Salmonella entérica serovar Enteritidis biofilm lifestyle induces lower pathogenicity and reduces inflammatory response in a murine model compared to planktonic bacteria / Salmonella entérica serovar Enteritidis en biopelícula induce una menor patogenicidad y respuesta inflamatoria en un modelo murino que su contraparte planctónica

Abstract Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most frequent serovar involved in human salmonellosis. It has been demonstrated that about 80% of infections are related to biofilm formation. There is scant information about the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis and its relationship to biofilm production. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the differential host response induced by S. Enteritidis biofilm and planktonic lifestyle. To this purpose, biofilm and planktonic bacteria were inoculated to BALB/c mice and epithelial cell culture. Survival studies revealed that biofilm is less virulent than planktonic cells. Reduced signs of intestinal inflammation and lower bacterial translocation were observed in animals inoculated with Salmonella biofilm compared to the planktonic group. Results showed that Salmonella biofilm was impaired for invasion of non-phagocytic cells and induces a lower inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro compared to that of planktonic bacteria. Taken together, the outcome of Salmonella-host interaction varies depending on the bacterial lifestyle.

Resumen Salmonella entérica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) es la serovariedad más frecuentemente aislada en la salmonelosis humana. Se ha demostrado que alrededor del 80% de las infecciones están relacionadas con la formación de biopelículas. Sin embargo, la información disponible acerca de la patogenicidad de S. Enteritidis y su relación con la producción de biopelículas es escasa. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar la respuesta diferencial del huésped frente a S. Enteritidis en sus 2 estilos de vida: biopelícula y planctónico. Para ello, se inocularon bacterias en estado de biopelícula o planctónico en ratones BALB/c y cultivo de células epiteliales. Los estudios de supervivencia revelaron que Salmonella en biopelícula fue menos virulenta que su contraparte planctónica. Los animales inoculados con biopelículas presentaron una mayor conservación estructural del intestino y una menor translocación bacteriana que el grupo planctónico. Asimismo, Salmonella en biopelícula mostró una capacidad deficiente para invadir células no fagocíticas e indujo una menor respuesta inflamatoria in vivo e in vitro que las bacterias planctónicas. Se concluye que el resultado de la interacción Salmonella-huésped depende del estilo de vida bacteriano.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis biofilm lifestyle induces lower pathogenicity and reduces inflammatory response in a murine model compared to planktonic bacteria.

Salmonellaenterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is the most frequent serovar involved in human salmonellosis. It has been demonstrated that about 80% of infections are related to biofilm formation. There is scant information about the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis and its relationship to biofilm production. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the differential host response induced by S. Enteritidis biofilm and planktonic lifestyle. To this purpose, biofilm and planktonic bacteria were inoculated to BALB/c mice and epithelial cell culture. Survival studies revealed that biofilm is less virulent than planktonic cells. Reduced signs of intestinal inflammation and lower bacterial translocation were observed in animals inoculated with Salmonella biofilm compared to the planktonic group. Results showed that Salmonella biofilm was impaired for invasion of non-phagocytic cells and induces a lower inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro compared to that of planktonic bacteria. Taken together, the outcome of Salmonella-host interaction varies depending on the bacterial lifestyle.

Salmonella Enteritidis foodborne infection induces altered placental morphometrics in the murine model.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella foodborne disease during pregnancy causes a significant fetal loss in domestic livestock and preterm birth, chorioamnionitis and miscarriage in humans. These complications could be associated with alterations in placental structure. This study was aimed to determine how a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis during late gestation affects placental histomorphometric in mice. METHODS: We used a self-limiting enterocolitis murine model. BALB/c pregnant animals received a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis (3-4 x 102 CFU/mouse) on gestational day (GD) 15. At day 3 post infection bacterial loads, serum cytokines expression and placental histomorphometrics parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: We found that a sub-lethal infection with Salmonella induced a significant drop in fetal weight -to-placental weight-ratio and an increase in the placental coefficient. After bacterial inoculation maternal organs were colonized, inducing placental morphometric alterations, including increased placental thickness, reduced surface area, and diminished major and minor diameters. Also, foci of necrosis accompanied by acute leukocyte infiltration in decidual zone, reduction of vascular spaces and vascular congestion in labyrinth zone, were also evident in placentas from infected females on GD 18. Our data shows that placentas from infected mothers are phenotypically different from control ones. Furthermore, expression of IFN-gamma and IL-6 was up regulated in response to Salmonella in maternal serum. DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that a low dose of Salmonella during late gestation alters the placental morphometry leading to negative consequences on pregnancy outcome such as significant reduction in fetal body weight.

Breve historia sobre la marihuana en Occidente / A brief history of marijuana in the western world

La marihuana es una sustancia con una extensa y controvertida historia. A lo largo del tiempo, esta planta, y desde hace más de 5.000 años, ha sido utilizada para diferentes fines, que van desde el uso lúdico y recreativo, pasando por un medio de relajación y meditación, hasta su uso en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades o el alivio de procesos vinculados a cierto tipo de malestares. Aunque se supuso que la marihuana tenía su origen en Mesoamérica, ahora se sabe que es sólo una leyenda urbana de poca credibilidad y que sus orígenes los podemos registrar en referencias médicas chinas datadas alrededor del año 2737 a. de C. Si bien esta planta no tiene un origen mesoamericano, sí ha generado interés en el mundo, y sobre todo en México. Es en este país donde el uso del cannabis ha ido desde intereses textiles y medicinales hasta el consumo lúdico, pasando por su venta libre, la prohibición por presiones políticas y sociales, su tolerancia y, recientemente, su despenalización para uso lúdico y medicinal. Desgraciadamente existen pocas referencias de la historia de esta planta en México, por lo que ha sido de nuestro interés presentar algunos datos sobre las generalidades de la marihuana, una breve historia en el mundo, el desarrollo de la despenalización en Norteamérica, sus usos medicinales y su paso por México hasta nuestros días

Marijuana is a substance with a long and controversial history. At different times in its history, which goes back over 5,000 years, this plant has been used for different purposes, ranging from recreational and leisure to its use in the treatment of several diseases or to offer relief in processes that entail a certain type of malaise, and including its consideration as a means of relaxation and meditation. Although it was supposed that the roots of marijuana lay in Central America, it is now known that this is but an urban legend with little credibility and that its origins can be found recorded in Chinese medical references dating back to the year 2737 BC. Although this plant was not originally from Central America, it has aroused interest around the world, and above all in Mexico. It is in this country where the use of cannabis has gone from applications in textiles and medicine to its free sale, the bans on its use due to political and social pressures, its tolerance and, recently, its decriminalisation for recreational and medicinal use. Unfortunately there are few references on the history of this plant in Mexico, and thus we have considered it interesting to present some data about the generalities of marijuana, a brief history in the world, the development of decriminalisation in North America, its medicinal uses and its course through Mexico to the present day

Impacto de la ambulación temprana en la reducción de cefalea y dolor lumbar en pacientes sometidos a anestesia espinal: revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de estudios experimentales / Impact of early ambulation on the reduction of headache and back pain after spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies

Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la ambulación temprana (AT) en la presencia de cefalea y dolor lumbar en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos bajo anestesia espinal. Material y método: Revisión sistemática y meta-análisis que revisó las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAhL online, HealthStar, EMBASE, el Cochrane Library Controlled Trials Registry, LILACS y consulta de expertos. Incluyó estudios experimentales aleatorizados en cualquier idioma comparando pacientes sometidos a anestesia subaracnoidea aleatorizados durante su hospitalización a un grupo de ambulación temprana (intervención) o a un grupo control/cuidado estandarizado (reposo cama). La elegibilidad y la calidad de los artículos fue realizada por cuatro revisores de manera independiente. Luego se realizó la extracción de la información. Se calculó riesgo relativo (RR), 95 por ciento de intervalos de confianza usando el modelo de efecto random. Resultados: Respecto de la cefalea y dolor lumbar 24 h posteriores a la anestesia espinal se identificaron seis estudios entre 1988-2008, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de elegibilidad. Se observaron 41 cefaleas (16.9 por ciento de 242) y 24 dolor lumbar (21.6 por ciento de 111) entre pacientes asignados a una ambulación temprana (DT), comparado con 54 cefaleas (22.3 por ciento de 207) y 32 dolor lumbar (27.5 por ciento de 116) entre pacientes con anestesia espinal asignados al grupo control (RR=0.67, 95 por ciento CI 0.44,1.02; y RR= 0.79, IC 95 por ciento 0.46, 1.34 respectivamente). Conclusión: El meta-análisis sugiere que puede existir beneficio hacia una disminución de cefalea y dolor lumbar en pacientes que reciben AT posterior a anestesia espinal.

Objective: To determine the impact of early ambulation (EA) versus late ambulation on total headache and back pain after spinal anaesthesia. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis, used data Sources such as MEDLINE, CINAhL online, HealthStar, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library Controlled Trials Registry, LILACS and experts. Methods: Published randomized controlled trials in all languages comparing spinal anesthesia patients allocated to any in-hospital early ambulation or a control/standard treatment (bed rest). Four reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and quality; and also performed data extraction. We calculated relative risks (RRs) and 95 percent confdence intervals (CIs) using the random-effects model. Outcomes: cefalea or back pain 24 h post-spinal anaesthesia. Results: Six studies met our eligibility criteria published between 1988-2008. There were 41 cefalea events (16.9 percent of 242) and 24 back pain events (21.6 percent of 111) among patients receiving EM, compared with 54 cefalea events ( 22.3 percent of 207) and 32 back pain events (27.5 percent of 116) among spinal patients receiving control treatment (for cefalea RR=0.67, 95 percent CI 0.44,1.02; and for lumbar pain RR= 0.79, IC 95 percent 0.46, 1.34). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggests that there is a possible beneft towards decreased cefalea and back pain with EA after spinal anaesthesia.