[Ear aid in Myanmar]. / Ohrenhilfe in Myanmar.

As the example of a small team working in Myanmar since 2010 has demonstrated, it is possible to achieve sustainable success in medical education and training in foreign countries with relatively little effort, in this case in middle ear surgery. The main requirements are outstanding communication within the team as well as with the authorities, organizations, and colleagues on site. Equally important is mindful and respectful work in the hosting country and the consideration of cultural particularities. Essential contributing factors for long-term success are intercultural exchange, interpersonal relationships, and especially the motivation of colleagues on site, which together create a foundation of trust. This trust combined with regular exchange visits enables constant professional development according to the current needs.

Selected ENT symptoms in functional disorders of the upper cervical spine and temporomandibular joints.

This paper discusses otorhinolaryngological symptoms associated with functional disorders of the upper cervical spine. Hints aimed to avoid misdiagnoses of cross-organ otorhinolaryngological symptoms as phobic or psychogenic disorders are presented. Clinically relevant neuroanatomical convergence of the upper cervical spine (occiput to C3) is fundamental for the interpretation of functional otorhinolaryngological symptoms. Based thereon, evidence for the most common cervical differential diagnoses of dizziness, tinnitus, dysphagia, and craniomandibular dysfunction is presented separately. The corresponding therapeutic options and their contraindications are discussed in the concluding chapter. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation in related fields is emphasized.

[Pilot study: Determination of the subjective trunk vertical in upright head position]. / Pilotstudie: Bestimmung der subjektiven Rumpfvertikalen in lotrechter Kopfposition.

BACKGROUND: Consensus has been established that the subjective vertical (SV) is a result of multimodal sensory integration. In order to be able to calculate the vestibulocervical sensory competence for the SV, the isolated subjective trunk vertical axis (STV) was measured under conditions of vertical head fixation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Young, healthy volunteers (n = 49) were compared to older, healthy volunteers (n = 50) on a three-dimensionally deflectable (tilt, torsion, pitch) trunk excursion chair in which the volunteer's head remains in an upright position. Another young, healthy group was divided into a placebo (n = 27) and a monophasic cervical transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (C-TENS; n = 22) group to examine verticality perception. RESULTS: In the STV after trunk pitch, age was a significant variable (p = 0.021). The older, healthy group of subjects missed the physical vertical by an average of 1.8° more than the younger group. Only the placebo group showed an average improvement in STV of 4.3° after torsion. CONCLUSION: Apart from the macular organs the vestibulocervical sensory afference is involved in finding the trunk vertical. A difference in age to the disadvantage of the older healthy subjects was observed, as well as a lack of learning success after applied C­TENS. The presented pilot study was able to confirm that a correct vertical trunk sensation is caused by vestibulocervical sensory afference in upright head position.

[Selected otorhinolaryngological symptoms in functional disorders of the upper cervical spine and temporomandibular joints]. / Ausgewählte HNO-Symptome bei funktionellen Störungen der oberen Halswirbelsäule und der Kiefergelenke.

This paper discusses otorhinolaryngological symptoms associated with functional disorders of the upper cervical spine. Hints aimed to avoid misdiagnoses of cross-organ otorhinolaryngological symptoms as phobic or psychogenic disorders are presented. Clinically relevant neuroanatomical convergence of the upper cervical spine (occiput to C3) is fundamental for the interpretation of functional otorhinolaryngological symptoms. Based thereon, evidence for the most common cervical differential diagnoses of dizziness, tinnitus, dysphagia, and craniomandibular dysfunction is presented separately. The corresponding therapeutic options and their contraindications are discussed in the concluding chapter. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation in related fields is emphasized.

[On the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for the treatment of chronic idiopathic tinnitus]. / Zur interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie für die Therapie des chronisch-idiopathischen Tinnitus.

INTRODUCTION: Tinnitus is a frequent symptom, which, particularly in combination with comorbidities, can result in a severe disease-related burden. Chronic idiopathic tinnitus (CIT) is the most frequent type of tinnitus. A considerable number of treatment strategies are used to treat CIT-for many of which there is no evidence of efficacy. In order to enable scientific evidence-based treatment of CIT, German interdisciplinary S3 guidelines have recently been constructed for the first time. Here we present a short form of these S3 guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The guidelines were constructed based on a meta-analysis of the treatment of chronic tinnitus performed by the authors. Additionally, a systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Furthermore, a systematic search for international guidelines was performed in Google, as well as in the Guidelines International Network and National Guideline Clearinghouse (USA) database. Evidence was classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine system. RESULTS: According to the guidelines, alongside counselling, manualized structured tinnitus-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (tCBT) with a validated treatment manual is available as evidence-based therapy. In addition, the guidelines recommend concurrent treatment of comorbidities, including drug-based treatment, where appropriate. Particularly important is treatment of anxiety and depression. Where a psychic or psychiatric comorbidity is suspected, further diagnosis and treatment should be performed by an appropriately qualified specialist (psychiatrist, neurologist, psychosomatic medicine consultant) or psychological psychotherapist. In cases accompanied by deafness or hearing loss bordering on deafness, cochlear implants may be indicated. CONCLUSION: No recommendations can be made for drug-based treatment of CIT, audiotherapy, transcranial magnetic or electrical stimulation, specific forms of acoustic stimulation or music therapy; or such recommendations must remain open due to the lack of available evidence. Polypragmatic tinnitus treatment with therapeutic strategies for which there is no evidence of efficacy from controlled studies is to be refused.

[Somatosensoric tinnitus]. / Somatosensorischer Tinnitus.

Tinnitus can be caused or triggered by functional disorders of the cervical spine, temporomandibular joint or any other musculoskeletal structure of the neck or head. This special form of tinnitus is called somatosensory tinnitus and represents a discrete subgroup among the different kinds of tinnitus. Distinctive for this kind of tinnitus are alterations in volume and frequency during movement or the stimulation of certain muscles and joints. This can be evaluated using a structured testing method. To be able to easily perceive tinnitus modulations, the test must be performed in total silence. Effective treatment modules are physiotherapy, osteopathy, neural therapy, and Qigong for self-help.

[Management of atypical cervical mycobacteriosis in childhood]. / Management der zervikalen atypischen Mykobakteriose im Kindesalter.

Atypical mycobacteriosis is a rare cause of cervical lymphadenitis that most frequently affects immunoincompetent children between the ages of 12 months and 5 years. The typical clinical manifestation is a painless unilateral cervical mass. The nonspecific clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters complicate diagnosis and, therefore, therapeutic management. Various therapeutic options, including surgery, antimycobacterial drug therapy and wait-and-scan approaches are discussed in the literature. Complete surgical excision has become the established treatment of choice. However, controlled randomized studies that clearly demonstrate the benefits of a particular type of therapy are lacking.

Safety of intratympanic injection of AM-101 in patients with acute inner ear tinnitus.

Effective pharmacological treatments for tinnitus have proven elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of cochlear N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may underlie aberrant excitation of the auditory nerve, which in turn is perceived as tinnitus. The blocking of these receptors thus represents a promising therapeutic approach. In a recent phase I/II clinical trial, the safety and local tolerance of intratympanic injections of the NMDA receptor antagonist AM-101 was evaluated for the first time in humans. The results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study show that intratympanically injected AM-101 was well tolerated by study participants, and provided the first indications of therapeutic efficacy.

[The role of the cervical spine and the craniomandibular system in the pathogenesis of tinnitus. Somatosensory tinnitus]. / Die Rolle der Halswirbelsäule und des Kiefergelenks bei Tinnitus. Der sog. somatosensorische Tinnitus (SST).

The causes of tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing disturbances may be pathological processes in the cervical spine and temporomaxillary joint. In these cases, tinnitus is called somatosensory tinnitus (SST). For afferences of the cervical spine, projections of neuronal connections in the cochlear nucleus were found. A reflex-like impact of the cervical spine on the cochlear nucleus can be assumed. The tinnitus treatment concept of the Charité University Hospital in Berlin involves the cooperation of ENT specialists with many other disciplines in an outpatient clinic. A standardized examination protocol has been established, and physical therapy has been integrated into the interdisciplinary tinnitus treatment. For tinnitus-modulating therapy of muscular trigger points, local anesthetics as well as self-massage or treatment by a physiotherapist or osteopath are useful.

Retraining therapy for chronic tinnitus. A critical analysis of its status.

Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT), as conceived of mainly by PJ Jastreboff, has recently received increasing attention in the media, as well as in seminars and congresses on treatment methods for chronic tinnitus. It is often claimed, though not explicitly in scientific publications, that TRT is currently the most efficacious therapy for tinnitus, obtaining improvement rates exceeding 80%. This assertion is highly significant in light of the most likely increasing prevalence of chronic tinnitus and ensuing urgent demand for effective therapies. Before examining the evidence regarding the effectiveness of TRT, Jastreboff's theoretical idea of tinnitus as a neurophysiological disorder is examined and evaluated. This idea is plausible and is supported by some evidence. The interaction between neuroacoustic and emotional processes emphasized by Jastreboff is, however, neither new nor sufficiently elaborated with respect to the underlying psychological factors. The TRT intervention technique and its main components 'directive counselling' and use of 'noise generators' are found to be theoretically well grounded. The lack of detailed information concerning TRT implementation and the potential consequence that differing interventions may be labelled TRT are criticized. Jastreboff's obvious opposition to psychologists' participation in TRT, despite the increase in efficacy they could affect through utilization of cognitive restructuring techniques and behaviour modification interventions, is also criticized. Finally, studies regarding the efficacy of TRT are reviewed and severe methodological shortcomings (e.g. lack of controlled randomized group studies) in TRT research are noted. Taking the current state of evidence into account, we conclude that there is no convincing empirical support for the assumption that TRT is superior to other treatments, since no comparative studies have been conducted. It is contended that there is more substantial empirical support for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural interventions in reducing tinnitus annoyance and tinnitus-related suffering. The necessity for methodologically well-designed studies to pinpoint effect sizes of TRT and compare them with other techniques, especially cognitive-behavioural ones, is emphasized.

The effect of lidocaine on chronic tinnitus: a quantitative cerebral perfusion study.

The cerebral perfusion of a 55-year-old female patient with chronic tinnitus was investigated quantitatively by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with the xenon133 inhalation method. The first investigation was performed under standard conditions, the second during suppression of tinnitus with intravenous injection of lidocaine. As a reference a healthy volunteer was included under the same conditions. The global cortical perfusion was identical on both sides except for increased perfusion in the auditory cortex, especially on the right side when tinnitus lasted during the first measurement. The second investigation under treatment with lidocaine and during the tinnitus-free interval showed a decrease of the global cortical perfusion with a slightly higher value at the temporal cortex bilaterally. In comparison to the first investigation, a difference between right and left auditory cortex could no longer be demonstrated, and also the difference between regional and global perfusion decreased. A cerebral effect under treatment of tinnitus with lidocaine was shown by the quantitative measurement of brain perfusion. It is debatable whether this effect on cerebral activity results from the medication or as a reaction to the tinnitus-free interval.

[Earache and functional disorders of the cervical spine]. / Ohrschmerz und Funktionsstörungen der Halswirbelsäule.

The importance of the cervical spine in routine ENT practice is discussed, using the example of otalgia due to disorders of the cervical vertebra: Evaluation and follow-ups of 13,000 patients showed that 6% had diseases caused by the cervical spine. Frequency, pathophysiology and treatment results of cervicogenic otalgia are presented. The principles of adequate functional diagnostics and therapy of cervical spine disorders are explained.

[Life saving glance diagnosis in type IIb multiple endocrine neoplasia]. / Die lebensrettende Blickdiagnose bei der Multiplen Endokrinen Neoplasie Typ IIb.

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is a feature of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIb (MEN IIb). The cancer frequently gives rise to metastases in early life. Marfanoid habitus and virtually pathognomic mucosal ganglioneuromas, often situated on the tongue, enable early diagnosis. These stigmata should alert the clinician to the possibility of MEN IIb before medullary carcinoma is clinically manifest. We now believe that it is reasonable to perform a total thyroidectomy in children with the typical physical appearance of this syndrome regardless of age since medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland appears in almost every case. Calcitonin, a hormone secreted by the C-cells, serves as a plasma tumor marker. Intravenously administered, pentagastrin is a potent secretagogue which is very useful in the early diagnosis of either primary or recurrent medullary carcinoma. With this pentagastrin test, a laboratory screening program is possible allowing the clinician, specialist, to recognize the syndrome.