Complex Cardiovascular Morbidities in Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

This case emphasizes the complexity of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the need for a collaborative approach from specialists, and a closer look at the various cardiovascular complexities associated with this syndrome. While current treatments focus on managing symptoms, ongoing genetic research offers hope for more favorable outcomes. Further studies are crucial to gauge the effectiveness of these treatments for PWS patients. We detail a patient with a complex medical history of PWS, further complicated by congenital heart disease with Eisenmenger's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary hypertension, venous insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia. Reported in this study is a compilation of clinical data as well as suggestions from several medical specialists in applying a multifaceted approach to treatment, significantly emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary care and management of patients experiencing a combination of various medical issues with an emphasis on cardiovascular complications.

A Rare Case of Streptococcus agalactiae Ventriculitis and Endocarditis.

Streptococcus agalactiae infection is typically seen in specific populations, including neonates, pregnant women, and the elderly. These patients have immature, lower, and waning immune systems, which makes them more susceptible to infections. Typical S. agalactiae infections manifest as cellulitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, ventriculitis (a rare complication of meningitis), and osteomyelitis. In rare cases, a patient can present with two or more of these typical infection manifestations. The authors present a case of a 48-year-old female with a past medical history of hypothyroidism and chronic back pain who presented to the emergency department with altered mental status. The patient developed nausea and vomiting two days prior to presentation after a family gathering, followed by occipital headache and agitation. On arrival at the emergency department, the patient did not follow commands and was drowsy. The initial examination showed positive for Brudzinski and Kernig signs. The patient was tachycardic, tachypneic, and hypertensive. Initial computed tomography (CT) head without contrast was negative for any acute pathology. Neurology was consulted, and a bedside lumbar puncture was performed, which was significant for elevated opening pressure of 32 cm H2O. The patient was initially started on ceftriaxone, ampicillin, vancomycin, acyclovir, and dexamethasone. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without contrast showed acute ventriculitis, mild leptomeningeal enhancement, and a right posterior corona radiata acute lacunar infarct. Meningitis panel, BioFire (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT), was positive for S. agalactiae, and the patient was de-escalated to ceftriaxone. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures returned positive for S. agalactiae. A transthoracic echocardiogram was negative for endocarditis, but a transesophageal echocardiogram was significant for a 0.7 × 0.4 cm mobile echodensity attached to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve (P1/P2 scallop). Repeat blood cultures, additional cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and infectious workup remained negative. Cardiology was consulted and recommended medical treatment. The patient improved clinically, continued ceftriaxone, and was discharged to complete a total of six weeks of treatment with outpatient follow-up evaluations. This case depicts a rare presentation of endocarditis, meningitis, and ventriculitis S. agalactiae infection and the need for a definite treatment algorithm in the management of complicated conditions such as the one presented.

Tejocote Root's Role in Symptomatic Mobitz Type 1 Heart Block: A Compelling Case Report.

The clinical presentation and diagnosis of Tejocote root toxicity causing Mobitz Type 1 remains a scarcely clinical phenomenon, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. This case report highlights a 30-year-old female presenting with a constellation of symptoms, including fatigue, dizziness, chest pressure, myalgias, nausea, vomiting, and peripheral tingling. Significantly, the patient had been using Tejocote root as an over-the-counter laxative acquired from Mexico. Laboratory findings revealed detectable Digoxin levels in her bloodstream, while an electrocardiogram (EKG) indicated sinus bradycardia with Mobitz Type 1 heart block. The patient was treated with a single dose of atropine 0.5 mg IV push. A repeat EKG before discharge showed resolution of the Mobitz type 1. This case underscores the potential cardiovascular repercussions of Tejocote root consumption and emphasizes the importance of heightened clinical awareness, especially in regions where such herbal supplement usage is prevalent.

Persistent Headaches in an Avid Hiker: A Case of Chronic Coccidioidal Meningitis.

The clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of coccidioidal meningitis caused by the dimorphic pathogenic fungus Coccidioides (Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii) have been well documented in the literature. Despite the abundance of literature concerning this disease manifestation, it is not very commonly seen in clinical practice, delaying its diagnosis and treatment and leading to devastating neurological sequelae. Therefore, considering this disease process as a potential diagnosis in endemic areas is important for appropriate and timely treatment. We present the case of a 26-year-old male who was found to have chronic coccidioidal meningitis on further investigation. The patient presented as a transfer for an abnormal head MRI with a three-month history of progressive occipital headaches and shortness of breath. Associated symptoms included transit vision loss, upper extremity numbness, night sweats, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Relevant risk factors were being a hiker and living in the southwest of Texas. The patient was started on empiric ceftriaxone and vancomycin. A repeat MRI showed leptomeningeal enhancement and acute infarcts in the left temporal lobe and lentiform nucleus. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed pleocytosis with lymphocytic predominance, the presence of eosinophils, elevated protein level, and an extremely low glucose level. Further workup ruled out syphilis and tuberculosis. Therefore, considering his clinical presentation, risk factors, and workup results, ceftriaxone and vancomycin were discontinued, and high-dose oral fluconazole was started, which produced a marked clinical response within the next 48 hours. A CT thorax showed findings suggestive of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and Coccidioides serology in both serum and CSF specimens returned positive.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a non-infectious, inflammatory disorder of the bones. CRMO typically affects children, with a predisposition to females. Bone-related pain is often felt in the metaphysis of long bones, particularly of the lower extremities, but it can also target other sites at varied time intervals. Patients are likely to complain of tenderness and swelling that may cause considerable disability and adversely impact quality of life. There are three main pathophysiological mechanisms that have been hypothesized to drive CRMO including imbalanced cytokine expression, increased inflammasome activation, and enhanced osteoclast differentiation. Therapies have been based on targeting and suppressing these key players in CRMO patients. The first step in management involves pain control. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should provide initial relief, albeit temporarily. It is imperative to initiate immunosuppressive medication that will help limit bone involvement and thereby prevent the development of fractures or leg-length discrepancies, for example. The purpose of this literature review is to study the pathophysiology of CRMO and carefully dissect the agents that have been previously employed in the management of CRMO patients. This could allow for the purposeful formulation of individualized care plans and improving the overall well-being of patients. The authors included a multitude of PubMed-indexed articles published from 2000 onwards in this review.

Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: A literature review.

Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT), a common complication of advanced liver disease, is defined as an obstruction of the portal vein due to thrombus formation that can extend to the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. It was believed that PVT occurred predominantly due to prothrombotic potential. However, recent studies have shown that decreased blood flow related to portal hypertension appears to increase PVT risk as per Virchow's triad. It is well known that there is a higher incidence of PVTs in cirrhosis with a higher MELD and Child Pugh score. The controversy for management of PVTs in cirrhotics lies in the individualized assessment of risks versus benefits of anticoagulation, since these patients have a complex hemostatic profile with both bleeding and procoagulant propensities. In this review, we will systematically compile the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis.

A Rare Association Between Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Miller-Fisher Syndrome.

The etiopathogenesis for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS), a variant of GBS, is well-documented in the literature. However, the association between MFS and an underlying herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is very limited. We present a unique case of a 48-year-old man who developed diplopia, bilateral ptosis, and gait instability following an acute diarrheal illness and recurring cold sores. The patient was diagnosed with MFS precipitated by recurrent HSV-1 infection following a Campylobacter jejuni acute infection. The diagnosis of MFS was supported by a positive anti-GQ1b ganglioside immunoglobulin (Ig)G and abnormal MRI-enhancing lesions of the bilateral cranial nerves III and VI. Intravenous immunoglobulin and acyclovir produced a significant clinical response in the patient within the first 72 hours. Our case highlights the rare association between two pathogens and MFS and the importance of recognizing risk factors, symptomatology, and appropriate workup accompanying an atypical MFS case.

An Unusual Case of Combined Thrombosis and Amegakaryocytopenia Resembling Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Following COVID-19 Infection in an Unvaccinated Patient.

As a global community, we have learned that the manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SAR-CoV-2), infection, or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), extends far beyond respiratory compromise. Thrombocytopenia is thought to occur secondary to increased platelet consumption. Platelet activation and platelet-mediated immune inflammation contribute towards the thromboembolic complications seen in COVID-19 patients. In this report, the authors present the unusual case of a 75-year-old female with a history of COVID-19 infection who presented with a transient ischemic attack, thrombocytopenia, and amegakaryocytopenia.

Brazilian Butt Lift Gone Wrong: A Case Series of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Gluteal Infection After Brazilian Butt Lifts.

Cosmetic surgeries are very popular and glamorized by the mainstream media and celebrities. Many individuals perceive certain bodily features as appealing for physical attraction and will attempt to obtain these features by surgery. However, these surgeries are not without risk, and significant consequences can occur if not performed by qualified medical professionals under sterile procedures. The authors present novel cases of two healthy young female patients who underwent a Brazilian butt lift (BBL) procedure a week apart by the same plastic surgeon in Mexico and developed dark painful lesions secondary to Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus), a multidrug-resistant non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). The literature review shows a paucity of data concerning NTM infections via surgical procedures of this type. The first case was of a 31-year-old woman who underwent a BBL and presented with bilateral dark painful buttock lesions weeks later. The patient returned to the plastic surgeon, who drained some lesions and prescribed oral antibiotics. The patient's clinical status continued to deteriorate and presented to the hospital for further assessment. The patient was initially started on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. The patient was found to have an HIV infection with a relatively preserved CD4 lymphocyte count and was started on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Intraoperative excisional tissue sample cultures grew M. abscessus. The patient was started on empiric tigecycline, cefoxitin, and linezolid. Preliminary culture susceptibilities showed resistance to linezolid. Linezolid was discontinued, amikacin was started, and cefoxitin and tigecycline were continued. Tigecycline, cefoxitin, and amikacin were continued and final susceptibilities showed sensitivity to the current treatment. The patient received a total of four months of treatment with tigecycline, cefoxitin, and amikacin. The second case was of a 28-year-old woman who underwent a BBL a week after the first patient by the same surgeon and developed multiple gluteal and body abscesses. The patient underwent bilateral thigh and gluteal, right chest wall, and breast surgical debridements with intraoperative cultures at a different hospital facility, which grew M. abscessus. Susceptibilities were not performed there. The patient was transferred to our facility for further care. Intraoperative cultures remained negative, and the patient was treated with a six-month course of tigecycline, cefoxitin, and amikacin.

A Rare Case of Remittent Male Invasive Ductal Carcinoma With New Metastasis After Incomplete Adjuvant Therapy.

Breast cancer is a rare disease in men with many barriers to effective management such as limited research and treatment modalities. While the current standard of care utilizes mastectomy and axillary dissection with chemotherapy, clinicians must follow the female-staged breast cancer protocol, as there is no established regimen for men. In this case presentation, we report a 43-year-old male with a prior history of ER-positive invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) who presented with a recurrent breast lesion. The patient had previously undergone left breast mastectomy with sentinel node biopsy with negative margins. The patient declined adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen therapy after the initial dissection. Three years after the primary dissection, the patient presents with a breast lesion and metastasis to bilateral axillary lymph nodes, lungs, and spine. The diagnosis was supported by a right axillary biopsy which revealed an ER-positive and PR-positive lesion. We want to shed light on the importance of complete and thorough treatment of primary IDC in men while highlighting the implications of incomplete treatment. We hope that this clinical case will serve as a guide for physicians in promoting adjuvant treatments after primary tumor removal in male IDC.

A Rare Case of Page Kidney With Superimposed Infection.

Page kidney (PK) is a rare renal condition characterized by external compression of the kidney, typically by a subcapsular hematoma, leading to resistant secondary hypertension due to hypoperfusion and ischemia. This hypertension is caused by the external compression of the kidney by a chronic subcapsular hematoma that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) system. Hematoma formation can result from external or internal trauma. The resolution of the hematoma can take months, and, in some cases, may necessitate a nephrectomy. Unresolved subcapsular hematomas can be complicated by infection, leading to sepsis, hospitalization, and the need for surgical drainage. This report presents a unique case of a 67-year-old female with a spontaneous left renal subcapsular hematoma that did not resolve with conservative measures and was complicated by superimposed infection requiring percutaneous drainage.

A Rare Case of Phentermine-Induced Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy.

Obesity is a global epidemic with steadily increasing prevalence in most countries. Weight loss is generally challenging for patients to tackle in the face of the temptation to overeat and avoid physical activity. Hence, clinicians and patients alike are likely to steer toward the use of anorexigens. We report the case of a 33-year-old female with no significant cardiac history who presented with dyspnea, productive cough, and chest pressure for one month and was diagnosed with new-onset heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction secondary to prolonged phentermine use. The authors aim to highlight phentermine's potential for precipitating heart failure, even in a young, relatively healthy person, especially with a growing obese population. Ultimately, healthy weight loss can be achieved by implementing dietary changes and encouraging adequate physical activity, as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended. Anorectic drugs may be employed for short-term use. Further research concerning the long-term side effects of phentermine may avert the prescriber and patient from abusing this drug.