Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dairy cows using principal component analysis and empiric equations.

Acid-base disorders were studied in two groups of dairy cows. According to conventional interpretation in the 1st group of dairy cows (n = 10) the results of the acid-base parameters indicated respiratory alkalosis and in the 2nd group (n = 10) metabolic acidosis. The data of the two groups were examined using principal component analysis. So called "reduced variables"--principal components for each animal were calculated. Each experimental animal was projected in the coordinates of 3 principal components K1, K2 and K3. The components K1, K2 and K3 comprised a 90% data variability. The importance of variables for a dividing of groups (1 and 2) was quantified. The most important were pCO2, (HCO3)' and BE. It was proved according to mathematico-empiric equations that dairy cows of 1st group suffered from acute respiratory alkalosis. In the 2nd group of dairy cows the combined acid-base disorder was confirmed using the equations for metabolic acidosis and chronic respiratory acidosis. The use of PCA method and empiric equations for acid-base imbalances shows the possibilities for gaining new knowledge how to make the diagnostic process more exact.

[Functional liver disorder in relation to decreased titratable acidity of milk]. / Funkcne narusená pecen vo vztahu ku znízenej titracnej kyslosti mlieka.

The internal environment of 17 dairy cows was observed by help of 23 variables of metabolic profile in blood and milk at lowered titratable acidity of milk (Tab. I) Average values of the observed variables were compared with reference values in a histogramme (Fig. 1). We calculated the statistical significance of differences of arithmetical means from reference average. Using correlation analysis we calculated the correlation coefficients for the observed variables. We represented the chosen correlation relations in correlogrammes (Fig. 2). We found significant correlation relations between AST and titratable acidity (degrees SH) (r = 0.791), AST and milk pH (r 0.617), AST and lactose (r = 0.69), AST and glucose (r = -0.56), blood pH and milk pH (r = -0.608), milk pH and lactose (r = -0.89). Mutual relations of titratable acidity with chosen variables of blood serum and milk were evaluated by help of regression coefficients, calculated for each parameter from the mathematical model (Fig. 3). The nearest relations were found for blood pH (regression coefficient /k/ kPH = -11.9), for AST (kAST = -3.1), for milk pH (k milk pH = -1.72) and for Mg (k Mg = -1.98). We also compared the recorded results of titratable acidity with theoretical values of titratable acidity calculated from the mathematical model (Tab. II). The differences between them were not statistically significant. It is evident from the results that the acid-base balance and functional liver condition influence the titratable acidity of milk.

[Diagnosis of cholestatic forms of viral hepatitis, its complications and outcomes]. / K diagnostike kholestaticheskoi formy virusnogo gepatita, ee oslozhnenii i iskhodov.

Cholestatic virus hepatitis (CVH) patients were examined for blood levels of free oxyproline, cholesterol and triglycerides to evaluate connective tissue in walls of the ducts and adjacent area. Significantly elevated levels of free oxyproline, cholesterol and triglycerides occurred in CVH. A 3--5--fold increase in oxyproline and cholesterol was typical for protracted and chronic CVH evolving due to sclerosing cholangitis. The rise of triglycerides proved moderate. In initial and apparent biliary hepatic cirrhosis triglyceride levels stood within normal range while those of oxyproline and cholesterol were on the increase. The changes in the indices indicative of the inflammation, sclerosis or proliferation of the connective tissue in the biliary ducts walls may suggest CVH complications, prognosticate outcomes, facilitate differential diagnosis with other hepatic lesions.

[Interrelation between profile test indicators in the decreased milk acidity syndrome in cows]. / Vztahy medzi ukazovatel'mi profilového testu dojníc pri syndróme znízenej titracnej kyslosti.

The internal environment of high-yielding dairy cows was investigated in relation to 36 variables of the blood metabolic profile, blood serum, milk and urine, with the incidence of reduced titration acidity milk syndrome. The levels of variables were confronted with references values. At the same time the statistical significance of differences of arithmetical means from the reference mean was calculated. Correlation analysis of all variables yielded 630 correlation coefficients. Certain correlations were represented in form of correlogrammes. It has been demonstrated that the reduced titration acidity milk syndrome with the lowest values of 1.9 ml 0.25N NaOH per 100 ml occurred after administration of the feed ration deficient both in digestible crude protein and starch units (nutritive ratio 1:7.5) which contained unsafe grass haylage with a high content of ammonia (232.9 mg per 100 g). A highly significant negative correlation was proved to exist between lactose concentration and pH value of milk (r = -0.913); the regression equation (lactose) is 36.997--4.7536 (pH).

[Use of the computer in the study of relations of indicators in the metabolic profiles of dairy cows]. / Vyuzitie pocítaca pri stúdiu vztahov medzi ukazovatel'mi metabolického profilu dojníc.

Fifty dairy cows with metabolic alkalosis and forty-eight dairy cows of a control group were subjected to a metabolic profile test with 30 parameters. The results of analyses were confronted with reference values in histograms. We calculated mutual correlation coefficients for all parameters of dairy cows of the two groups. The correlations between selected pairs of parameters were represented diagrammatically in a form of correlograms. We demonstrated that the values of certain parameters being approximately identical, the correlations in group A of dairy cows (with alkalosis) varied in a different way from the correlations of the control group. It is seen from the results that the confrontation of the values of a parameter with reference values need not be in all cases a reliable criterion of evaluating the internal environment in dairy cows. We processed the metabolic profiles of the two groups by a multidimensional analysis of principal components. The dairy cows of the two groups clearly differentiated from one another according to the internal environment regarding the used parameters. We draw attention to a possibility of computerizing the diagnostic significance of the metabolic profile parameters.

[Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose]. / Vztah koncentrácie sodíka a draslíka v erytrocytoch dojníc ku koncentrácii týchto prvkov v plazme a moci a glukózy v krvi.

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.

[The effect of citronellylseneciate on the utilization of feed in sheep]. / Vplyv citronelylseneciátu na vyuzitie krmiva u oviec.

The influence of citronellylseneciate on the digestibility of nutrients and energy, as well as on the level of some rumen and blood metabolites, was studied in feed rations for rams. Citronellylseneciate was not found to have a significant influence on the digestibility of nutrients and energy and nitrogen balance in feed ration. Neither did citronellylseneciate influence the production of total volatile fatty acids and the molar percent of acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids. The addition of citronellylseneciate to feed ration resulted in a decrease in the pH value in rumen and in a non-significant increase in ammonia in rumen and urea in blood. The hematological profile showed increased levels of phosphorus and glutamate-oxalate transferase.

[Biometric data of normotrophic neonates]. / Niektoré biometrické dáta normotrófnych novorodencov.

Gestation age of a neonate could be estimated approximately by a pathologist according to some macroscopical features. In addition to the weight of large organs the authors studied weight of other organs and some biometrical data in a group of 84 normotrophic neonates. Regressive analysis gave information about the growth trend of organs; compared with tables it enabled to find out the growth retardation of a neonate or his single organ. The span of fingers represented a precise statistical figure for the estimation of gestation age in addition to the weight of organs.

[An evaluation of the metabolic profile of dairy cows and determination of frequency of its abnormalities using an electronic computer]. / Hodnotenie metabolického profilu dojníc a stanovenie frekvencie jeho abnormalít samocinným pocítacom.

A system was worked out for an electronic computer evaluation of metabolic profile tests. The computer output included percentual diagrams, histograms, and tables of abnormities. The programme for the TESLA 200 computer was prepared in the FORTRAN IV language. The input data were punched in IBM code by the CONSUL-253 electronic organizational data-processing device, using the punched tape. The results of computer processing provide a clear picture of the metabolism state of the tested animals from the view-point of diagnostic data in sampling time, together with the determination of the occurrence rate of abnormities. The system of the processing of the metabolic profile enables the evaluation of an individual as well as the whole set of animals. The general nature of the programme enables the determination of the occurrence rate of abnormities in several herds at the same time. This will provide important data for the assessment of the health condition of animals on a selected territory (district, region, or a larger unit).

[Evaluation of metabolic profile tests using a computer]. / Hodnotenie metabolických profilových testov samocinným pocítacom.

A programme has been developed for the evaluation of metabolism profile tests in dairy cows by means of the TESLA-200 computer in the FORTRAN language. The computer evaluates and plots the metabolism profile from input data punched on tape in the IBM code by the Consul-253 electronic organization automatic device. The metabolism profile is represented as a column graph (histogram), the levels of individual parameters being confronted with the reference levels with a 95% confidence interval and the deviations are expressed in units defined as 1/2 of the confidence interval for each parameter. Calculation by this procedure enables the construction of a profile record in which any step beyond the 95% confidence interval in any parameters is seen very clearly. The computer also produces a table of exactly calculated values of deviations from the reference levels and makes it possible to determine the numbers of abnormalities for individual parameters in the animals tested.

[Microelements in the liver and kidney of laying hens kept on large-capacity poultry farms under normal and increased supply to the organism]. / Mikroelementy v peceni a oblicke nosníc v súcasných podmienkach velkochovov pri ich normálnom, ako aj zvysenom prívode do organizmu.

The contents of manganese, zinc, copper, and iron in the liver and kidney of laying hens (Shaver), kept on modern large-capacity poultry farms, were determined under the conditions of a normal and increased supply of these microelements to the organism. The content of the mentioned trace elements was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flameless technique, and with the use of graphite cell. In the layers fed a diet with a normal content of trace elements the average concentrations of the microelements in the liver were the following: manganese: 15.8 +/- 8.8 mg kg-1, zinc: 35.0 +/- 5.1 mg kg-1, copper: 19.9+/- 2.8 mg kg-1, and iron: 761.6 +/- 245.8 mg kg-1. When increased amounts of microelements were added to the diet, their average content generally increased just in the kidneys, whereas their average concentrations in the liver remained the same, with the exception of iron, the content of which showed an increase.

[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the dairy cow milk serum in relation to positive mastitis test NK]. / Aktivita laktátdehydrogenázy v mliecnom sére dojnic v súvise s pozitivitou mastitis testu - NK

The level of total lactate dehydrogenase activity in dairy cow milk serum was studied in sets of quarter-udder milks showing different degrees of a positive response to Mastitis test-NK. The bacteriological examination for Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and for coliform germs was performed at the same time. Increasing positiveness of the response to Mastitis test-NK was found to be accompanied by almost proportionate increase of the total lactate dehydrogenase activity level in milk serum. The bacteriological finding was not correlated with increasing positiveness of the response to Mastitis test-NK. New aspects of various diseases of the mammary gland and the possibility to diagnose mainly the latent stages of these diseases are analysed in a discussion. milk serum, optical test; lactate dehydrogenase level; bacteriological finding.

[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the milk serum of dairy cows in relation to the possitive response to the mastitis NK-test]. / Aktivita laktátdehydrogenázy v mliecnom sére dojníc v súvise s pozitivitou mastitis testu - NK

The level of total lactate dehydrogenase activity in dairy cow milk serum was studied in sets of quarter-udder milks showing different degrees of a positive response to Mastitis test-NK. The bacteriological examination for Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and for coliform germs was performed at the same time. Increasing positiveness of the response to Mastitis test-NK was found to be accompanied by an almost proportionate increase of the total lactate dehydrogenase activity level in milk serum. The bacteriological finding was not correlated with increasing positiveness of the response to Mastitis test-NK. New aspects of various diseases of the mammary gland and the possibility to diagnose mainly the latent stages of these diseases are analysed in a discussion.