Current treatment and immunomodulation strategies in Acute Myocarditis.

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium characterized by a great heterogeneity of presentation and evolution. Treatment of myocarditis is often supportive and the evidence for immunosuppression is scarce and debated. Conventional treatment is based on clinical presentation, ranging from conservative to advanced mechanical assist devices. In this setting, immunosuppression and immunomodulation therapies are mostly reserved for patients presenting with major clinical syndromes. In this review, we will summarise the current evidence and strategies for conventional and immunosuppressive treatments for patients presenting with acute myocarditis.

Prognostic relevance of demographic factors in cardiac magnetic resonance-proven acute myocarditis: A cohort study.

Aim: Acute myocarditis (AM) is a heterogeneous condition with variable estimates of survival. Contemporary criteria for the diagnosis of clinically suspected AM enable non-invasive assessment, resulting in greater sensitivity and more representative cohorts. We aimed to describe the demographic characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with AM diagnosed using non-invasive criteria. Methods and results: A total of 199 patients with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-confirmed AM were included. The majority (n = 130, 65%) were male, and the average age was 39 ± 16 years. Half of the patients were White (n = 99, 52%), with the remainder from Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups. The most common clinical presentation was chest pain (n = 156, 78%), with smaller numbers presenting with breathlessness (n = 25, 13%) and arrhythmias (n = 18, 9%). Patients admitted with breathlessness were sicker and more often required inotropes, steroids, and renal replacement therapy (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.01, respectively). Over a median follow-up of 53 (IQR 34-76) months, 11 patients (6%) experienced an adverse outcome, defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Patients in the arrhythmia group had a worse prognosis, with a nearly sevenfold risk of adverse events [hazard ratio (HR) 6.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.87-26.00, p = 0.004]. Sex and ethnicity were not significantly associated with the outcome. Conclusion: AM is highly heterogeneous with an overall favourable prognosis. Three-quarters of patients with AM present with chest pain, which is associated with a benign prognosis. AM presenting with life-threatening arrhythmias is associated with a higher risk of adverse events.

Association between ethnicity and degree of improvement in cardiac function following initiation of sacubitril/valsartan.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of short-term improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), haemodynamics, NT-proBNP and quality of life following initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in black patients when compared with white patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, single-centre, hypothesis-generating study of patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with guideline recommended therapy, who were transitioned from an ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) to sacubitril/valsartan. RESULTS: Our analysis included 83 patients (mean age 57 years) with echocardiography performed before and after transition from ACE-I/ARB to sacubitril/valsartan, after excluding patients with concomitant Cardiac resynchronization therapy implantation. Overall, sacubitril/valsartan was associated with LVEF improvement from 28.8% ±â€Š0.7 to 32.0% ±â€Š1.1% (P = 0.0002), but no reverse remodelling was observed. The association with LVEF improvement was only observed in white patients (n = 46, P = 0.0006), but not in black patients (n = 37, P = 0.1728), and appeared to be associated with reduced blood pressure (baseline vs. 2-week blood pressure 116.5 ±â€Š13.9 vs. 109.4 ±â€Š14.3 mmHg, respectively, in white patients, P = 0.0449). Fifteen patients (18.1%) became ineligible for primary prevention Implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. CONCLUSION: Sacubitril/valsartan was associated with improved LVEF, NT-proBNP concentrations and quality of life in patients with symptomatic HFrEF on guideline recommended therapy. However, in our cohort, improvement of LVEF and quality of life might be attenuated in black patients, which warrants further investigation.

Cardiac sarcoidosis in a patient with testicular seminoma.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterised by non-caseating granulomas that typically affect the lungs, skin and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis has been associated with various cancers, and we describe the case of a patient with systemic sarcoidosis associated with testicular seminoma. This was originally diagnosed as stable sarcoid-like reaction. He subsequently presented with ventricular tachycardia. Cardiovascular MRI suggested cardiac sarcoidosis, which was confirmed by myocardial biopsy. This case highlights the association between some types of cancer and sarcoidosis. In addition, it highlights the importance of close follow-up for patients with a history of malignancy to monitor for sarcoid-like reactions and sarcoidosis, which are often difficult to differentiate clinically.

Vitamin D deficiency and atrial fibrillation.

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke, but there is no consensus regarding the possible association between vitamin D deficiency and atrial fibrillation (AF). Vitamin D negatively regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), mediates calcium homeostasis, binds to vitamin D receptors on cardiac myocytes, and has antioxidant properties that may reduce levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the atria, which contribute to inflammation and proarrhythmic substrate formation. As vitamin D status is a readily modifiable risk factor this association has potential clinical implications. An extensive search of the literature identified six studies that specifically investigated vitamin D status and AF. Results were equivocal with three studies identifying a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and AF, whilst two studies suggested there may be no association. Additionally, one study indicated that elevated vitamin D levels are associated with AF. Whilst the weight of the evidence suggests that there may be an association between vitamin D deficiency and AF, incomparable study designs and methodological limitations hinder interpretation of the current body of evidence. Further work taking into account considerations raised within this paper is required to better understand the relationship between vitamin D status and AF.