Anxiety, emotions and threat perception in COVID-19 context: differences between Spanish teachers and students

Introduction: Our study compares the emotional impact of the first month of the lockdown on teachers and students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, focusing on the variables of generalized anxiety, emotions, and perceived threat. Method: A non experimental design was applied, the sample consists of 452 participants (teachers = 188, young adult students = 264. Correlation analyses, a between-group design and effect size were carried out. Results: The results indicated that in crises or emergencies such as COVID-19, teachers and students have different emotional reactions. Students showed more generalized anxiety symptoms, more negative emotions, and fewer positive emotions. Teachers showed a higher degree of existential anxiety. Conclusion: Specific action plans should be developed for teachers and students. In addition, educational policies and teacher training programs should take the gender perspective into account when studying and planning a resilient educational system.

Introducción: Nuestro estudio compara el impacto emocional, entre profesores y estudiantes, durante el primer mes de cuarentena en España debido a la COVID-19, centrándonos en la ansiedad generalizada, emociones y percepción de amenaza. Método: Se aplicó un diseño no experimental, donde participaron 452 personas (profesores = 188, estudiantes adultos jóvenes = 264). Se realizaron análisis de correlación, diseños entre-grupos y tamaño del efecto. Resultados: Los resultados indican que durante crisis o emergencias como la COVID-19, los profesores y estudiantes tienen diferentes reacciones emocionales. Los estudiantes mostraron mayores síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, más emociones negativas y menos emociones positivas. Los profesores mostraron tener un alto grado de ansiedad existencial. Conclusión: Planes de acción específica deberían desarrollarse por separado para profesores y estudiantes. Además, las políticas educativas y los programas de formación de profesorado, deberían tener una perspectiva de género al estudiar y planificar un sistema educativo resiliente.

COVID-19. Effect of Moral Messages to Persuade the Population to Stay at Home in Spain, Chile, and Colombia.

Analyze whether the content of three moral messages (deontological, ethical utilitarianism, ethical virtue) and a control message differentially affect the probability of engaging in four behaviors: Washing their hands, participating in public gatherings, staying at home/avoiding social contact, and forwarding the message to inform more people. In our study, the sender of the message is a university professor. These variables are measured in terms of their behavioral intentions and others' behavioral intentions (beliefs about others' behavior). Randomized Controlled Trial. Our study includes the analysis of the possible moderating effect of the country of residence (Spain n = 1,122, Chile n = 1,107, and Colombia n = 1,433). The message with content referring to ethical virtue and staying at home obtains statistically significant lower scores on the probability of carrying out public health behaviors and sharing the message received. Regarding beliefs about the behavior of others, the message of ethical virtue has the same negative effect, but only on the likelihood of other people washing their hands, staying at home, and sharing the public health message. Institutional messages aimed at promoting public health behaviors are necessary in a pandemic situation. Our recommendation is to use deontological and utilitarian, or non-moral, content.

Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the satisfaction with life scale in Latino immigrants in Chile, Spain, and United States / Propiedades psicométricas e invarianza factorial de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en Chile, España y EEUU

Abstract: Background: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most widely used instrument to assess subjective well-being in different populations. Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties and the factorial invariance of the SWLS in Latino immigrants living in Chile, Spain, and the United States. Method: A total of 663 participants over the age of 18 and who have lived in the host country for more than a year participated. Results: The results provide evidence of good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Also, there is evidence for the unifactorial structure of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis and its invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar. Conclusions: It is concluded that SWLS is an invariant and reliable measure to study life satisfaction in Latino immigrants in western countries.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método: Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.