A Novel Online Dissection Course on Lower Limb Anatomy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The teaching of human anatomy, a medical subject that relies heavily on live teaching, teacher-student interactivity, and visuospatial skills, has suffered tremendously since the COVID-19 pandemic mandated the shutting down of medical institutions. The medical education fraternity was compelled to replace the traditional teaching method of hands-on cadaveric dissections (HOCDs) with online education to overcome this new challenge, but it came at the cost of reduced student engagement and lesser spatial orientation. METHOD: In this cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study, we designed a novel online dissection course on lower limb anatomy and collected student feedback on the same from consenting Phase I Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students of Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Pune, India. The course design consisted of three different modes: a live Zoom session using a handheld camera phone, a pre-recorded video dissection uploaded on the institute learning management system, and a Powerpoint presentation with high-resolution photographs of each dissected layer; and the feedback intended to find out what works best for the students. Overall feedback regarding their preferences in terms of presentation design, use of background music in pre-recorded videos, and overall learning experience was also collected. The course consisted of six two-hour teaching sessions. The first three sessions each used a different mode of teaching, repeating the same pattern in the next three sessions. The first mode of teaching implemented was a live Zoom session where instructors used a hand-held cell phone camera to show specimens that had been dissected a day prior. The second mode involved a pre-recorded video showing step-by-step dissection performed by the instructor which was then uploaded on the Institute Learning Management System. Of the two pre-recorded videos, background music consisting of a low-volume instrumental track was added to the second video. The third mode utilized Powerpoint presentations containing high-resolution photographs of each dissected layer on a separate slide along with labeling. The presentations were shown to the students over a Zoom call. A Google Form (GF) questionnaire was created after validation by subject experts to gather the students' feedback on the teaching and learning of anatomy via these sessions. The GF responses were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: 41.7% of students recommended the use of a combination of all three modes in the same session, while 36.7% favored pre-recorded videos. 86.7% of students said that a good quality presentation design helps in keeping them engaged and only 23% of students favored the use of background music for increasing their ability to concentrate. 63.3% of students found the learning experience highly satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Although virtual dissection teaching methods may not be able to completely replace HOCDs, a well-planned online dissection course incorporating multiple modes of online dissections with an emphasis on good quality presentation design and frequent teacher-student interactivity can provide a strong impetus for learning in the absence of live teaching methods.

Anatomy acts in India: a review

The paucity of human cadavers for study of anatomy by dissection and the dark history related to this led to formulation of Anatomy Acts in most countries of the world. In India too, almost every state has its own anatomy Act with variable differences in the acts per state. The objective of this article was to compare the Maharashtra State Anatomy Act which was the first Anatomy act formulated in India, with anatomy Acts of other states in India and to make suggestions regarding areas within the Acts that may need reformulation. Details of the Anatomy Acts from different states of India and articles related to them were obtained after a comprehensive search of databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, medline etc. The obtained data was studied and compared. The study suggested removal of "therapeutic uses of cadavers" from the jurisdiction of anatomy acts, and that all anatomy acts must allow for human body donation. While defining the unclaimed body, most Anatomy Acts failed to specify the time period within which the body may be claimed and also it was necessary to specify the age of person who may claim the body or give consent for body donation. The Anatomy Acts must make provision for transfer of surplus bodies from one Institute to another. The directives for disposal of the bodies once utilized seem difficult to implement in practicality and need to be reformulated to adjust to the need of the modern times. The authors appeal for formulation of a central single Indian anatomy act applicable uniformly throughout India

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Knowledge and attitude toward organ donation among health-care professionals in a rural town in India.

Organ shortage is the greatest challenge facing the field of organ transplantation today. We aimed to study the attitude and knowledge toward organ donation among health-care professionals (HCPs) in rural India. The study was conducted in a rural town in Konkan region of Maharashtra in India. A questionnaire testing knowledge and attitude about various aspects of organ donation was distributed to HCPs. One hundred percent of the respondents were aware about organ donation. Nearly 40.6% and 21.9% believed that a healthy person and a cardiac dead person can be donors, respectively. Fifty percent believed that a brain dead person can be a donor and 3.1% clearly stated as to be having no idea regarding the health status of a donor. Almost 37.5% were ready to believe a heart beating person declared as "brain dead" as dead. Nearly 15.6% were ready to accept a brain dead person as "legally" dead. Highest awareness was observed regarding eye donation, i.e., 87.5%. High awareness was also observed regarding liver, kidney, heart, skin, and body donations, i.e., 78.1%, 65.6%, 37.5%, 31.3%, and 25.0%, respectively. Awareness regarding organ donation of other tissues and organs was poor. Nearly 46.9% HCPs stated that they felt need for an educational session on organ donation. Awareness regarding concept of organ donation among HCPs in rural India is high. Awareness regarding details of organ donation needs further awareness drives. There is a lack of understanding regarding various aspects of brain death and its importance in organ donation.

Knowledge and attitude toward organ donation among people in Lanja: A rural town in India.

Organ shortage is the greatest challenge facing the field of organ transplantation today. We aimed to study the attitude and knowledge toward body and organ donation among people in rural India. The present study was conducted in a rural town called Lanja, in the Konkan region of Maharashtra in India. A questionnaire covering demographic data, knowledge, and attitude of the participants was distributed to 400 students, middle-aged and senior citizens; 91.5% of the respondents were aware about organ donation. Television (55.2%) and newspaper (45.8%) were the most popular sources of information. About 56.2% and 32.8% believed that a healthy person and a cardiac dead person can be donors, respectively. Nearly 29.4% believed that a brain-dead person can be a donor and 22.4% clearly stated as to be having no idea regarding the health status of a donor. Highest awareness was observed regarding eye donation (92%). High awareness was also observed regarding heart, kidney, and liver donations, that is, 71.1%, 61.2%, and 54.2%, respectively. Awareness regarding donation of other tissues and organs was poor. Only 46.8% believed that the family of the deceased person can give consent for organ donation if the donor had not signed the donor card. Awareness regarding both body and organ donation in rural India is high. However, there is lack of understanding regarding the concept of brain-death. Awareness regarding body and other organ and tissue donations besides eye, kidney, etc., needs further awareness drives.

A study of the distribution of the left coronary artery - clinical importance

The object of the present work was to study the origin of the left coronary artery, its branches, and to note any variations in its distribution. Fifty human hearts were procured from dissection-room cadavers of adult age groups. The left coronary arteries were dissected meticulously; their individual branches and any variations encountered were noted. The left coronary artery was seen originating in relation to the left posterior aortic sinus in 100% of the specimens. The incidence of bifurcation of the left coronary artery was found in 64% and trifurcation in 36%. In 26% of hearts the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery crossed the crux, in 20% the SA Nodal artery, and in 24% the AV Nodal artery was seen as a branch of the circumflex artery. 2% incidence of retroaortic course of the left circumflex artery was observed. The left coronary artery and its branches are responsible for the irrigation of most of the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle. In case of trifurcation, where the left diagonal artery takes origin directly from the left coronary artery, the size of infarct on occlusion of the left anterior descending artery would be reduced. The left circumflex artery taking origin from the right sinus of Valsalva is an anomaly which may remain clinically silent, but at times it has been known to get compressed during valve replacement surgery, if not detected preoperatively. In hearts where both SA and AV nodal arteries originated from left coronary artery (8%), occlusion of the left coronary a could severely affect the conducting system (AU)

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