Gut Microbiota Modulation by Bioactive Compounds from Ilex paraguariensis: an In Vivo Study.

Yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is recognized for its biocompounds and bioactive properties. This study aimed to assess the potential of yerba-mate extract to modulate the intestinal microbiota in rats. After the ethical committee approval (CEUA - UPF, number 025/2018), the Wistar rats were given a daily dose of 3.29 mg of phenolic compounds per animal for 45 days. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays and the total phenolic compounds was measured at different pH levels. Identification and quantification of chlorogenic acid isomers were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intestinal microbiota modulation was evaluated by administering the yerba-mate extract or water (control) to Wistar rats via intragastric gavage and its efficiency was measured through PCR. The antioxidant capacity of the yerba-mate extract was 64.53 ± 0.26 µmol Trolox/mL (ABTS) and 52.96 ± 0.86 µmol Trolox/mL (FRAP). The total phenolic compounds showed higher levels at pH 7.5 compared to pH 2.0. Chlorogenic acid isomers were found in greater abundance, with a concentration of 14.22 g/100 g. The administration of the extract resulted in positive modulation of the intestinal microbiota, specifically for the genera Lactobacillus sp. and Prevotella sp. The increase of these genera is related to the promotion of homeostasis of the gut microbiota. Therefore, these findings indicate that yerba-mate extract possesses significant antioxidant activity and can effectively modulate the intestinal microbiota in rats. These results support the potential use of yerba-mate as an alternative for controlling and preventing diseases associated with intestinal dysbiosis.

Brazilian native fruit pomace as a source of bioactive compounds on starch-based films: Antimicrobial activities and food simulator release.

The bioactive compounds extraction from fruit pomace is an ecological alternative for these abundant and low-added-value by-products. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of pomace extracts from Brazilian native fruits (araçá, uvaia, guabiroba and butiá) and the effect on physicochemical, mechanical properties and the migration of antioxidants and phenolic compounds from starch-based films. The film with butiá extract had the lowest mechanical resistance (1.42 MPa) but the highest elongation (63 %). In comparison, uvaia extract had less impact on film mechanical properties (3.70 MPa and 58 %) compared to the other extracts. The extracts and films showed antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, L. inoccua, B. cereus and S. aureu. Approximately 2 cm inhibition halo was noticed for the extracts, while films ranged from 0.33 to 1.46 cm inhibition halo. Films with guabiroba extract had the lowest antimicrobial activity (0.33 to 0.5 cm). The phenolic compounds were released from the film matrix in the first hour at 4 °C with maintenance in the stability. The fatty-food simulator showed a controlled release of antioxidant compounds, which can assist in controlling food oxidation. Brazilian native fruit has shown to be a viable alternative to isolate bioactive compounds and produce film packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

What is the role of phenolic compounds of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in gut microbiota?

Diet actively influences gut microbiota and body homeostasis. The predominance of beneficial species results in symbiosis, while dysbiosis is characterized by an imbalance between microbial communities. Food plays a key role in this dynamic and in promoting the health of individuals. Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate, is a traditional plant from Latin America that has a complex matrix of bioactive substances, including methylxanthines, triterpenes, saponins, and phenolics. The consumption of yerba mate is associated with antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on yerba mate as a modulating agent of intestinal microbiota. Phenolics are the major compounds in yerba mate and have been reported to act in modulating the microbiome. In this review, we explore the activity of yerba mate as a possible stimulant of gut microbiota and present its main phenolics and their biological effects. We also propose different mechanisms of action of these phenolics and possible doses for their effectiveness.

Fruit pomace as a promising source to obtain biocompounds with antibacterial activity.

The demand for natural compounds to replace synthetic additives has aroused the interest of different sectors of society, especially the scientific community, due to their safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. Alternative sources for antimicrobial compounds have been explored, such as fruit pomace. These by-products have essential compounds in their composition with different potential for application in food and packaging. In this context, this review systematizes the use of pomace from different fruits as a source of antibacterial compounds. Also, it summarizes the extraction methods and the applications of these compounds. Grape pomace, cranberry, and apple extracts are the most explored for antibacterial control, especially against genus Listeria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia. In addition, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins are the main compounds identified in the studied fruit pomace extracts. In the reviewed articles, the biocompounds recovery is performed by methods with the absence of high temperatures (>80 °C); in some studies, the solid-liquid extraction method at mild temperatures (<30 °C) was well explored, using ethanol and water as solvent. The use of fruit processing by-products for bacterial control highlights the possibility of favoring the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic, and environmental) in the food industry.

Micronized whole wheat flour and xylanase application: dough properties and bread quality.

The micronization process by jet mill of whole wheat flour in addition to xylanase application may be used to improve dough properties and baking quality. This study aimed to evaluate the dough formation and bakery performance of whole wheat flour micronized using jet mill and having different particle sizes and xylanase content A decrease in particle size increased water absorption and increased dough stability by 3.7 units. Increase in xylanase content decreased the dough stability and mixture tolerance, resulting in reduced strength. Although the dough quality reduced, this was not evident in bread quality. In bread, the increase in xylanase content increased the specific volume and improved the texture profile. The 158 and 261 µm particle sizes with 60 and 100 mg kg-1 xylanase content reduced the undesirable effects of fibers in the dough, which may lead to improved bread making, thus enhancing improved consumer acceptance.

Epidemiological Profile of Intracerebral Hemorrhage during a 10-Year Period in a Southern Brazilian Region

Objective Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is responsible for 20% of all cases of cerebrovascular accidents, which might lead to functional disabilities and death. There are few epidemiological data on spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in Brazil, and more specifically in the southern region of the country. Methods We reviewed data of 221 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who attended our department between January of 2004 and December of 2013 and were registered as I61 and I62 according to the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Results From the 221 cases, 53.8% were male, and the median age was 63 years old. Arterial hypertension was reported in 62.4% of the patients. Surgical treatment was performed in 28.9% of all cases and pneumonia affected 19.9%. In 73.4% of the cases, the patients died or were severely disabled at discharge. We found an association of heart disease, coagulopathies, chronic kidney disease, anticoagulant drugs use, surgical treatment, and pneumonia with a poorer outcome. Conclusion The present study describes the epidemiological profile of intracerebral hemorrhage in a southern Brazilian population during a 10-year period.

Introdução A hemorragia cerebral espontânea é responsável por 20% de todos os acidentes vasculares cerebrais e acarreta grande número de óbitos e incapacidade funcional. Poucos são os dados epidemiológicos da hemorragia cerebral espontânea no Brasil, e especificamente no Sul do Brasil. Metodologia Foram revisados 221 casos de hemorragia cerebral espontânea atendidos entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2013, selecionados aleatoriamente dentre os casos registrados como I61 e I62 de acordo com a 10a revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10) nesse período. Resultados Dos 221 casos, 53,8% eram do sexo masculino. A idade média foi de 63 anos e a distância média do local de residência até o centro de tratamento foi de 78,7 Km. Hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi relatada em 62,4% dos casos, diabetes mellitus em 20,4% e tabagismo em 15,4%. Tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 28,9% dos casos; pneumonia ocorreu em 19,9%, e 73,4% evoluíram com óbito ou incapacidade grave. Encontramos uma associação entre cardiopatia, coagulopatias, insuficiência renal crônica, uso de anticoagulantes, tratamento cirúrgico, pneumonia e sepse com um pior desfecho. Conclusão O presente estudo descreve o perfil epidemiológico da hemorragia cerebral espontânea de uma população do Sul do Brasil e os fatores prognósticos encontrados no período de 10 anos.

Validity evidence of the Zulliger-CS in older adults with Parkinson's disease / Evidências de validade do Zulliger-SC em idosos com Doença de Parkinson

The ethical principles of psychological assessment include the need to use reliable tests to meet the demands of the emerging population. Therefore, the present study sought to provide evidence of validity of the Zulliger Comprehensive System (Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System) considering the constructs: self-perception and interpersonal relationships. A total of 61 older adults of both sexes participated in the study; 30 had Parkinson's disease (clinical group) and 31 were healthy (non-clinical group). The clinical group showed an increase in the following variables: Human detail (p = 0.02, d = 0.50); Morbid responses (p = 0.025, d = 0.62); Vista responses (p = 0.016, d = 0.72), Food Responses (p = 0.021, d = 0.61) and Decrease in human detail fictional (p = 0.012, d = -0.65) and in Personalized Responses (p = 0.003, d = -0.48). There was a positive relationship between the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System variables and age, income, and disease severity and a negative relationship between the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System variables and time since diagnosis. The results obtained confirm the validity of the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System and encourage further studies.

Entre os princípios éticos da prática da avaliação psicológica destaca-se a necessidade do uso de testes fidedignos para responder às demandas da população emergente. Com esse propósito, buscou-se evidenciar a validade do Zulliger Sistema Compreensivo considerando os construtos autopercepção e relações interpessoais. Participaram do estudo 61 idosos, 30 com doença de Parkinson e 31 livres da doença, de ambos os sexos. O primeiro grupo apresentou aumento das variáveis de Detalhe humano (p = 0,02, d = 0,50), Conteúdo mórbido (p = 0,025, d = 0,62), Somatório de sombreado vista (p = 0,016, d = 0,72), Alimento (p = 0,021, d = 0,61) e Rebaixamento em detalhe para-humano (p = 0,012, d = -0,65) e Respostas personalizadas (p = 0,003, d = -0,48). Houve associação positiva entre variáveis do Zulliger Sistema Compreensivo e idade, renda e severidade da doença e associação negativa com o tempo de diagnóstico. Os resultados ratificam a validade do Zulliger Sistema Compreensivo e estimulam novos estudos.

Spirulina platensis is more efficient than Chlorella homosphaera in carbohydrate productivity.

This study aimed to compare the production of biomass with high carbohydrate content by Spirulina platensis LEB 52 and Chlorella homosphaera microalgae. The cultivation of C. homosphaera and S. platensis LEB 52 was performed in standard medium diluted at 50%, and glucose was added as a source of organic carbon for mixotrophic metabolism. The sodium nitrate concentration was increased and the nitrogen components were reduced in the media to induce the synthesis of carbohydrates. C. homosphaera and S. platensis LEB 52 produced 16.32 and 116 mg L-1 of carbohydrates per day, respectively, when cultivated with 50% less nitrogen and 20% and 10% more sodium chloride, compared with the control. Glucose addition was an essential factor for microalgal growth, resulting in biomass increases of up to 2.79- and 3.45-fold for C. homosphaera and S. platensis LEB 52, respectively. Spirulina presented better characteristics than Chlorella with regard to the capacities of growth and carbohydrate synthesis.

Surface response methodology for the optimization of lipase production under submerged fermentation by filamentous fungi

Abstract A Plackett–Burman Factorial Design of 16 experiments was conducted to assess the influence of nine factors on the production of lipases by filamentous fungi. The factors investigated were bran type (used as the main carbon source), nitrogen source, nitrogen source concentration, inducer, inducer concentration, fungal strain (Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus flavus were selected as good lipase producers via submerged fermentation), pH and agitation. The concentration of the yeast extract and soybean oil and the pH had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on lipase production and were consecutively studied through a Full Factorial Design 23, with the concentration of yeast extract and pH being significant (p < 0.05). These variables were optimized using a central composite design, obtaining maximum lipolytic activities with the use of 45 g/L of yeast extract and pH 7.15. The statistical model showed a 94.12% correlation with the experimental data.

Surface response methodology for the optimization of lipase production under submerged fermentation by filamentous fungi.

A Plackett-Burman Factorial Design of 16 experiments was conducted to assess the influence of nine factors on the production of lipases by filamentous fungi. The factors investigated were bran type (used as the main carbon source), nitrogen source, nitrogen source concentration, inducer, inducer concentration, fungal strain (Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus flavus were selected as good lipase producers via submerged fermentation), pH and agitation. The concentration of the yeast extract and soybean oil and the pH had a significant effect (p<0.05) on lipase production and were consecutively studied through a Full Factorial Design 2(3), with the concentration of yeast extract and pH being significant (p<0.05). These variables were optimized using a central composite design, obtaining maximum lipolytic activities with the use of 45g/L of yeast extract and pH 7.15. The statistical model showed a 94.12% correlation with the experimental data.

Increase in the carbohydrate content of the microalgae Spirulina in culture by nutrient starvation and the addition of residues of whey protein concentrate.

Non-renewable sources that will end with time are the largest part of world energy consumption, which emphasizes the necessity to develop renewable sources of energy. This necessity has created opportunities for the use of microalgae as a biofuel. The use of microalgae as a feedstock source for bioethanol production requires high yields of both biomass and carbohydrates. With mixotrophic cultures, wastewater can be used to culture algae. The aim of the study was to increase the carbohydrate content in the microalgae Spirulina with the additions of residues from the ultra and nanofiltration of whey protein. The nutrient deficit in the Zarrouk medium diluted to 20% and the addition of 2.5% of both residue types led to high carbohydrate productivity (60 mg L(-1) d(-1)). With these culture conditions, the increase in carbohydrate production in Spirulina indicated that the conditions were appropriate for use with microalgae as a feedstock in the production of bioethanol.

Spirulina platensis Enhances the Beneficial Effect of Exercise on Oxidative Stress and the Lipid Profile in Rats

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Spirulina platensis and moderate exercise on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in the rats. Forty male Wistar rats were allocated to the following 10-week treatments, three times a week: exercise (E, 30 min swimming),S. platensis (SP, 26 mg/Kg); exercise andSpirulina (ES); and control (C). Outcomes were Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) in serum and brain, and cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) in serum. Rats treated with exercise showed lower brain TBARS than the controls, mostly in association withS. platensis. In the groups E and ES, serum TBARS decreased after intervention. Compared with the controls, both E and ES prevented an increase in cholesterol and reduced triglycerides. Results demonstrated thatS. platensis enhanced the beneficial effect of exercise on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in rats, which might be a promising approach for treating metabolic syndrome in humans.

Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Residues by Cellulases Obtained from Solid State Fermentation Using Trichoderma viride.

The aim of this study was to verify the viability of lignocellulosic substrates to obtain renewable energy source, through characterization of the cellulolytic complex, which was obtained by solid state fermentation using Trichoderma viride. Enzymatic activity of the cellulosic complex was measured during saccharification of substrates filter paper, eucalyptus sawdust, and corncob, and compared with the activity of commercial cellulase. The characterization of the enzymes was performed by a 2(2) Full Factorial Design, where the pH and temperature were the variables of study. Enzymatic saccharification of different substrates appearedviable until 12 to be viable until 12 h; after this period the activity decreased for both enzymatic forms (cellulolytic complex and commercial cellulase). The enzymatic activity of the commercial cellulase was favored with the use of corncob as substrate, while the cellulolytic complex does not show any difference in its specificity by the substrates studied. The largest activities of both enzymes were obtained in the temperature and pH range between 40°C and 50°C and 4.8 and 5.2, respectively. The cellulolytic complex obtained appeared to be viable for the saccharification of lignocellulosic residues compared with the commercial cellulase.

Production and Characterization of Lipases by Two New Isolates of Aspergillus through Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation.

Due to the numerous applications of lipases in industry, there is a need to study their characteristics, because lipases obtained from different sources may present different properties. The aim of this work was to accomplish the partial characterization of lipases obtained through submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation by two species of Aspergillus. Fungal strains were isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil and selected as good lipases producers. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation presented optimal activities at 37 °C and pH 7.2 and those obtained through solid-state fermentation at 35 °C and pH 6.0. The enzymes produced by submerged fermentation were more temperature-stable than those obtained by solid-state fermentation, presenting 72% of residual activity after one hour of exposition at 90 °C. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation had 80% of stability in acidic pH and those obtained through solid-state fermentation had stability greater than 60% in alkaline pH.

Potential of Live Spirulina platensis on Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Its Conversion to Trivalent Chromium.

Microalga biomass has been described worldwide according their capacity to realize biosorption of toxic metals. Chromium is one of the most toxic metals that could contaminate superficial and underground water. Considering the importance of Spirulina biomass in production of supplements for humans and for animal feed we assessed the biosorption of hexavalent chromium by living Spirulina platensis and its capacity to convert hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, less toxic, through its metabolism during growth. The active biomass was grown in Zarrouk medium diluted to 50% with distilled water, keeping the experiments under controlled conditions of aeration, temperature of 30°C and lighting of 1,800 lux. Hexavalent chromium was added using a potassium dichromate solution in fed-batch mode with the aim of evaluate the effect of several additions contaminant in the kinetic parameters of the culture. Cell growth was affected by the presence of chromium added at the beginning of cultures, and the best growth rates were obtained at lower metal concentrations in the medium. The biomass removed until 65.2% of hexavalent chromium added to the media, being 90.4% converted into trivalent chromium in the media and 9.6% retained in the biomass as trivalent chromium (0.931 mg.g(-1)).

Alterações citológicas cervicovaginais no Alto Uruguai Gaúcho, Rio Grande do Sul / Cytological cervico-vaginal changes in Alto Uruguai Gaúcho, Rio Grande do Sul

Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de alterações cervicovaginais que acometem mulheres da região do Alto Uruguai. Métodos: Foram avaliados dados de exames citopatológicos obtidos a partir de um sistema de programa personalizado conhecido como Laudo & Imagem, propriedade de um laboratório de referência da cidade de Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2007 a 2011. Resultados: Dos 62.280 casos avaliados, 2.049 (3,3%) apresentaram alguma alteração citológica; destes, 1.094 (53,4%) corresponderam à lesão escamosa de baixo grau, 179 (8,8%) à lesão escamosa de alto grau, 13 (0,7%) à carcinoma escamoso, 5 (0,2%) à adenocarcinoma e 758 (37%) a atipias de significado indeterminado, que, no seguimento, 360 (47,5%) corresponderam a lesões benignas, 225 (29,7%) a lesões malignas; destas, 220 casos (29,02%) de lesão escamosa intraepitelial de baixo grau, 4 casos (0,53%) de lesão escamosa intraepitelial de alto grau e 1 (0,13%) de carcinoma escamoso. Não tiveram seguimento citopatológico 173 (22,8%) casos. Conclusão: O estudo verificou que os dados encontrados nessa região assemelham-se aos encontrados nacionalmente, o que justifica a importância de incentivo ao rastreamento e à prevenção através dos programas de rastreamento do exame citológico para a detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of cervical changes that affects women in Alto Uruguai, Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: We evaluated cytology findings of the National Health System, in a reference laboratory in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul at the period of 2007 to 2011. Results: From 62,280 cases evaluated, 2,049 (3.2%) showed cytological changes, which in 1,094 (53.4%) corresponded to low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 179 (8.8%) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 13 (0.7%) squamous carcinomas, 5 (0.2%) adenocarcinomas and the 758 (37%) of atypical squamous cell underteminated significance Of atypical squamous cell underteminated significance, 360 (47.5%) lesions were benign, 225 (29.7%) malignant lesions and of this cases, 220 (29.02%) cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 4 (0.53%) cases of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 1 (0.13%) cases of squamous cell carcinoma. But, 173 patients (22.8%) did not follow the cytopathologic screening. Conclusion: In conclusion the study and found that the data found in this region are similar to those found at the national level, justifying the importance of encouraging screening and prevention through screening programs of cytological cervical early detection of cervical cancer .

Instituições de longa permanência para idosos: olhares sobre a profissão do nutricionista / Long - stay institutions for elderly: perspectives on the profession of the nutritionist

O envelhecimento populacional está ocorrendo em um contexto de grandes mudanças sociais, culturais, econômicas, institucionais, no sistema de valores e na configuração dos arranjos familiares. A necessidade de cuidado aos mais velhos traz para o cenário a Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). Neste contexto, o nutricionista desempenha papel fundamental na organização dos serviços de nutrição, avaliação e acompanhamento do estado nutricional. Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, conhecer o perfil do profissional de nutrição que trabalha em ILPI e identificar os desafios e perspectivas apontados por eles no contexto da institucionalização. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório/descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Participaram do estudo sete nutricionistas com idade entre 22 e 35 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas, através de aplicação de questionário semiestruturado sobre o perfil do profissional, dados sociodemográficos, com questões sobre a organização do serviço de nutrição, desafios e perspectivas em relação ao trabalho do nutricionista. Os desafios apontados dizem respeito aos hábitos alimentares dos idosos e as necessidades de modificações; ao descompasso entre prescrição do nutricionista e entendimento dos funcionários sobre as necessidades dos idosos; e ao trabalho com o cardápio condicionado aos recursos oriundos de doações. As perspectivas são otimistas em relação à inserção do profissional neste cenário; necessidade de rigor na fiscalização e luta por remuneração justa e, ainda, investimento na formação acadêmica.

Population ageing is occurring in a context of major changes in social, cultural, economic, institutional spheres, in the system of values and in the configuration of family arrangements. The need for care to the elder brings to the fore the Long-Stay Institution for the elderly (ILPI). In this context, the nutritionist has a key role in the nutrition services organization, evaluation and monitoring of nutritional status. Knowing the profile of the nutritionist professional who works on ILPI and identifying the challenges and perspectives pointed by them in the context of the institutionalization were the aims of the current study. This is a descriptive/exploratory study of qualitative nature. Took part in it seven nutritionists aged from 22 to 35 years. The data were collected through interviews, by the application of semi structured questionnaire on professional profile, sociodemographic data, with questions about the nutrition service organization, challenges and perspectives in relation to the work of the nutritionist. The challenges singled out concern the eating habits of the elderly and the need for modifications; the mismatch between the prescription of the nutritionist and the understanding of staff about the needs of the elderly; and the working with the menu conditioned to resources from donations. The prospects are optimistic in relation to the insertion of the professional in this scenario; need for rigour in supervision and fighting for fair remuneration and, still, investment in the academic training.

Instituições de longa permanência para idosos: olhares sobre a profissão do nutricionista / Long - stay institutions for elderly: perspectives on the profession of the nutritionist

O envelhecimento populacional está ocorrendo em um contexto de grandes mudanças sociais, culturais, econômicas, institucionais, no sistema de valores e na configuração dos arranjos familiares. A necessidade de cuidado aos mais velhos traz para o cenário a Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). Neste contexto, o nutricionista desempenha papel fundamental na organização dos serviços de nutrição, avaliação e acompanhamento do estado nutricional. Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, conhecer o perfil do profissional de nutrição que trabalha em ILPI e identificar os desafios e perspectivas apontados por eles no contexto da institucionalização. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório/descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Participaram do estudo sete nutricionistas com idade entre 22 e 35 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas, através de aplicação de questionário semiestruturado sobre o perfil do profissional, dados sociodemográficos, com questões sobre a organização do serviço de nutrição, desafios e perspectivas em relação ao trabalho do nutricionista. Os desafios apontados dizem respeito aos hábitos alimentares dos idosos e as necessidades de modificações; ao descompasso entre prescrição do nutricionista e entendimento dos funcionários sobre as necessidades dos idosos; e ao trabalho com o cardápio condicionado aos recursos oriundos de doações. As perspectivas são otimistas em relação à inserção do profissional neste cenário; necessidade de rigor na fiscalização e luta por remuneração justa e, ainda, investimento na formação acadêmica. (AU)

Population ageing is occurring in a context of major changes in social, cultural, economic, institutional spheres, in the system of values and in the configuration of family arrangements. The need for care to the elder brings to the fore the Long-Stay Institution for the elderly (ILPI). In this context, the nutritionist has a key role in the nutrition services organization, evaluation and monitoring of nutritional status. Knowing the profile of the nutritionist professional who works on ILPI and identifying the challenges and perspectives pointed by them in the context of the institutionalization were the aims of the current study. This is a descriptive/exploratory study of qualitative nature. Took part in it seven nutritionists aged from 22 to 35 years. The data were collected through interviews, by the application of semi structured questionnaire on professional profile, sociodemographic data, with questions about the nutrition service organization, challenges and perspectives in relation to the work of the nutritionist. The challenges singled out concern the eating habits of the elderly and the need for modifications; the mismatch between the prescription of the nutritionist and the understanding of staff about the needs of the elderly; and the working with the menu conditioned to resources from donations. The prospects are optimistic in relation to the insertion of the professional in this scenario; need for rigour in supervision and fighting for fair remuneration and, still, investment in the academic training. (AU)

Substituição parcial de nitrito por antioxidantes e seu efeito sobre a cor de linguiça defumada / Partial replacement of nitrite by antioxidants and its effect on smoked sausage color

A coloração dos produtos cárneos, conferida pela mioglobina, é um fator importante para aceitabilidade do consumidor e indicativo de qualidade. Há associação entre a oxidação lipídica com esse pigmento e sua influência na coloração da carne, o que induz a realizar estudos sobre antioxidantes. Este trabalho investigou a ação da ficocianina, α-tocoferol e ácido ascórbico, em substituição parcial ao nitrito, na manutenção da cor da linguiça mista defumada. No preparo das linguiças foram utilizados seis tratamentos (0,005% nitrito de sódio + antioxidante) e um controle (0 A) contendo somente nitrito. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1 A e 1 B (ácido ascórbico), 2 A e 2 B (α-tocoferol), 3 A e 3 B (ficocianina). As linguiças foram defumadas durante oito horas a 65 ºC e armazenadas a 4 ºC e foram analisadas quanto a cor, pH e nitrito residual.O tratamento 2 B mostrou-se mais eficiente na manutenção da cor vermelha, pela ação doα-tocoferol. A incorporação do ácido ascórbico (tratamento 1 A) acelerou a redução da metamioglobinae a conversão do nitrito em óxido nítrico. A adição de ficocianina (tratamento 3 A) reduziu a intensidadede cor vermelha e aumentou a intensidade de coloração amarela e a luminosidade.

Substituição parcial de nitrito por antioxidantes e seu efeito sobre a cor de linguiça defumada / Partial replacement of nitrite by antioxidants and its effect on smoked sausage color

A coloração dos produtos cárneos, conferida pela mioglobina, é um fator importante para aceitabilidade do consumidor e indicativo de qualidade. Há associação entre a oxidação lipídica com esse pigmento e sua influência na coloração da carne, o que induz a realizar estudos sobre antioxidantes. Este trabalho investigou a ação da ficocianina, α-tocoferol e ácido ascórbico, em substituição parcial ao nitrito, na manutenção da cor da linguiça mista defumada. No preparo das linguiças foram utilizados seis tratamentos (0,005% nitrito de sódio + antioxidante) e um controle (0 A) contendo somente nitrito. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1 A e 1 B (ácido ascórbico), 2 A e 2 B (α-tocoferol), 3 A e 3 B (ficocianina). As linguiças foram defumadas durante oito horas a 65 ºC e armazenadas a 4 ºC e foram analisadas quanto a cor, pH e nitrito residual.O tratamento 2 B mostrou-se mais eficiente na manutenção da cor vermelha, pela ação doα-tocoferol. A incorporação do ácido ascórbico (tratamento 1 A) acelerou a redução da metamioglobinae a conversão do nitrito em óxido nítrico. A adição de ficocianina (tratamento 3 A) reduziu a intensidadede cor vermelha e aumentou a intensidade de coloração amarela e a luminosidade.