DOES TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT MODIFY FLEXION AXIS OF THE KNEE ON FRONTAL AND AXIAL PLANE REGARDLESS FROM LIMB ALIGNMENT?

The optimal reference for rotational positioning of femoral component in total knee replacement (TKR) is debated. Navigation has been suggested for intra-op acquisition of patient’s specific kinematics and functional flexion axis (FFA). The main purpose of the present study is to prospectively investigate whether pre-operative FFA in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and varus alignment changes after TKR and whether a correlation exists between post-op FFA and pre-op alignment. A navigated TKR was performed in 108 patients using a specific software to acquire passive joint kinematics before and after TKR. The knee was cycled through three passive range of motions (PROM), from 0° to 120°. FFA was computed using the mean helical axis algorithm. The angle between FFA and surgical TEA was determined on frontal (αf) and axial (αa) plane. The pre- and post-op hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) was determined. Post-op FFA was different from pre-op FFA only on frontal plane. No significant difference was found on axial plane. No correlation was found between HKA-pre and αA-pre. A significant correlation was found between HKA-pre and αF–pre. The study concluded that TKR modifies FFA only on frontal plane. No difference was found on axial plane. Pre-op FFA is in a more varus position respect to TEA. The position of FFA on frontal plane is dependent on limb alignment. The present study has demonstrated TKR modifies the position of FFA only on frontal plane. The position of FFA on axial plane is not dependent on the amount of varus deformity and is not influenced by TKR. Level of evidence, IV, case series.

Does total knee arthroplasty modify flexion axis of the knee?

PURPOSE: To prospectively investigate whether preoperative functional flexion axis in patients with osteoarthritis- and varus-alignment changes after total knee arthroplasty and whether a correlation exists both between preoperative functional flexion axis and native limb deformity. METHODS: A navigated total knee arthroplasty was performed in 108 patients using a specific software to acquire passive joint kinematics before and after implant positioning. The knee was cycled through three passive range of motions, from 0° to 120°. Functional flexion axis was computed using the mean helical axis algorithm. The angle between the functional flexion axis and the surgical transepicondylar axis was determined on frontal (α (F)) and axial (α (A)) plane. The pre- and postoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, related to femur mechanical axis, was determined. RESULTS: Postoperative functional flexion axis was different from preoperative only on frontal plane, while no differences were found on axial plane. No correlation was found between preoperative α (A) and native limb deformity, while a poor correlation was found in frontal plane, between α (F) and preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle. CONCLUSIONS: Total knee arthroplasty affects functional flexion axis only on frontal plane while has no effect on axial plane. Preoperative functional flexion axis is in a more varus position respect to the transepicondylar axis both in pre- and postoperative conditions. Moreover, the position of the functional axis on frontal plane in preoperative conditions is dependent on native limb alignment, while on axial plane is not dependent on the amount of preoperative varus deformity.

Do pre-operative knee laxity values influence post-operative ones after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?

The objective of this study was to verify whether pre-reconstruction laxity condition effects post-reconstruction outcome. A total of 100 patients who underwent navigated Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction were included in the study and knee laxity analysed retrospectively. The knee was assessed in six different laxity tests before and after ACL reconstruction, namely antero-posterior (AP) and internal-external (IE) at 30° and 90°, and varus-valgus (VV) rotations at 0° and 30° of flexion. For each test, the least square (LS) fitting line based on pre-operative-to-post-operative laxity value was calculated. To what degree the post-operative laxity value is explainable by the corresponding pre-operative condition was evaluated by the LS line slope. Post-operatively, for each single patient, the grade of laxity decreased at any evaluated test. The strongest influence of pre-operative-to-post-operative laxity values was found during IE30 and IE90 tests. While AP30 and VV0 tests seem to be those in which the post-reconstruction laxity was barely affected by the pre-surgery condition. The analysis of the global laxity reduction confirms the previous results. Following this hypothesis, our study remarks on the importance of combined lesions to secondary restraints and the importance of fully understanding the residual laxity to optimize the surgical technique.

Anatomic double-bundle and over-the-top single-bundle with additional extra-articular tenodesis: an in vivo quantitative assessment of knee laxity in two different ACL reconstructions.

PURPOSE: Combinations of intra- and extra-articular procedures have been proposed for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the aim of achieving an optimal control of translational and rotational knee laxities. Recently, the need for better reproducing the structural and functional behavior of the native anterior cruciate ligament led to the definition of anatomic double-bundle surgical approach. This study aimed to quantitatively verify whether the in vivo static and dynamic behavior obtained using over-the-top single-bundle with extra-articular tenodesis reconstruction was comparable to the results achieved by anatomic double-bundle approach. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive patients, with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury, were included in the study. Standard clinical laxities and pivot-shift test were quantified before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by means of a surgical navigation system dedicated to kinematic assessment; displacements of medial and lateral compartment during stress tests were also analyzed. RESULTS: Single-bundle with extra-articular tenodesis approach presented statistically better laxity reduction in varus/valgus stress test at full extension and in internal/external rotation at 90° of flexion; lateral plasty controlled better the lateral compartment during drawer test and varus/valgus stress test both at 0° and 30° of flexion and both the compartments during internal/external rotation at 90° of flexion. On the other hand, pivot-shift phenomenon was better controlled by anatomic double-bundle reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Both the reconstructions worked similarly for static knee laxity. The extra-articular procedure played an important role in better constraining the displacement of lateral tibial compartment, whereas the anatomic double-bundle reconstruction better restored the dynamic behavior of knee joint highlighted under pivot-shift stress test. STUDY DESIGN: Case series.

Knee functional flexion axis in osteoarthritic patients: comparison in vivo with transepicondylar axis using a navigation system.

PURPOSE: No study, up to now, has examined the effect of arthritis on pathologic subjects using functional flexion axis (FFA). The purpose of this study is to understand whether arthritis affects somehow the FFA evaluation and to assess whether the FFA could be considered a usable reference for implant positioning for osteoarthritic knees. METHODS: Using a navigation system, FFA orientation was evaluated intraoperatively (computed with the mean helical axis method) in three different ranges of motion (0°-120°; 35°-80°; 35°-120°) and in two different planes (coronal and axial), for 111 osteoarthritis patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The results were compared with a control group of 60 patients that underwent ACL reconstruction. The angle between the transepicondylar axis (TEA) and FFA was computed. RESULTS: Results showed in arthritic knees on frontal plane, an average difference between TEA and FFA of -2.8° ± 5.0° while on axial plane it was 0.6° ± 4.7°. No statistical difference was found between the three ranges in axial view, whereas some difference was found in frontal view (P < 0.0001). The TEA-FFA angle was not correlated with limb alignment on axial plane, while it was, even if poor, in frontal plane. In the control group, in frontal and in axial view, no statistical difference was found for the angle between TEA and FFA. CONCLUSIONS: FFA can be used as reference for implant positioning in axial plane also in pathologic knees, while for the frontal plane further investigations are required.

Does chronic medial collateral ligament laxity influence the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?: a prospective evaluation with a minimum three-year follow-up.

We have shown in a previous study that patients with combined lesions of the anterior cruciate (ACL) and medial collateral ligaments (MCL) had similar anteroposterior (AP) but greater valgus laxity at 30° after reconstruction of the ACL when compared with patients who had undergone reconstruction of an isolated ACL injury. The present study investigated the same cohort of patients after a minimum of three years to evaluate whether the residual valgus laxity led to a poorer clinical outcome. Each patient had undergone an arthroscopic double-bundle ACL reconstruction using a semitendinosus-gracilis graft. In the combined ACL/MCL injury group, the grade II medial collateral ligament injury was not treated. At follow-up, AP laxity was measured using a KT-2000 arthrometer, while valgus laxity was evaluated with Telos valgus stress radiographs and compared with the uninjured knee. We evaluated clinical outcome scores, muscle girth and time to return to activities for the two groups. Valgus stress radiographs showed statistically significant greater mean medial joint opening in the reconstructed compared with the uninjured knees (1.7 mm (SD 0.9) versus 0.9 mm (SD 0.7), respectively, p = 0.013), while no statistically significant difference was found between the AP laxity and the other clinical parameters. Our results show that the residual valgus laxity does not affect AP laxity significantly at a minimum follow up of three years, suggesting that no additional surgical procedure is needed for the medial collateral ligament in combined lesions.

KIN-Nav navigation system for kinematic assessment in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: features, use, and perspectives.

In this paper a new navigation system, KIN-Nav, developed for research and used during 80 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions is described. KIN-Nav is a user-friendly navigation system for flexible intraoperative acquisitions of anatomical and kinematic data, suitable for validation of biomechanical hypotheses. It performs real-time quantitative evaluation of antero-posterior, internal-external, and varus-valgus knee laxity at any degree of flexion and provides a new interface for this task, suitable also for comparison of pre-operative and post-operative knee laxity and surgical documentation. In this paper the concept and features of KIN-Nav, which represents a new approach to navigation and allows the investigation of new quantitative measurements in ACL reconstruction, are described. Two clinical studies are reported, as examples of clinical potentiality and correct use of this methodology. In this paper a preliminary analysis of KIN-Nav's reliability and clinical efficacy, performed during blinded repeated measures by three independent examiners, is also given. This analysis is the first assessment of the potential of navigation systems for evaluating knee kinematics.

Ligament balancing in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty: improved clinical results with a spring-loaded tensioning device.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains one of the most successful procedures in orthopaedic surgery. Complications certainly exist and are often related to failure of knee ligament balance. This asymmetry subsequently leads to component mal-alignment and loosening often secondary to deviation of the lower extremity mechanical axis. Understanding knee mechanics is essential, and recent technological advances have begun to minimize postoperative problems. A tensioning device that respects the native patellofemoral anatomy as well as the natural ligamentous strains has been developed. The surgical integration of computer-assisted navigation has allowed for enhanced accuracy and subsequently better results. The purpose of the current paper is to discuss the evolution of an improved ligament tensioning device, in the setting of classic mechanical guidance versus computer assistance and its postoperative impact on total knee outcomes in terms of manipulation rates and two-year radiographic alignment data. Based on a single surgeon series, mechanically guided arthroplasties resulted in a 16 per cent manipulation rate. Computer assistance with spacer blocks decreased the manipulation rate to 14 per cent, while using a novel tensioner device further decreased the manipulation rate to 7 per cent, a significant difference of p < 0.01. Radiographic data illustrate all TKAs with the tensioner to be within 4 degrees of the desired position.

New intraoperative protocol for kinematic evaluation of ACL reconstruction: preliminary results.

A real improvement in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery would be achieved if a global kinematic evaluation of graft performance could be made during surgery. A quantitative evaluation of all residual instabilities would be helpful in the evaluation of graft performances. This paper describes a new protocol for an accurate and extensive computer-assisted in vivo evaluation of joint laxities during ACL reconstruction. Fifteen in vivo kinematic evaluations during ACL reconstruction were performed using an optical localizer and custom software. The capability of the protocol was studied by analyzing the accuracy and repeatability of the results, the ergonomics of the setup, time taken, interactions with the surgical steps, and efficacy of the acquisitions. Repeatability of the tests, at maximum force, remained under 1 mm/2 degrees . Repeatability in tibia position and orientation was lower than 1 mm/4 degrees . Secondary laxities during stress tests remained under 2 mm/3 degrees . Added time to surgery was about 11 min. ACL graft increased joint stability up to 52% with respect to the preoperative level. The simplicity and morbidity of the test procedure and system was minimally invasive and allowed a quantitative evaluation of knee laxities at time zero. The repeatability of the tests opens the way for future research on in vivo evaluation of different ACL reconstruction techniques, which may lead to a better understanding of associated lesions and their role to the global knee stability.

Validation of a new protocol for computer-assisted evaluation of kinematics of double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted surgery is useful to increase the precision of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgical procedure, but could be even more important in evaluating the global performance of reconstructed ACL. This paper describes a new protocol for an accurate and extensive computer-assisted evaluation of single- and double-bundle reconstructions of ACL. METHODS: The protocol consists of the acquisition of the leg axes, ACL and graft insertions by a navigation system, and tracking of the knee motion during the classical kinematic test of knee stability. These data are elaborated by computer software in order to compute graft biomechanical behaviour and the knee kinematics and estimate the performance of the intervention. FINDINGS: The proposed protocol was validated on three cadaver knees. It resulted minimally invasive, effective to describe graft kinematic performance and able to provide a 3D reliable description of the reconstructed knee. INTERPRETATION: The protocol is an extension of the present evaluation of computer-assisted packages and includes additional kinematic tests and computations. The scientist-reader can find important details on tested computations to implement a similar computer-assisted procedure for new applications in knee surgery, while the surgeon can find in this procedure a means to improve the evaluation of ACL reconstruction and identify the residual laxity.