphoton-targeted photochemistry.

Multiphoton-targeted photochemistry was used to selectively inactivate the expression of genes in vertebrate cells. A membrane permeable DNA-associating vital dye, ethidium bromide monoacetate (visible wavelength single photon absorption peak at 530 nm) was used to photosensitize chromosomes in dividing cells. A 100-ps infrared laser beam operating at 1.06 microns was focused onto a selected region of a mitotic chromosome corresponding to the sites of the nucleolar (ribosomal) genes. Individual cells followed through mitosis demonstrated a reduction in the number of nucleoli formed in daughter cells that corresponded to the number of nucleolar genes sites irradiated. These results demonstrate the ability to selectively manipulate genes by using the focal point specificity characteristic of multiphoton microscopy. This technique should have wide biotechnology applications both in vitro and in vivo.

Chromosomes are target sites for photodynamic therapy as demonstrated by subcellular laser microirradiation.

The present investigation has been undertaken to examine the possibility that the cell nucleus, and specifically the genetic material, is a target site for photodynamic therapy. PTK2 and Hep-2 cells are pretreated with a medium containing 15 microg/ml (0.09 mM) 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Individual fluorescence images are recorded for each selected cell using a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD). A laser microbeam system generating 630 nm is used for subcellular-region irradiation of specific targets: chromosomes, the mitotic spindle, the perispindle region and the peripheral cytoplasm. Nuclei of interphase cells are also irradiated. Data comparing the sensitivities of the different subcellular microirradiation sites in ALA-treated mitotic cells demonstrate that under the irradiation conditions used, the chromosome is the most sensitive subcellular target followed by the perispindle region, the peripheral cytoplasm and spindle, and, lastly, the interphase nucleus.

Influence of optical properties on two-photon fluorescence imaging in turbid samples.

A numerical model was developed to simulate the effects of tissue optical properties, objective numerical aperture (N.A.), and instrument performance on two-photon-excited fluorescence imaging of turbid samples. Model data are compared with measurements of fluorescent microspheres in a tissuelike scattering phantom. Our results show that the measured two-photon-excited signal decays exponentially with increasing focal depth. The overall decay constant is a function of absorption and scattering parameters at both excitation and emission wavelengths. The generation of two-photon fluorescence is shown to be independent of the scattering anisotropy, g, except for g > 0.95. The N.A. for which the maximum signal is collected varies with depth, although this effect is not seen until the focal plane is greater than two scattering mean free paths into the sample. Overall, measurements and model results indicate that resolution in two-photon microscopy is dependent solely on the ability to deliver sufficient ballistic photon density to the focal volume. As a result we show that lateral resolution in two-photon microscopy is largely unaffected by tissue optical properties in the range typically encountered in soft tissues, although the maximum imaging depth is strongly dependent on absorption and scattering coefficients, scattering anisotropy, and objective N.A..

Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo.

The aims of this study were: (i) to quantify near-infrared optical properties of normal cervical tissues and high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (H-SIL); (ii) to assess the feasibility of differentiating normal cervical tissues from H-SIL on the basis of these properties; and (iii) to determine how cervical tissue optical properties change following photodynamic therapy (PDT) of H-SIL in vivo. Using the frequency domain photon migration technique, non-invasive measurements of normal and dysplastic ecto-cervical tissue optical properties, i.e. absorption (mu(a)) and effective scattering coefficients, and physiological parameters, i.e. tissue water and haemoglobin concentration, percentage oxygen saturation (%SO(2)), were performed on 10 patients scheduled for PDT of histologically-proven H-SIL. Cervix absorption and effective scattering parameters were up to 15% lower in H-SIL sites compared with normal cervical tissue for all wavelengths studied (674, 811, 849, 956 nm). Following PDT, all mu(a) values increased significantly, due to elevated tissue blood and water content associated with PDT-induced hyperaemia and oedema. Tissue total haemoglobin concentration ([TotHb]) and arterio-venous oxygen saturation measured in H-SIL sites were lower than normal sites ([TotHb]: 88.6 +/- 35.8 micromol/l versus 124.7 +/- 22.6 micromol/l; %SO(2): 76.5 +/- 14.7% versus 84.9 +/- 3.4%).