The value of digital 3D models in evaluating surgical outcomes using the uninjured contralateral acetabulum after acetabular fracture repair.

BACKGROUND: Currently, assessment of acetabular fracture reduction is mainly performed by evaluating 2D slices of 3D CT scans. This subjective method can potentially be improved by using 3D models and objective analysis tools. In order to evaluate the potential value of digital 3D reconstructed models in the assessment of acetabular fracture reduction, 3D reconstructions of the fractured acetabulum were compared to the mirrored healthy contralateral side for both the pre-, and post-surgical setting. METHODS: Thirteen patients with one-sided acetabular fractures were included in the study. All patients received a pre-, and postoperative CT scan. The similarity between the healthy acetabulum and the contralateral fractured acetabulum was determined by two observers for both the pre-, and postoperative setting by completing the following four steps; (1) mirroring of the fractured acetabulum, (2) initial manual alignment of this mirrored 3D model to the contralateral version, (3) surface-based matching (iterative closest point registration) using the acetabular cartilage surface, and (4) calculating the surface distances between affected and healthy acetabular 3D models. Descriptive statistics showed the surface distance between pre-, and post-surgical reduction, as well as the interobserver variability. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients with an acetabular fracture were included; 11 males and 2 females with a mean ± SD age of 55.6 ± 14.7 years. Digital mirroring of the fractured acetabula to the healthy acetabula was successful for both preoperative and postoperative situations in all patients. The median distance between both fractured and mirrored healthy contralateral acetabula was significantly larger (p<0.01) for the preoperative group (2.21 mm (interquartile range (IQR): 1.30 mm)) compared to the postoperative group (0.93 mm (IQR: 0.59 mm)). The median distance deviation was not significantly different (p = 0.96) between observers. CONCLUSIONS: The results of comparing 3D model of fractured acetabula with the contra-lateral healthy acetabula before, and after surgical repair indicate that this method can be a suitable tool to objectively assess acetabular fracture reduction. Further research is needed to confirm the usefulness to predict future arthrosis after surgical repair.

The value of 3D reconstructions in determining post-operative reduction in acetabular fractures: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acetabular fractures, the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) model of the contralateral acetabulum could be used as a mirrored template for the anatomical configuration of the affected joint. This has not been validated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the right and left acetabula, as reconstructed 3D models, are valid mirrored duplicates that can be used as a reference model for the contralateral side. METHODS: CT scans of twenty patients with unaffected acetabula were used. The symmetry of the generated 3D models was evaluated through: (1) mirroring of the acetabulum; (2) initial rough matching; (3) automatic optimisation of the matching via surface-based matching; (4) calculation of distances between surfaces by evaluating the Euclidean (straight-line) error distance between the closest points between left and right. The percentages of surface points of the left and right acetabulum with a distance smaller than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm were calculated and evaluated, in relation to Matta's criteria, for acetabular fracture reductions. RESULTS: The mean distance deviation was less than 0.75 mm in all 40 comparisons. The calculated distances in 90.7% of the surface points of the left and right acetabulum were below the tolerance threshold of 1.0 mm, based on Matta's anatomical reduction criteria, and 98.7% of the surface points scored below Matta's imperfect tolerance threshold of 2.0 mm. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates 3D reconstructed models of healthy left and right acetabula are highly similar and could potentially be used as mirrored duplicates. The next step will be to investigate these results in patients with reduced acetabular fractures.

Clinical Examination of the Pelvic Ring in the Prehospital Phase.

INTRODUCTION: Instable pelvic fractures are associated with significant hemorrhage and shock. Instability of the pelvic ring should be tested with the manual compression test (MCT) and instable pelvic ring fractures should prompt mechanical stabilization. However, the accuracy of the prehospital MCT in patients, that sustained a high energetic trauma, is still unknown. SETTING: Radboudumc Nijmegen, level 1 trauma center, the Netherlands. METHODS: This prospective blind observational study included all patients after a high impact blunt trauma treated by an experienced Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) physician. Nominal arranged questionnaires were filled in by the HEMS physician prior to the radiological examination of the patient. RESULTS: We included 56 patients of which 11 sustained a pelvic ring fracture. 13 patients were treated with pelvic compression devices, of which only five patients had a pelvic ring fracture. Prehospital performed clinical examination by the HEMS physicians had an overall sensitivity of 0.45 (95% CI 0.16-0.75) and a specificity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.29-0.96). CONCLUSION: Pelvic ring instability cannot accurately be diagnosed in the prehospital setting, based on the MCT. The use of the pelvic binder should standard in high impact blunt trauma patients, independently of the MCT or trauma mechanism.

Isolated iliac wing fractures : are they really that benign?

The aim of this study was to review the incidence, management and outcome of isolated iliac wing fractures and to compare them with other type A, B and C fractures. From 2004 to 2015, the data of 547 patient with a pelvic fracture regarding age, gender, RTS, ISS, treatment, complications and mortality were analyzed and a comparison was made between iliac wing fractures and the other pelvic fractures. We encountered 30 isolated iliac wing fractures. The ISS, shock class, transfusion rate, complications and mortality were comparable to those of patients with an unstable pelvic fracture. Concomitant injuries were observed in 93% of the patients. None of the fractures were operatively stabilized. Isolated iliac wing fractures are rare, and operative stabilization of the fracture itself is often not necessary. However, these fractures are serious injuries with characteristics resembling those of patients with an unstable pelvic ring injury.

Epidemiology of Pelvic Ring Fractures in a Level 1 Trauma Center in the Netherlands.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to study the epidemiology, classification, treatment and outcome of a large patient group with pelvic ring injury in a level 1 trauma center in the Netherlands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the period of 2004 to 2014, we encountered 537 patients with a pelvic fracture. Many of them are due to a high energy trauma and therefore many concomitant injuries are observed. Tile A fractures were seen in 137 patients (25.5%), Tile B fractures in 211 (39.3%) and Tile C fractures in 189 patients (35.2%). RESULTS: Patients with unstable fracture types (Tile B1 and B3, Tile C) had significantly higher injury severity score, transfusion rates, need for laparotomy and definitive operative stabilization and complication rate. However, mortality did not differ significantly among Tile A, B or C fractures. CONCLUSION: Overall outcome was good with a mortality rate of 13.6%, which is comparable with other rAelpmorotsst. half of the patients treated could directly be dismissed to their own homes.

Prehospital thoracostomy in patients with traumatic circulatory arrest: results from a physician-staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service.

OBJECTIVE: Until recently, traumatic cardiac arrest (tCA) was believed to be associated with high mortality and low survival rates. New data suggest better outcomes. The most common error in tCA management is failing to treat a tension pneumothorax (TP). In the prehospital setting, we prefer thoracostomies for decompressing a potential TP in tCA cases; however, interventions can only be recommended with adequate information on their results. Therefore, we reviewed the results of thoracostomies performed by our Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. METHODS: Our Helicopter Emergency Medical Service database was reviewed for all patients who underwent a single or a bilateral prehospital thoracostomy in tCA. We evaluated the incidence of TP, the return of circulation in tCA, the incidence of infections, the incidence of sharps injuries and patient survival. RESULTS: A total of 267 thoracostomies were performed in 144 tCA patients. Thoracic decompression was performed to rule out TP. TP was identified in 14 patients; the incidence of TP in tCA was 9.7%. Two of the tCA patients survived and were discharged from the hospital; neither had clinical signs of TP. No infections or sharps injuries were observed. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of patients with tCA who underwent prehospital thoracostomy were poor in our group. The early identification of TP and strict algorithm adherence in tCA may improve outcomes. In the future, to reduce the risk of unnecessary thoracic interventions in tCA, ultrasound examination may be useful to identify TP before thoracic decompression.

The Effect of Implant Failure After Symphyseal Plating on Functional Outcome and General Health.

OBJECTIVES: To relate the incidence of implant failure after internal anterior fixation of the pelvic ring to functional outcome and the health-related quality of life in patients. DESIGN: Retrospective chart and radiographic review. SETTING: Level I Trauma center. METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients who were treated with symphyseal plating for traumatic symphyseal diastasis between January 2003 and December 2013. Patients were asked to complete 2 questionnaires, the SF-36 and the Majeed score. A retrospective chart and radiographic control review were performed on all patients. The following data were collected: demographic data and details regarding the pelvic surgery. Computed tomograms were used to determine fracture classification and quality of reduction. Conventional radiographic follow-up were used to detect implant failure. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients enrolled the study. Implant failure occurred in 11 (30%) patients resulting in the identification of 2 groups, "implant failure" (n = 11) and "intact implants" (n = 26). The baseline characteristics were equal in both groups. The analysis of the questionnaires revealed that the SF-36 score was not significantly different in any of the dimensions between the both groups. Patients in the implant failure group scored higher on all of the Majeed items, including the total Majeed score, but the difference did not reach statistical significance of P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed comparable results regarding the general health measured by the SF-36 for both groups and higher Majeed scores for patients with implant failure compared with patients with intact implants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

First-pass intubation success rate during rapid sequence induction of prehospital anaesthesia by physicians versus paramedics.

INTRODUCTION: Endotracheal intubation is a frequently performed procedure for securing the airway in critically injured or ill patients. Performing prehospital intubation may be challenging and intubation skills vary. We reviewed the first-attempt tracheal intubation success rate in a Dutch prehospital setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied our database for all intubations performed by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) physicians, HEMS nurse and ambulance paramedics under HEMS supervision between January 2007 and July 2012. The primary outcome was success rate, number of intubation attempts and alternative airway procedures. RESULTS: In all, 1399 patients were in need of a secured airway. In 571 (40.8%) of these cases, ambulance paramedics made a first intubation attempt under HEMS supervision. If necessary, rapid sequence induction medication was administered. In comparable patient groups, the first intubation success rate was significantly lower in ambulance paramedics compared with helicopter physicians (46.4 vs. 84.5%, P<0.0001). The overall physician intubation success rate was 98.4% after one or more intubation attempts. In 19 cases, a surgical airway was created and in three cases an alternative ventilation method was used. CONCLUSION: Prehospital intubations had a significantly higher success rate when performed by helicopter physicians. We promote a low threshold for HEMS deployment in cases of a potentially compromised airway.

Helicopter emergency medical service patient transport safe at night?

OBJECTIVE: Dutch helicopter emergency medical services are available 24/7. Working without daylight brings additional challenges, both in patient care and in-flight operation. We retrospectively evaluated the safety of this nighttime helicopter transportation of patients. METHODS: Our helicopter emergency medical service database was reviewed for all patients transported by helicopter during nighttime. Both interhospital transports and patients transported from the accident location to a hospital were included. The time traveled by helicopter was compared with the time that road transportation of these patients would have taken. RESULTS: In total, 513 patients were transported by helicopter. Of these patients, 72 were transported during nighttime (14%); the median age was 25.3 years (range, 1.1-73.9 years). The median flight time to the hospital was 16 minutes (range, 5-42 minutes). To travel by road, this would have taken a median of approximately 44 minutes (range, 23-100 minutes). When comparing these travel times, a significantly faster transport time by helicopter during nighttime was observed (P < .001). Three non-flight-specific incidents were noted. CONCLUSION: We conclude that helicopter transportation of patients without daylight is safe and fast in a Dutch setting.

[Symphysiotomy to relieve shoulder dystocia]. / Symfysiotomie voor het opheffen van schouderdystocie.

Symphysiotomy to manage shoulder dystocia is seldom used in the western world. For this reason, in well-resourced countries knowledge of its recuperation rate and the management of physical discomfort in the post-partum period is scarce. We describe two cases of symphysiotomy for shoulder dystocia. Both babies did very well in the postpartum period. The short-term 6-week and 6-month follow-up of both mothers is described. Short-term maternal complications were minor and based on prolonged immobilization. In accordance with the international literature, the short-term and long-term follow-up after symphysiotomy for shoulder dystocia was good and there were no major maternal or neonatal complications. We therefore wish to advocate symphysiotomy as a good and safe option to deliver a baby in cases of severe shoulder dystocia, when all other manoeuvres fail.

Retention of first aid and basic life support skills in undergraduate medical students.

BACKGROUND: Undergraduate medical students follow a compulsory first aid (FA) and basic life support (BLS) course. Retention of BLS seems poor and only little information is provided on the retention of FA skills. This study aims at evaluating 1- and 2-year retention of FA and BLS training in undergraduate medical students. METHODS: One hundred and twenty students were randomly selected from first year (n=349) medical students who successfully followed a compulsory FA and BLS course. From these 120 students, 94 (78%) and 69 (58%) participated in retention tests of FA and BLS skills after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The assessment consisted of two FA stations and one BLS station. RESULTS: After 1 year, only 2% passed both FA and BLS stations and 68% failed both FA and BLS stations. After 2 years, 5% passed and 50% failed both FA and BLS stations. Despite the high failure rate at the stations, 90% adequately checked vital signs and started cardiopulmonary resuscitation appropriately. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term retention of FA and BLS skills after a compulsory course in the first year is poor. Adequate check of vital signs and commencing cardiopulmonary resuscitation retained longer.

Scapula fractures: interobserver reliability of classification and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: There is substantial variation in the classification and management of scapula fractures. The first purpose of this study was to analyze the interobserver reliability of the OTA/AO classification and the New International Classification for Scapula Fractures. The second purpose was to assess the proportion of agreement among orthopaedic surgeons on operative or nonoperative treatment. DESIGN: Web-based reliability study. SETTING: Independent orthopaedic surgeons from several countries were invited to classify scapular fractures in an online survey. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred three orthopaedic surgeons evaluated 35 movies of three-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction of selected scapular fractures, representing a full spectrum of fracture patterns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Fleiss kappa (κ) was used to assess the reliability of agreement between the surgeons. RESULTS: The overall agreement on the OTA/AO classification was moderate for the types (A, B, and C, κ = 0.54) with a 71% proportion of rater agreement (PA) and for the 9 groups (A1 to C3, κ = 0.47) with a 57% PA. For the New International Classification, the agreement about the intraarticular extension of the fracture (Fossa (F), κ = 0.79) was substantial and the agreement about a fractured body (Body (B), κ = 0.57) or process was moderate (Process (P), κ = 0.53); however, PAs were more than 81%. The agreement on the treatment recommendation was moderate (κ = 0.57) with a 73% PA. CONCLUSIONS: The New International Classification was more reliable. Body and process fractures generated more disagreement than intraarticular fractures and need further clear definitions.

The value of a CT scan compared to plain radiographs for the classification and treatment plan in tibial plateau fractures.

This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and interobserver agreement for both fracture classification according to Schatzker and treatment plan of tibial plateau fractures using plain radiographs alone and with computed tomography (CT) scans. The study was carried out prospectively to assess the impact of an advanced radiographic study on the agreement of treatment plan and fracture classification of tibial plateau fractures. Eight experienced observers (six surgeons and two radiologists) classified 15 tibial plateau fractures with plain radiographs and CT scans and set up a treatment plan. Agreement was measured using kappa coefficients. Using plain radiographs alone, the mean interobserver kappa coefficient for classification was 0.47, which decreased to 0.46 after addition of CT scans. Using plain films alone for formulating a treatment plan, the mean interobserver kappa coefficient was 0.40, which decreased to 0.30 after addition of CT scans. The mean intraobserver kappa coefficient for fracture classification using plain radiographs was 0.60, which decreased to 0.57 with addition of CT scans. The mean intraobserver kappa coefficient for treatment plan based on plain radiographs alone was 0.53, which decreased to 0.45 after addition of CT scans. In contrast with other recent publications, there is no increase in inter- and intra-agreement of a CT scan compared to plain radiographs for the classification and treatment plan in tibial plateau fractures. Routine CT scanning of the knee for tibial plateau fractures is not supported by this study.

Usefulness of intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurements in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: In renal hyperparathyroidism, it remains unclear whether intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements can predict postoperative outcome and guide the extent of surgical exploration. METHODS: In 42 parathyroidectomies for renal hyperparathyroidism, we analyzed the predictive value of the Miami Criterion of 50% intraoperative PTH decrease. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to find the criterion with the best diagnostic performance. We also investigated whether the whole PTH assay improved accuracy. RESULTS: Twenty-six operations (62%) resulted in normal postoperative PTH. With the Miami Criterion, cure was predicted with a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of only 8%. Specificity could be improved to 50% using a 70% PTH decrease as cut-off level. The whole PTH assay did not improve accuracy. CONCLUSION: Prediction of cure after parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism might be improved with a criterion of 70% PTH decrease 10 minutes after excision of all parathyroid glands. Prospective analysis needs to validate this new criterion.

A Lethal Case of Fat Embolism Syndrome in a Nine-Year-Old Child: Options for Prevention.

We report a lethal case of fat embolism syndrome in a nine-year-old child after a direct blunt trauma leading to a pelvic fracture. On the second day, signs of bowel perforation and septic shock led to an acute aggravation of the pulmonary symptoms, cardiac arrest and death. Fat embolism is seldom thought to occur in pediatric trauma patients; however, this case illustrates it can lead to disastrous sequela. Since there is no specific treatment for it, prevention by early fracture stabilization is the only option.

Treatment of distal tibial fractures: plate versus nail: a retrospective outcome analysis of matched pairs of patients.

A study of 24 patients who sustained an extra-articular fracture of the distal third of the tibial shaft was performed to determine the effect of the type of treatment, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction and intramedullary (IM) nailing, on the occurrence of malalignment. All patients were treated in our clinic between 1993 and 2001 for a fracture in the distal third of the tibia. Twelve patients treated with ORIF were matched to 12 patients treated with IM nailing, with regard to gender, age decade, and the AO classification of the fracture. The group treated with IM nailing was assessed after a mean 6.0 years versus ORIF after a mean of 4.5 years. Two patients treated with ORIF versus six patients treated with IM nailing had a malalignment of the tibia. Furthermore, we found no difference with regard to time to union, non-union, hardware failure or deep infections between ORIF and IM nailing. Our results suggest that control of alignment is difficult with IM nailing of distal tibial fractures. For optimal alignment we advise considering the use of ORIF for closed and type I open extra-articular fractures in the distal third of the tibia.

Impact of additional extracranial injuries on outcome after mild traumatic brain injury.

Many patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) concurrently sustain extracranial injuries; however, little is known about the impact of these additional injuries on outcome. We assessed the impact of additional injuries on the severity of postconcussional symptoms (PCS) and functional outcome 6 months post-injury. A questionnaire (including the Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire and SF-36) was sent to consecutive MTBI patients (hospital admission Glasgow Coma Score 13-15; age range 18-60 years) admitted to the emergency department of a level-I trauma center, and, to serve as a baseline for PCS, a control group of minor-injury patients (ankle or wrist distortion). Of the 299 MTBI respondents (response rate 52%), 89 had suffered additional injuries (mean Injury Severity Score [ISS] of 14.5 +/- 7.4). After 6 months, 44% of the patients with additional injuries were still in some form of treatment, compared to 14% of patients with isolated MTBI and 5% of the controls. Compared to patients with isolated injury, MTBI patients with additional injuries had resumed work less frequently and reported more limitations in physical functioning. Overall, they did not report higher levels of PCS, despite somewhat more severe head injury. Regardless of the presence of additional injuries, patients that were still in treatment reported significantly more severe PCS, with highest rates in patients with isolated MTBI. In conclusion, many patients with additional extracranial injuries are still in the process of recovery at 6 months after injury. However, despite more severe impact to the head and inferior functional outcomes, these patients do not report more severe PCS.

Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury: a focus on fatigue.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is one of the most frequently reported symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI). To date, systematic and comparative studies on fatigue after MTBI are scarce, and knowledge on causal mechanisms is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To determine the severity of fatigue six months after MTBI and its relation to outcome. Furthermore, to test whether injury indices, such as Glasgow Coma Scale scores, are related to higher levels of fatigue. METHODS: Postal questionnaires were sent to a consecutive group of patients with an MTBI and a minor-injury control group, aged 18-60, six months after injury. Fatigue severity was measured with the Checklist Individual Strength. Postconcussional symptoms and limitations in daily functioning were assessed using the Rivermead Post Concussion Questionnaire and the SF-36. RESULTS: A total of 299 out of 618 eligible (response rate 52%) MTBI patients and 287 out of 482 eligible (response rate 60%) minor-injury patients returned the questionnaire. Ninety-five MTBI patients (32%) and 35 control patients (12%) were severely fatigued. Severe fatigue was highly associated with the experience of other symptoms, limitations in physical and social functioning, and fatigue related problems like reduced activity. Of various trauma severity indices, nausea and headache experienced on the ED were significantly related to higher levels of fatigue at six months. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, one third of a large sample of MTBI patients experiences severe fatigue six months after injury, and this experience is associated with limitations in daily functioning. Our finding that acute symptoms and mechanism of injury rather than injury severity indices appear to be related to higher levels of fatigue warrants further investigation.