Metabolic profile of goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production.

Feedlot finishing of goats is a growing practice, but the economic viability of this technology is compromised by the inclusion of ingredients such as corn and soybean. An alternative to minimize this barrier is the use of agroindustry coproducts as substitutes for those ingredients, such as crude glycerol. This study aimed to evaluated the metabolism of crossbred Boer finishing goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated goat of age were distributed in a fully randomized experimental design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experiment lasted 69 days, and goats were fed sorghum silage and concentrate, with the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg on a dry matter basis. The diets did not have an effect (p > 0.05) on the serum urea levels. Increasing dietary crude glycerin levels did not the influence the metabolic or urinary profiles (p > 0.05). The liver tissue of the goats fed diets containing the highest crude glycerin inclusion levels showed deleterious effects. The inclusion of crude glycerin with approximately 6.6 g/kg methanol caused deleterious effects to the liver tissue of Boer crossbred goats as the glycerin concentrations increased. However, glycerin levels did not cause deleterious effects on the liver tissue or on the serum or urinary profiles. The use of crude glycerin with lower methanol content is recommended for goat diets.

Effect of crude glycerin levels on meat quality and carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats.

This study assessed the effects of four levels of crude glycerin (0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) in the diet of Boer crossbred goat kids on the qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics as well as meat quality. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated Boer x undefined breed goat kids with an initial average weight of 17.8 ± 2.2 kg between 3 and 4 months of age were distributed across a complete randomized experiment with four treatments and eight replicates. The DM intake linearly decreased (p < .05) as the crude glycerin inclusion level in the diet increased. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p < .05) empty body weight, hot dressing percentage, and cold dressing percentage. Conformation and subcutaneous fat thickness were not affected (p > .05) by dietary crude glycerin. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p = .03) rib eye area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, however, did not affect color, cooking loss, and shear force. The crude glycerin can be included up to 50 g/kg DM in the diet of crossbred Boer goats without negatively affecting carcass characteristics and meat quality. It can be recommended as an energy source in finishing diets.

Intake and ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets with ammoniated buffel grass hay on the ingestive behavior of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two sheep of no defined breed with an average body weight of 17.7 ± 1.8 kg were used. A completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 18, 36, and 54 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) and eight repetitions was used. Ingestive behavior, rumination, and idle time were similar (P > 0.05) among the diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay, with mean values of 294.5, 554.44, and 594.25 min per day, respectively. Regarding the chews, all of the variables resulted in similar behavior (P > 0.05). The quadratic effect (P < 0.05) observed for daily intake can be explained based on the amount of DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) per meal per rumination. There was no effect of urea levels from the ammoniation (P > 0.05) on the efficiency of DM and NDF consumption. However, the rumination efficiency of DM and NDF showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05). Thus, the use of ammoniated buffel grass hay with urea in lamb diet affects the ingestive behavior by increasing the rumination efficiency, increased intake, and feed utilization.

Sorghum cultivars of different purposes silage / Cultivares de sorgo para silagem de diferentes propósitos

This study aimed to assess the fermentation profile, losses and chemical composition of the silages of five sorghum cultivars. A completely randomized design with five replicates was used. The experimental treatments were represented by five sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench): 'BRS Ponta Negra' , 'BRS 610', 'BRS 655', 'BRS 800' and 'BRS 810'. There was variation (P<0.05) for the pH in the cultivars studied, with highest result of pH by 'BRS 610'. The average percentages of lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, differed (P<0.05) among the cultivars, ranging from 32.9 to 59.5, 19.8 to 39.8, and 0.0 to 1.3g kg-1, respectively. The dry matter recovery varied among cultivars (P<0.05), allowing the identification of BRS Ponta Negra, and 'BRS 810' silages, as those which recovered the lowest dry matter, with values of 757.1 and 776.1g kg-1, respectively. There were differences (P<0.05) for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total carbohydrates contents among the cultivars. It was concluded that, despite the morphological and chemical differences among cultivars, the resulting silages had good fermentation profile.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o perfil fermentativo, perdas e a composição bromatológica de silagens de cinco cultivares de sorgo. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram representados por cinco cultivares de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench): 'BRS Ponta Negra', 'BRS 610', 'BRS 655', 'BRS 800' e 'BRS 810'. Houve variação (P<0,05) para o pH nos genótipos estudados, com maior resultado para o genótipo 'BRS 610'. Os valores médios de ácido lático, ácido acético e ácido propiônico, diferiram entre as cultivares (P<0,05), variando de 32,9 a 59,5; 19,8 a 39,8; e 0,0 a 1.3g kg-1, respectivamente. A recuperação de matéria seca variou entre as cultivares (P<0,05), em que as silagens dos cultivares 'BRS Ponta Negra' e 'BRS 810', é que tiveram menor recuperação de matéria seca, com valores de 757,1 e 776,1g kg-1, respectivamente. Houve diferença (P<0,05) para teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos não-fibrosos e carboidratos totais entre as cultivares. Conclui-se que, apesar das diferenças morfológicas e químicas entre as cultivares, as silagens resultantes tinham adequado padrão de fermentação.

Silages of pearl millet submitted to nitrogen fertilization / Silagens de milheto submetidas à adubação nitrogenada

This study aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, losses and the chemical composition of two pearl millet genotypes silages submitted to nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks in a split plot scheme 2x5 (two nitrogen genotypes doses x five doses of nitrogen), with four replicates. Nitrogen doses were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80kg ha-1 and the pearl millet genotypes were the variety ADR300 and the hybrid ADR7010. The hybrid ADR 7010 showed average lactic acid content higher than the variety ADR 300, at all doses of N, recording values ranging from 4.09 to 10.46dag kg-1. There was an interaction between nitrogren doses and genotypes for the neutral detergent fiber, which ranged from 51.81 to 63.63dag kg-1 of dry matter. Dry matter recovery decreased linearly with increasing nitrogen doses only for hybrid ADR7010, the same did not happen for the ADR300. The nitrogen fertilization does not favor the fermentation characteristics and increases DM losses of the hybrid ADR7010.

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil fermentativo, as perdas e a composição bromatológica de silagens de dois genótipos de milheto, submetidos à adubação nitrogenada. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas 2x5 (dois genótipos x cinco doses de nitrogênio), com quatro repetições. As doses de nitrogênio foram 0, 20, 40, 60, 80kg ha-1 e os genótipos de milheto foram a variedade ADR300 e o híbrido ADR7010. O híbrido ADR 7010 apresentou teores médios de ácido lático superiores aos da variedade ADR 300 em todos os níveis de N, registrando valores que variaram de 4,09 a 10,46 dag kg-1. Houve interação entre os níveis de adubo e os genótipos para a fibra em detergente neutro, que variaram de 51,81 a 63,63dag kg-1 de matéria seca. A recuperação de matéria seca diminuiu linearmente com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio somente para o híbrido ADR7010, o mesmo não acontecendo para a ADR300. A adubação nitrogenada não favorece o perfil fermentativo e incrementa as perdas de matéria seca do híbrido ADR7010.

Características agronômicas e eficiência do uso da chuva em cultivares de sorgo no semiárido / Agronomic characteristics and rain use efficiency of sorghum genotypes in semiarid

Objetivou-se quantificar o rendimento forrageiro, o percentual de componentes da planta, as características morfométricas e a eficiência do uso da chuva de cinco genótipos de sorgo para silagem no semiárido paraibano. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Pendência, no município de Soledade-PB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos experimentais representados por cinco genótipos de sorgo: Ponta Negra, SF 15 IPA 1011, IPA 2502 e IPA 46742. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os genótipos para a produção de matéria natural e produção de matéria seca e para o percentual de lâmina foliar. Entretanto, para o percentual de colmo foram observados maiores valores (P<0,05) para os genótipos Ponta Negra e IPA 46742. O percentual de panícula foi superior (P<0,05) para as cultivares 'IPA 1011' e 'IPA 2502'. As cultivares 'IPA 1011' e 'IPA 2502' apresentaram percentual de panícula acima de 38% da MS. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) para eficiência no uso da água de chuva entre os genótipos estudados, com valores variando de 94,37 a 126,25kg de MS ha-1 mm-1. Os genótipos avaliados apresentam elevada eficiência no uso da chuva e produtividade. Recomenda-se o IPA 1011 pela maior participação de panícula.

The objective was to quantify the forage yield, percentage of plant components, the morphometric characteristics and the rain use efficiency of five genotypes of sorghum silage in semiarid of Paraiba. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Pendência, municipality ofSoledade-PB. The experimental design used was randomizedblocks with four replicates, being experimental treatments represented by five sorghum genotypes: Ponta Negra, SF 15 IPA 1011, IPA 2502 and IPA 46742. No differences had been observed between genotypes for the production of natural matter and dry matter production. For the percentage of leaf blade was not significant difference (P>0.05), however for the percentage of stem showed higher (P<0.05) for genotypes Ponta Negra and IPA 46742. The percentage of panicle was high (P<0.05) for cultivars 'IPA 1011' and 'IPA 2502'. The cultivars 'IPA 1011' e 'IPA 2502' showed panicle percentage above 38% DM. There was no difference (P<0.05) in rain-use efficiency among genotypes, with values ranging from 94.37 to 126.25kg DM ha-1 mm-1. The genotypes showed high use efficiency of rain can and productivity, which is recommended by the IPA 1011 increased participation panicle.