RESUMO
Objective Real-life management of patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among European Society of Hypertension Excellence Centres (ESH-ECs) is unclear : we aimed to investigate it. Methods A survey was conducted in 2023. The questionnaire contained 64 questions asking ESH-ECs representatives to estimate how patients with CKD are managed. Results Overall, 88 ESH-ECS representatives from 27 countries participated. According to the responders, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, calcium-channel blockers and thiazides were often added when these medications were lacking in CKD patients, but physicians were more prone to initiate RAS blockers (90% [interquartile range: 70-95%]) than MRA (20% [10-30%]), SGLT2i (30% [20-50%]) or (GLP1-RA (10% [5-15%]). Despite treatment optimisation, 30% of responders indicated that hypertension remained uncontrolled (30% (15-40%) vs 18% [10%-25%]) in CKD and CKD patients, respectively). Hyperkalemia was the most frequent barrier to initiate RAS blockers, and dosage reduction was considered in 45% of responders when kalaemia was 5.5-5.9 mmol/L. Conclusions RAS blockers are initiated in most ESH-ECS in CKD patients, but MRA and SGLT2i initiations are less frequent. Hyperkalemia was the main barrier for initiation or adequate dosing of RAS blockade, and RAS blockers' dosage reduction was the usual management.
What is the context? Hypertension is a strong independent risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progression of CKD to ESKD. Improved adherence to the guidelines in the treatment of CKD is believed to provide further reduction of cardiorenal events. European Society of Hypertension Excellence Centres (ESH-ECs) have been developed in Europe to provide excellency regarding management of patients with hypertension and implement guidelines. Numerous deficits regarding general practitioner CKD screening, use of nephroprotective drugs and referral to nephrologists prior to referral to ESH-ECs have been reported. In contrast, real-life management of these patients among ESH-ECs is unknown. Before implementation of strategies to improve guideline adherence in Europe, we aimed to investigate how patients with CKD are managed among the ESH-ECs.What is the study about? In this study, a survey was conducted in 2023 by the ESH to assess management of CKD patients referred to ESH-ECs. The questionnaire contained 64 questions asking ESH-ECs representatives to estimate how patients with CKD are managed among their centres.What are the results? RAAS blockers are initiated in 90% of ESH-ECs in CKD patients, but the initiation of MRA and SGLT2i is less frequently done. Hyperkalemia is the main barrier for initiation or adequate dosing of RAAS blockade, and its most reported management was RAAS blockers dosage reduction. These findings will be crucial to implement strategies in order to improve management of patients with CKD and guideline adherence among ESH-ECs.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Europa (Continente) , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Sociedades Médicas , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Measuring blood pressure (BP) and investigating arterial hemodynamics are essential in understanding cardiovascular disease and assessing cardiovascular risk. Several methods are used to measure BP in the doctor's office, at home, or over 24âh under ambulatory conditions. Similarly, several noninvasive methods have been introduced for assessing arterial structure and function; these methods differ for the large arteries, the small ones, and the capillaries. Consequently, when studying arterial hemodynamics, the clinician is faced with a multitude of assessment methods whose technical details, advantages, and limitations are sometimes unclear. Moreover, the conditions and procedures for their optimal implementation, and/or the reference normality values for the parameters they yield are not always taken into sufficient consideration. Therefore, a practice guideline summarizing the main methods and their use in clinical practice is needed. This expert group position paper was developed by an international group of scientists after a two-day meeting during which each of the most used methods and techniques for blood pressure measurement and arterial function and structure evaluation were presented and discussed, focusing on their advantages, limitations, indications, normal values, and their pragmatic clinical application.
Assuntos
Artérias , Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Pressão Sanguínea , Humanos , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Artérias/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) can be assessed using office (OBP), home (HBP), or ambulatory BP (ABP) measurements. This analysis investigated the association and agreement between OBP, HBP, and ABP measurements for BPV assessment at baseline and 10âweeks after initiating antihypertensive drug therapy. METHODS: Untreated hypertensive patients with elevated BPV were randomized to receive an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril) or a calcium channel blocker (nifedipine GITS) in a 10-week, open-label, blinded-end point study. BPV was assessed using standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) (reading-to-reading analyses). RESULTS: Data from 146 participants from three research centers (Athens/Greece; Milan/Italy; Shanghai/China) were analyzed [mean age 53â±â10 (SD) years, male individuals 60%, baseline systolic OBP, HBP, and 24âh ABP 144â±â9, 138â±â10, and 143â±â10âmmHg, respectively]. Post-treatment minus pre-treatment systolic CV difference was: OBP: 0.3%, P â=â0.28; HBP: -0.2%, P â=â0.20; 24âh ABP: 1.1%, P â<â0.001. Home and ambulatory (not office) BPV indices presented weak-to-moderate correlation, both before and during treatment (range of coefficients 0.04-0.33). The correlation coefficient between systolic HBP and awake ABP CV was 0.21 and 0.28 before and during treatment, respectively ( P â<â0.05/<â0.001, respectively). Home and ambulatory (not office) BPV indices presented slight-to-fair agreement (range 64-73%) in detecting participants with high systolic BPV (top quartile of respective distributions) both before and during treatment (kappa range 0.04-0.27). CONCLUSION: These data showed a weak-to-moderate association between out-of-office (but not office) BPV indices both before and during BP-lowering treatment, with reasonable agreement in detecting individuals with high BPV. Out-of-office BP measurements provide more similar and consistent BPV information than office measurements.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Pressão Sanguínea , Hipertensão , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Adulto , Ramipril/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Nifedipino/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Real-life management of hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. METHODS: A survey was conducted in 2023 by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) to assess management of CKD patients referred to ESH-Hypertension Excellence Centres (ESH-ECs) at first referral visit. The questionnaire contained 64 questions with which ESH-ECs representatives were asked to estimate preexisting CKD management quality. RESULTS: Overall, 88 ESH-ECs from 27 countries participated (fully completed surveys: 66/88 [75.0%]). ESH-ECs reported that 28% (median, interquartile range: 15-50%) had preexisting CKD, with 10% of them (5-30%) previously referred to a nephrologist, while 30% (15-40%) had resistant hypertension. The reported rate of previous recent (<6âmonths) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) testing were 80% (50-95%) and 30% (15-50%), respectively. The reported use of renin-angiotensin system blockers was 80% (70-90%). When a nephrologist was part of the ESH-EC teams the reported rates SGLT2 inhibitors (27.5% [20-40%] vs. 15% [10-25], P â=â0.003), GLP1-RA (10% [10-20%] vs. 5% [5-10%], P â=â0.003) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (20% [10-30%] vs. 15% [10-20%], P â=â0.05) use were greater as compared to ESH-ECs without nephrologist participation. The rate of reported resistant hypertension, recent eGFR and UACR results and management of CKD patients prior to referral varied widely across countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimation indicates deficits regarding CKD screening, use of nephroprotective drugs and referral to nephrologists before referral to ESH-ECs but results varied widely across countries. This information can be used to build specific programs to improve care in hypertensives with CKD.
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Hipertensão , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/complicações , Inquéritos e Questionários , Masculino , Feminino , Projetos Piloto , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Europa (Continente) , Idoso , Taxa de Filtração GlomerularRESUMO
Recent evidence suggests that an exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to standing (ERTS) is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, both in young and old individuals. In addition, ERTS has been shown to be an independent predictor of masked hypertension. In the vast majority of studies reporting on the prognostic value of orthostatic hypertension (OHT), the definition was based only on systolic office BP measurements. This consensus statement provides recommendations on the assessment and management of individuals with ERTS and/or OHT. ERTS is defined as an orthostatic increase in SBP at least 20âmmHg and OHT as an ERTS with standing SBP at least 140âmmHg. This statement recommends a standardized methodology to assess ERTS, by considering body and arm position, and the number and timing of BP measurements. ERTS/OHT should be confirmed in a second visit, to account for its limited reproducibility. The second assessment should evaluate BP changes from the supine to the standing posture. Ambulatory BP monitoring is recommended in most individuals with ERTS/OHT, especially if they have high-normal seated office BP. Implementation of lifestyle changes and close follow-up are recommended in individuals with ERTS/OHT and normotensive seated office BP. Whether antihypertensive treatment should be administered in the latter is unknown. Hypertensive patients with ERTS/OHT should be managed as any other hypertensive patient. Standardized standing BP measurement should be implemented in future epidemiological and interventional studies.
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Pressão Sanguínea , Hipertensão , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/terapia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Consenso , Posição Ortostática , Europa (Continente) , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a leading cardiovascular risk factor. Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is pivotal in hypertension diagnosis and management. Conventional office blood pressure measurements (OBPMs) are errorprone, exacerbated by the whitecoat effect. Unattended automated office blood pressure measurement (UAOBPM) is emerging as an alternative, mitigating the whitecoat effect. However, its ability to predict hypertensionmediated organ damage (HMOD) remains disputable. OBJECTIVES: This study compares UAOBPM with OBPM in terms of their association with various types of HMOD, including left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, intimamedia complex thickening, microalbuminuria, and abnormal pulse wave velocity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 219 hypertensive patients were recruited, interviewed, and examined. Subsequently, BP measurements were conducted in a randomized manner: 1) UAOBPM, after 5 minutes of solitary rest in an examination room, BP was automatically measured 3 times at 1minute intervals; 2) OBPM, after 5 minutes of rest, a physician performed 3 consecutive BP measurements at 1minute intervals. Subsequent evaluations aimed to detect HMOD and included echocardiography, carotid artery ultrasound, pulse wave velocity assessment, and laboratory tests. RESULTS: UAOBP values were lower than the OBP ones (mean [SD], 124.7 [14.4] vs 128.2 [14.2] mm Hg; P <0.001 for systolic BP, and 73.3 [10.2] vs 75.2 [10.6] mm Hg; P <0.001 for diastolic BP). Correlation and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed no superiority of either method in predicting HMOD. CONCLUSIONS: The UAOBPM did not prove superior to OBPM in predicting HMOD. Further research is warranted to determine the role of UAOBPM in clinical practice.
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Determinação da Pressão Arterial , Hipertensão , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Idoso , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea , Análise de Onda de Pulso , Espessura Intima-Media CarotídeaRESUMO
Background and aim: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the most effective therapy for symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, uncertainty remains about the effectiveness of CPAP in improving OSA-related metabolic dysregulation. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to investigate whether CPAP, compared to other control treatments, could improve glucose or lipid metabolism in OSA patients. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in three different databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science) from inception to 6th Feb 2022 through specific search terms and selection criteria. Results: From a total of 5553 articles, 31 RCTs were included. CPAP modestly improved insulin sensitivity as determined by mean fasting plasma insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance reduction of 1.33mU/L and 0.287, respectively. In subgroup analyses pre-diabetic/type 2 diabetic patients as well as those with sleepy OSA showed a greater response to CPAP. Regarding lipid metabolism, CPAP was associated with a mean total cholesterol reduction of 0.064mmol/L. In subgroup analyses, the benefit was higher in patients that showed more severe OSA and oxygen desaturations at the baseline sleep study as well as in younger and obese subjects. Neither glycated haemoglobin nor triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by CPAP. Conclusion: CPAP treatment may improve insulin sensitivity and total cholesterol levels in OSA patients but with low effect size. Our results suggest that CPAP does not substantially improve metabolic derangements in an unselected OSA population, but the effect may be higher in specific subgroups of OSA patients. (AU)