Energetics of twisted elastic filament pairs.

We investigate the elastic energy stored in a filament pair as a function of applied twist by measuring torque under prescribed end-to-end separation conditions. We show that the torque increases rapidly to a peak with applied twist when the filaments are initially separate, then decreases to a minimum as the filaments cross and come into contact. The torque then increases again while the filaments form a double helix with increasing twist. A nonlinear elasto-geometric model that combines the effect of geometrical nonlinearities with large stretching and self-twist is shown to capture the evolution of the helical geometry, torque profile, and stored energy with twist. We find that a large fraction of the total energy is stored in stretching the filaments, which increases with separation distance and applied tension. We find that only a small fraction of energy is stored in the form of bending energy, and that the contribution due to contact energy is negligible. Further, we provide analytical formulas for the torque observed as a function of the applied twist and the inverse relation of the observed angle for a given applied torque in the Hookean limit. Our study highlights the consequences of stretchablility on filament twisting, which is a fundamental topological transformation relevant to making ropes, tying shoelaces, actuating robots, and the physical properties of entangled polymers.

Escape dynamics of confined undulating worms.

We investigate the escape dynamics of oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegatus by confining them to a quasi-2D circular chamber with a narrow exit passage. The worms move by performing undulatory and peristaltic strokes and use their head to actively probe their surroundings. We show that the worms follow the chamber boundary with occasional reversals in direction and with velocities determined by the orientation angle of the body with respect to the boundary. The average time needed to reach the passage decreases with its width before approaching a constant, consistent with a boundary-following search strategy. We model the search dynamics as a persistent random walk along the boundary and demonstrate that the head increasingly skips over the passage entrance for smaller passage widths due to body undulations. The simulations capture the observed exponential time-distributions taken to reach the exit and their mean as a function of width when starting from random locations. Even after the head penetrates the passage entrance, we find that the worm does not always escape because the head withdraws rhythmically back into the chamber over distances set by the dual stroke amplitudes. Our study highlights the importance of boundary following and body strokes in determining how active matter escapes from enclosed spaces.

Responding to Humanitarian Crises: Midwifery Care in Bangladesh.

Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is often a neglected topic of intervention in humanitarian crises despite its wide-ranging impact on women and girls' well-being. Increasing frequency of climate-induced natural disasters calls for an urgent need to identify innovative practices for sustainable and effective humanitarian preparedness and response to ensure SRHR of affected populations. One such innovation is the empowerment of midwives in disaster response program planning and implementation. This article describes how midwives deployed to rural primary health centers provided quality SRHR services, particularly for labor and birth assistance and initial management of perinatal emergencies and referral in the aftermath of the 2022 flooding in northern and northeastern Bangladesh. Supportive supervision from physicians, adequate health care logistics and supplies, and administrative support from local health authorities created an enabling environment for the midwives. Community engagement through volunteers helped build rapport with residents and allowed patients to navigate health services. Deploying midwives as a response to climate-induced natural disaster was successful in establishing quality SRHR services. Future recommendations include systematically deploying midwives in health centers closest to the communities in locations vulnerable to climate change as part of routine health service delivery. This innovative approach clearly demonstrated that utilization of midwives during and after natural disasters could build community and health system resilience to climate change.

An evaluation of the introduction of telehealth for remote antenatal and postnatal contacts in Bangladesh and Lao People's Democratic Republic during the COVID-19 pandemic.

From 2020, COVID-19 spread rapidly around the globe and continues to have a major impact on health system functioning, with a disproportionate impact on low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Reduced service utilisation and coverage of essential childbirth interventions is likely impacting maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. Telehealth has been identified as an important tool in the continued provision of essential healthcare services. The aim of this study was to explore the experience and impact of implementing telehealth services for the provision of remote antenatal (ANC) and postnatal (PNC) contacts in regions of Bangladesh and Lao People's Democratic Republic through 100 semi-structured interviews with health service leaders and providers, and childbearing women who organised, provided, or were the recipients of ANC and PNC telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic response. The findings showed that a sudden pivot from face-to-face to telehealth services posed both health system and provision of care challenges. Health systems lacked funding to support telehealth and the infrastructure needed for service changes; however, some were able to work with key maternal child health departments within Ministries of Health to find the resources to implement the services. Health providers found telehealth beneficial during the pandemic response but identified a lack of training, guidance, and support as a barrier to changing practice. Childbearing women reported being fearful of accessing care at health services due to COVID-19, and whilst they appreciated the telehealth contacts, many continued to prefer face-to-face delivery of ANC and PNC care. Telehealth, however, was a good alternative in a time when face-to-face care was not possible. Considerations for post-pandemic broader implementation or scale-up of telehealth for routine antenatal and postnatal maternity care provision include the need for further research on issues such as accessibility, acceptability, quality of care, and sustainability of service provision.

Novel gold(I) complexes induce apoptosis in leukemia cells via the ROS-induced mitochondrial pathway with an upregulation of Harakiri and overcome multi drug resistances in leukemia and lymphoma cells and sensitize drug resistant tumor cells to apoptosis in vitro.

Gold complexes could be promising for tumor therapy because of their cytotoxic and cytostatic properties. We present novel gold(I) complexes and clarify whether they also show antitumor activity by studying apoptosis induction in different tumor cell lines in vitro, comparing the compounds on resistant cells and analyzing the mechanism of action. We particularly highlight one gold complex that shows cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on leukemia and lymphoma cells already in the nanomolar range, induces apoptosis via the intrinsic signaling pathway, and plays a role in the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, not only did we demonstrate a large number of resistance overcomes on resistant cell lines, but some of these cell lines were significantly more sensitive to the new gold compound. Our results show promising properties for the gold compound as anti-tumor drug and suggest that it can subvert resistance mechanisms and thus targets resistant cells for killing.

Emergency management for severe burn (EMSB) course for the nurses in Bangladesh: opportunity and way forward.

Background: The emergency management of severe burn (EMSB) course is one of the widely taken courses in over 15 courses worldwide. In Bangladesh, the course has been running since 2008. Over 600 doctors and only 72 nurses participated in the EMSB courses in Bangladesh. The study explored the experiences of the EMSB course for the nurse, including opportunity and way forward. Methodology: A multi-method study was conducted. Quantitative data were collected from 54 nurses using the telephone interviews. In addition, one focus group discussion was performed with the EMSB faculty members to obtain qualitative information. Results: Out of 54 participant nurses, 47(87.04%) were female, and 7 (12.96%) were male. Almost two-thirds of nurses (62.96%) were working at medical colleges and hospitals. About 52% of the respondents stated that they had the opportunity to use the knowledge and skill acquired from EMSB training in managing burn patients. Those who had a chance to use the EMSB course knowledge, among them a vast majority (92.8%) mentioned that it helped manage severe burn patients. However, every nurse struggled with the course language. As a result, they were not able to qualify for the written course examination. They were also not able to interact well during the lecture sessions. However, nurses did well in the moulage practical simulation session. Conclusions: Immediate management of burn at the facility level could reduce disease burden, including hospital stay and quality of life. Nurses EMSB course, therefore, is essential for burn management in Bangladesh. Furthermore, course content updating, including bilingual option, could improve the nurse's course completion rate and confidence to contribute to their job areas.

Quenching of oscillations in a liquid metal via attenuated coupling.

In this work, we report a quenching of oscillations observed upon coupling two chemomechanical oscillators. Each one of these oscillators consists of a drop of liquid metal submerged in an oxidizing solution. These pseudoidentical oscillators have been shown to exhibit both periodic and aperiodic oscillatory behavior. In the experiments performed on these oscillators, we find that coupling two such oscillators via an attenuated resistive coupling leads the coupled system towards an oscillation quenched state. To further comprehend these experimental observations, we numerically explore and verify the presence of similar oscillation quenching in a model of coupled Hindmarsh-Rose (HR) systems. A linear stability analysis of this HR system reveals that attenuated coupling induces a change in eigenvalues of the relevant Jacobian, leading to stable quenched oscillation states. Additionally, the analysis yields a threshold of attenuation for oscillation quenching that is consistent with the value observed in numerics. So this phenomenon, demonstrated through experiments, as well as simulations and analysis of a model system, suggests a powerful natural mechanism that can potentially suppress periodic and aperiodic oscillations in coupled nonlinear systems.

Psychometric validation of diabetes distress scale in Bangladeshi population.

Diabetes Distress (DD)-an emotional or affective state arise from challenge of living with diabetes and the burden of self-care-negatively impact diabetes management and quality of life of T2DM patients. Early detection and management of DD is key to efficient T2DM management. The study aimed at developing a valid and reliable instrument for Bangladeshi patients as unavailability such a tool posing challenge in diabetes care. Linguistically adapted, widely used, 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), developed through forward-backward translation from English to Bengali, was administered on 1184 T2DM patients, from four diabetes hospitals in Bangladesh. Psychometric assessment of the instrument included, construct validity using principal component factor analysis, internal consistency using Cronbach's α and discriminative validity through independent t-test and test-retest reliability using intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kappa statistics. Factor analysis extracted 4 components similar to original DDS domains, confirms the construct validity. The scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.838), stability (test-retest ICC = 0.941) and good agreement across repeated measurements (Kappa = 0.584). Discriminative validity revealed that patients with complication (p < 0.001) and those are on insulin (p < 0.001) had significantly higher distress scores in all domains. Bengali version of DDS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing distress among Bangladeshi T2DM patients.

Ill-matched timescales in coupled systems can induce oscillation suppression.

We explore the behavior of two coupled oscillators, considering combinations of similar and dissimilar oscillators, with their intrinsic dynamics ranging from periodic to chaotic. We first investigate the coupling of two different real-world systems, namely, the chemical mercury beating heart oscillator and the electronic Chua oscillator, with the disparity in the timescales of the constituent oscillators. Here, we are considering a physical situation that is not commonly addressed: the coupling of sub-systems whose characteristic timescales are very different. Our findings indicate that the oscillations in coupled systems are quenched to oscillation death (OD) state, at sufficiently high coupling strength, when there is a large timescale mismatch. In contrast, phase synchronization occurs when their timescales are comparable. In order to further strengthen the concept, we demonstrate this timescale-induced oscillation suppression and phase synchrony through numerical simulations, with the disparity in the timescales serving as a tuning or control parameter. Importantly, oscillation suppression (OD) occurs for a significantly smaller timescale mismatch when the coupled oscillators are chaotic. This suggests that the inherent broad spectrum of timescales underlying chaos aids oscillation suppression, as the temporal complexity of chaotic dynamics lends a natural heterogeneity to the timescales. The diversity of the experimental systems and numerical models we have chosen as a test-bed for the proposed concept lends support to the broad generality of our findings. Last, these results indicate the potential prevention of system failure by small changes in the timescales of the constituent dynamics, suggesting a potent control strategy to stabilize coupled systems to steady states.

Status evaluation of provinces affected by COVID-19: A qualitative assessment using fuzzy system.

The outbreak of COVID-19 had already shown its harmful impact on mankind, especially on health sectors, global economy, education systems, cultures, politics, and other important fields. Like most of the affected countries in the globe, India is now facing serious crisis due to COVID-19 in the recent times. The evaluation of the present status of the provinces affected by COVID-19 is very much essential to the government authorities to impose preventive strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19 and to take necessary measures. In this article, a computational methodology is developed to estimate the present status of states and provinces which are affected due to COVID-19 using a fuzzy inference system. The factors such as population density, number of COVID-19 tests, confirmed cases of COVID-19, recovery rate, and mortality rate are considered as the input parameters of the proposed methodology. Considering positive and negative factors of the input parameters, the rule base is developed using triangular fuzzy numbers to capture uncertainties associated with the model. The application potentiality is validated by evaluating Pearson's correlation coefficient. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to observe the changes of final output by varying the tolerance ranges of the inputs. The results of the proposed method show that some of the provinces have very poor performance in controlling the spread of COVID-19 in India. So, the government needs to take serious attention to deal with the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in those provinces.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Carboxylic Acid Co-Catalysis Enables Oxidative Esterification of Demanding Aldehydes/Enals, at Low Catalyst Loading.

We report the discovery that simple carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, boost the activity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts in the oxidative esterification of aldehydes. A simple and efficient protocol for the transformation of a wide range of sterically hindered α- and ß-substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals, catalyzed by a novel and readily accessible N-Mes-/N-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 1,2,4-triazolium salt, and benzoic acid as co-catalyst, was developed. A whole series of α/ß-substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals hitherto not amenable to NHC-catalyzed esterification could be reacted at typical catalyst loadings of 0.02-1.0 mol %. For benzaldehyde, even 0.005 mol % of NHC catalyst proved sufficient: the lowest value ever achieved in NHC catalysis. Preliminary studies point to carboxylic acid-induced acceleration of acyl transfer from azolium enolate intermediates as the mechanistic basis of the observed effect.

Perceptions and practices on newborn care and managing complications at rural communities in Bangladesh: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Community misperception on newborn care and poor treatment of sick newborn attributes to neonatal death and illness severity. Misperceptions and malpractices regarding neonatal care and neonatal complications are the leading causes of neonatal deaths in Bangladesh. The study was conducted to explore neonatal care's perceptions and practices and manage complications among Bangladesh's rural communities. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Netrakona district of Bangladesh from April to June 2015. Three sub-districts (Upazilas) including Purbadhala, Durgapur and Atpara of Netrakona district were selected purposively. Five focus group discussions (FGDs) and twenty in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted in the rural community. Themes were identified through reading and re-reading the qualitative data and thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS: Community people were far behind, regarding the knowledge of neonatal complications. Most of them felt that the complications occurred due to lack of care by the parents. Some believed that mothers did not follow the religious customs after delivery, which affected the newborns. Many of them followed the practice of bathing the newborns and cutting their hair immediately after birth. The community still preferred to receive traditional treatment from their community, usually from Kabiraj (traditional healer), village doctor, or traditional birth attendant. Families also refrained from seeking treatment from the health facilities during neonatal complications. Instead, they preferred to wait until the traditional healers or village doctors recommended transferring the newborn. CONCLUSIONS: Poor knowledge, beliefs and practices are the key barriers to ensure the quality of care for the newborns during complications. The communities still depend on traditional practices and the level of demand for facility care is low. Appropriate interventions focusing on these issues might improve the overall neonatal mortality in Bangladesh.

Prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors among nurses and para-health professionals working at primary healthcare level of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among nurses and para-health professionals (PHPs) working at primary healthcare centres in Bangladesh. In addition to this, we also investigated the association of these risk factors with the categories of health professions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and the sampling technique was a census. SETTING: The study site was a medical university of Bangladesh where the study population was recruited by NCD Control Programme of Directorate General of Health Services to participate in a 3-day training session from November 2017 to May 2018. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1942 government-employed senior staff nurses (SSNs) and PHPs working at Upazila Health Complexes. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The data were collected using a modified STEPwise approach to NCD risk factors surveillance questionnaire of the World Health Organisation (V.3.2). The prevalence of NCD risk factors was presented descriptively and the χ² test was used to determine the association between NCD risk factors distribution and categories of health professions. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 37.6 years (SD 9.5) and most of them (87.6%) had a diploma in their respective fields. Physical inactivity (86.9%), inadequate fruits and/vegetable intake (56.3%) and added salt intake (35.6%) were the most prevalent behavioural risk factors. The prevalence of central obesity, overweight, raised blood glucose and raised BP were 83.5%, 42.6%, 19.2% and 12.8% respectively. Overall, the NCD risk factors prevalence was higher among PHPs compared with SSNs. A highly significant association (p<0.001) was found between risk factors and the categories of health professions for tobacco use, alcohol intake, added salt intake and physical inactivity. CONCLUSION: High NCD risk factors prevalence and its significant association with SSNs and PHPs demand an appropriate risk-reduction strategy to minimise the possibility of chronic illness among them.

Acyl Donor Intermediates in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis: Acyl Azolium or Azolium Enolate?

Azolium enolates and acyl azolium cations have been proposed as intermediates in numerous N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed transformations. Acetyl azolium enolates were generated from the reaction of 2-propenyl acetate with both saturated (SIPr) and aromatic (IPr) NHCs, isolated, and characterized (NMR, XRD). Protonation with triflic acid gave the corresponding acetyl azolium triflates which were isolated and characterized (NMR, XRD). Acyl azolium cations have been proposed as immediate precursors of the ester product, for example, in the redox esterification of α,ß-enals. Studies with d3 -acetyl azolium triflate suggest that ester formation originates instead from an azolium enolate intermediate. Furthermore, the acetyl azolium enolate selectively reacted with alcohol nucleophiles in the presence of amines. While the acetyl azolium cation did not react with alcohols, an ester-selective reaction was induced by addition of base, by intermediate formation of the acetyl azolium enolate.

Asymmetry induced suppression of chaos.

We explore the dynamics of a group of unconnected chaotic relaxation oscillators realized by mercury beating heart systems, coupled to a markedly different common external chaotic system realized by an electronic circuit. Counter-intuitively, we find that this single dissimilar chaotic oscillator manages to effectively steer the group of oscillators on to steady states, when the coupling is sufficiently strong. We further verify this unusual observation in numerical simulations of model relaxation oscillator systems mimicking this interaction through coupled differential equations. Interestingly, the ensemble of oscillators is suppressed most efficiently when coupled to a completely dissimilar chaotic external system, rather than to a regular external system or an external system identical to those of the group. So this experimentally demonstrable controllability of groups of oscillators via a distinct external system indicates a potent control strategy. It also illustrates the general principle that symmetry in the emergent dynamics may arise from asymmetry in the constituent systems, suggesting that diversity or heterogeneity may have a crucial role in aiding regularity in interactive systems.

First passage of an active particle in the presence of passive crowders.

We experimentally study the stochastic transport of a self-propelled camphor boat, driven by Marangoni forces, through a crowd of passive paper discs floating on water. We analyze the statistics of the first passage times of the active particle to travel from the center of a circular container to its boundary. While the mean times rise monotonically as a function of the covered area fraction φ of the passive paper discs, their fluctuations show a non-monotonic behavior - being higher at low and high value of φ compared to intermediate values. The reason is traced to an interplay of two distinct sources of fluctuations - one intrinsic to the dynamics, while the other due to the crowding.

Exploring the perceptions, practices and challenges to maternal and newborn health care among the underprivileged teagarden community in Bangladesh: a qualitative study.

Poor health care-seeking behaviour, access to services and availability of service delivery have implications for the health of the community. This study explored the perceptions, practices and challenges related to maternal and neonatal care in the teagarden community in Bangladesh. The study also identified service gaps and problems prevalent in teagarden health facilities. A qualitative study was conducted in five teagardens in the Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were completed with individuals from the teagarden community, and twelve in-depth interviews (IDIs) were performed with health facility staff working in those teagarden facilities. Misconceptions and harmful traditional practices were found to exist among the families in the teagardens, restricting them from accessing quality health care. Pregnant women are not aware of antenatal care, and deliveries are being conducted at home by untrained birth attendants. Unhygienic and harmful postnatal practices are used. Teagarden health facilities are not well equipped or prepared to provide good care. Inequities exist within the teagarden communities, with unregistered workers having even poorer access to care. Improvement of the quality of maternal health care for this marginalised community is needed to progress maternal health.

Gestational Diabetes: Exploring the Perceptions, Practices and Barriers of the Community and Healthcare Providers in Rural Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent and important disease during pregnancy and has detrimental effects on both the mother and the baby. The current study explored the perception and attitude of the community people about GDM and describes the challenges and gaps in knowledge, availability and accessibility of services for GDM screening and management at a rural community in Bangladesh. METHODS: We performed a qualitative study including seven Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and eight Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) from November 2017 to January 2018 at randomly selected areas of Tangail district. A highly trained team including two anthropologists conducted the qualitative studies (FGDs and KIIs) under the guidance of experienced researchers. Thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS: GDM is not a known term for pregnant women, their husbands, mothers, and mothers-in-law. Most of the participants (78.7%) did not even hear the term. Some of them (25.5%) perceived that GDM will persist for whole life and transmit from husband to wife and mother to baby. Some people (21.3%) thought that GDM entirely depends on the wish of the God. Most of the participants (68.1%) perceived that symptoms of other types of diabetes and GDM are almost the same. Some participants (19.1%) thought that GDM patients need to intake some medicines that might affect the fetus. The majority of the respondents (83%) had no idea when a pregnant woman should test her diabetes during pregnancy. If GDM diagnosed, pregnant women decided to follow the advice of the doctors. The results from KII with health managers found that they lack in-depth knowledge of GDM. There is no structured guideline or protocol at their facilities for GDM management. CONCLUSION: The existing barriers at the communities for adequate detection and management of GDM are identified properly. The findings of this study will be helpful for the decision-makers in taking necessary actions to control the GDM.

Factors Associated with Maternal Deaths in a Hard-To-Reach Marginalized Rural Community of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Every year in Bangladesh, approximately 5200 mothers die (172 maternal deaths/100,000 live births) due to maternal complications. The death rate is much higher in hard-to-reach areas and underprivileged communities, such as Bangladesh's tea gardens. The women living in the tea garden areas are deprived of quality health care services due to inadequate knowledge, education, and access to health care services. Poverty and early marriage, followed by early pregnancy, are also triggering factors of maternal deaths in this community. This study explored the factors associated with maternal deaths in the underprivileged tea garden community in the Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. It was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and March 2018. All maternal deaths reported by government health care providers in two sub-districts of Moulvibazar during 2017 were selected for community verbal autopsy using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed on quantitative data, and content analysis was performed on qualitative data. A total of 34 maternal deaths were reported in the two sub-districts in 2017, among which 15 deaths (44%) occurred in the tea garden catchment areas, where about 34% people live in the two upazilas. The majority of the mothers who died in the tea gardens delivered their babies at home (80%), many of whom also died at home (40%). Only 27% of women who died in the tea gardens received four or more antenatal care visits. Post-partum hemorrhage was found to be the leading cause of death (47%), followed by anemia (33%) and eclampsia (20%). There is a persistent high maternal mortality observed in the marginalized tea gardens, as compared to the general community of the Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. The sustainable development goal (SDG) that has been set for maternal mortality rate (MMR) is 70/100,000 live births in Bangladesh. The findings of our study show that focused intervention is needed to reduce the burden of maternal deaths, which will improve the overall maternal health situation and also reach the SDG on time.

Level of patient satisfaction at government Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Objectives: This study was aimed to assess the level of patient satisfaction at Government Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Study design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 165 patients attended at the out-patient department of Government Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Patients who were equally or more than 18 years with a history of at least two referral visits were eligible to participate in the study. Methods: Patients satisfaction was measured by the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18), composed of 18 items translated in Bangla. Results: Among 165 out-patients, 135 (81.8%) were satisfied and 30 (18.2%) were dissatisfied with medical services. The mean and standard deviation of total patient satisfaction was 69.1 (±16.9). Financial aspects were the major area of patient dissatisfaction 29 (17.6%) towards Unani and Ayurvedic treatment due to lack of free medicine supply and high cost of medicine. Conclusion: The results would shed light on the present conditions of medical services at Government Unani & Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital which could be used to influence the outlook of the policymakers of our country.