RESUMO
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of mental health problems and health risk behaviors among Swedish male elite soccer players and their attitudes toward possible prevention strategies. Method: Twenty elite soccer players, aged 15-30 years, were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed via a digital video calling platform. A semi-structured interview guide, encompassing questions about mental health problems, health risk behaviors among soccer teams, peer-relations, relations to coaches, and attitudes toward health risk behaviors, along with proposals for effective interventions, was employed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The informants reported positive feelings in relation to playing soccer, good health, and few health risk behaviors. Risk factors included a large income, excessive free time, and the need for excitement. Stress and mental health problems were linked to performance pressure, social media, and injuries. Hesitation to talk openly about personal problems due to concerns about negative consequences and the "macho culture" was highlighted as barriers to admit and seek help for personal problems. Some statements indicated openness and the club's efforts to destigmatize personal problems. Positive attitudes toward prevention and suggestions for various measures were prominent. Conclusion: Future research and implementation of interventions should focus on the prevention of health risk behaviors and alleviation of stress and performance pressure, as well as continue the efforts to destigmatize mental health problems and raise awareness among coaches of the importance of their communication and behavior for players' mental health and performance. This could be achieved by developing strategic and systematic policy work, information, and dialogue among players and coaches, in addition to individual digital or face-to-face support, provided by professionals outside the soccer context.
Assuntos
Futebol , Humanos , Masculino , Futebol/lesões , Futebol/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde , Atletas/psicologia , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
A majority of lymphomas are derived from B cells and novel treatments are required to treat refractory disease. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine influence activation of B cells and the effects of a selective serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1A) antagonist on growth of a number of B cell-derived lymphoma cell lines were investigated. We confirmed the expression of 5HT1A in human lymphoma tissue and in several well-defined experimental cell lines. We discovered that the pharmacological inhibition of 5HT1A led to the reduced proliferation of B cell-derived lymphoma cell lines together with DNA damage, ROS-independent caspase activation and apoptosis in a large fraction of cells. Residual live cells were found 'locked' in a non-proliferative state in which a selective transcriptional and translational shutdown of genes important for cell proliferation and metabolism occurred (e.g., AKT, GSK-3ß, cMYC and p53). Strikingly, inhibition of 5HT1A regulated mitochondrial activity through a rapid reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing dehydrogenase activity. Collectively, our data suggest 5HT1A antagonism as a novel adjuvant to established cancer treatment regimens to further inhibit lymphoma growth.
Assuntos
Autofagia/fisiologia , Linfoma de Células B/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Apoptose/genética , Apoptose/fisiologia , Autofagia/genética , Ciclo Celular/genética , Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Dano ao DNA/genética , Dano ao DNA/fisiologia , Humanos , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Receptores 5-HT1 de Serotonina/genética , Receptores 5-HT1 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Proinflammatory activity has been postulated to play a role in addictive processes and stress responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the role of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in regulation of voluntary alcohol consumption, alcohol reward and stress-induced drinking. Mice with a deletion of the IL-1 receptor I gene (IL-1RI KO) exhibited modestly decreased alcohol consumption. However, IL-1RI deletion affected neither the rewarding properties of alcohol, measured by conditioned place preference (CPP), nor stress-induced drinking induced by social defeat stress. TNF-α signaling can compensate for phenotypic consequences of IL1-RI deletion. We therefore hypothesized that double deletion of both IL-1RI and TNF-1 receptors (TNF-1R) may reveal the role of these pathways in regulation of alcohol intake. Double KOs consumed significantly less alcohol than control mice over a range of alcohol concentrations. The combined deletion of TNF-1R and IL-1RI did not influence alcohol reward, but did prevent increased alcohol consumption resulting from exposure to repeated bouts of social defeat stress. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-1RI and TNF-1R contribute to regulation of stress-induced, negatively reinforced drinking perhaps through overlapping signaling events downstream of these receptors, while leaving rewarding properties of alcohol largely unaffected.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/imunologia , Comportamento Animal , Interleucina-1/imunologia , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/imunologia , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Estresse Psicológico/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Animais , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/administração & dosagem , Condicionamento Clássico , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Inflamação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Distância Psicológica , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/genética , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Estresse Psicológico/genéticaRESUMO
RATIONALE: The rewarding effects of alcohol have been attributed to interactions between opioid and dopaminergic system within the mesolimbic reward pathway. We have previously shown that ablation of ß-arrestin 2 (Arrb2), a crucial regulator of µ-opioid receptor function, attenuates alcohol-induced hyperlocomotion and c-fos activation in the nucleus accumbens. OBJECTIVES: Here, we further investigated the role of Arrb2 in modulating alcohol-induced dopamine (DA) release and conditioned place preference (CPP). We also assessed the functional importance of Arrb2 for µ-opioid receptor surface expression and signaling following an acute alcohol challenge. METHODS: Alcohol-evoked (0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 g/kg intraperitoneally) DA release was measured by in vivo microdialysis in the shell of nucleus accumbens. Reward was assessed by the CPP paradigm. Receptor function was assessed by µ-receptor binding and [(35)S]GTP-γ-S autoradiography. RESULTS: In Arrb2 knockout mice accumbal DA levels reach maximum response at a lower dose compared to wild-type (wt) animals. In line with these results, Arrb2 knockout mice display increased CPP for alcohol as compared to wt mice. Finally, Arrb2 mutant mice display increased µ-opioid receptor signaling in the ventral and dorsal striatum and amygdala in response to a low dose of alcohol, indicating impaired desensitization mechanisms in these mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that Arrb2 modulates the response to low doses of alcohol on various levels including µ-opioid receptor signaling, DA release, and reward. They also reveal a clear dissociation between the effects of Arrb2 on psychomotor and reward behaviors.
Assuntos
Arrestinas/genética , Dopamina/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacologia , Recompensa , Tonsila do Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Animais , Autorradiografia , Condicionamento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Microdiálise , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Receptores Opioides mu/metabolismo , beta-Arrestina 2 , beta-ArrestinasRESUMO
Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats exhibit innate preference for alcohol, are highly sensitive to stress and stress-induced alcohol seeking. Genetic analysis showed that over-expression of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system of msP rats is correlated with the presence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring in the promoter region (position -1836 and -2097) of the CRF1 receptor (CRF1-R) gene. Here we examined whether these point mutations were associated to the innate alcohol preference, stress-induced drinking, and seeking. We have recently re-derived the msP rats to obtain two distinct lines carrying the wild type (GG) and the point mutations (AA), respectively. The phenotypic characteristics of these two lines were compared with those of unselected Wistar rats. Both AA and GG rats showed similar patterns of voluntary alcohol intake and preference. Similarly, the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (0.0, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg) elicited increased operant alcohol self-administration under fixed and progressive ratio reinforcement schedules in all three lines. Following extinction, yohimbine (0.0, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg) significantly reinstated alcohol seeking in the three groups. However, at the highest dose this effect was no longer evident in AA rats. Treatment with the CRF1-R antagonist antalarmin (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced alcohol-reinforced lever pressing in the AA line (10 and 20 mg/kg) while a weaker or no effect was observed in the Wistar and the GG group, respectively. Finally, antalarmin significantly reduced yohimbine-induced increase in alcohol drinking in all three groups. In conclusion, these specific SNPs in the CRF1-R gene do not seem to play a primary role in the expression of the msP excessive drinking phenotype or stress-induced drinking but may be associated with a decreased threshold for stress-induced alcohol seeking and an increased sensitivity to the effects of pharmacological blockade of CRF1-R on alcohol drinking.
RESUMO
P11 (S100A10) has been associated with the pathophysiology of depression both in human and rodent models. Different types of antidepressants have been shown to increase P11 levels in distinct brain regions and P11 gene therapy was recently proven effective in reversing depressive-like behaviours in mice. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern P11 gene expression in response to antidepressants still remain elusive. In this study we report decreased levels of P11, associated with higher DNA methylation in the promoter region, in the prefrontal cortex of the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) genetic rodent model of depression. This hypermethylated pattern was reversed to normal, as indicated by the control line, after chronic administration of escitalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SSRI). The escitalopram-induced hypomethylation was associated with both an increase in P11 gene expression and a reduction in mRNA levels of two DNA methyltransferases that have been shown to maintain DNA methylation in adult forebrain neurons (Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a). In conclusion, our data further support a role for P11 in depression-like states and suggest that this gene is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms that can be affected by antidepressant treatment.
Assuntos
Anexina A2/genética , Citalopram/farmacologia , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Epigenômica , Proteínas S100/genética , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Animais , Anexina A2/metabolismo , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Transtorno Depressivo/genética , Transtorno Depressivo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Ratos , Proteínas S100/metabolismoRESUMO
The monoamines and their cognate receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and are vital for normal brain function. Dysfunction in these systems underlies several psychiatric and neurological disease states, and consequently monoamines are targets of a host of pharmacotherapies. This review provides an overview on how monoamine receptors are regulated by adaptor proteins and lipid rafts with emphasis on interactions in nerve cells. Monoamine receptors have prominent intracellular loops that provide binding sites for adaptor proteins. Receptor function is further modulated by cholesterol and submembranous microdomains termed lipid rafts. These interactions determine several facets of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function including trafficking, localization, and signaling. Possible roles of adaptor proteins and lipid rafts in disease states and in mediating actions of drugs and therapeutic agents are also discussed.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Microdomínios da Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores de Amina Biogênica/metabolismo , Animais , Monoaminas Biogênicas/metabolismo , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMO
Much research on experimental animals that is aimed to decipher genetic factors involved in alcoholism has been devoted to either models of innate alcohol-related phenotypes or responses after acute alcohol challenge. Such focus has, however, limitations when it comes to the pathogenetic mechanism underlying alcohol addiction, because the progression into the disorder takes years and genetic as well as environmental factors may exert different influences along this trajectory. Animal models of the neuroadaptations involved in the development of dependence exist, but have been difficult to implement for genetic and genomics analysis. Consequently, currently available data have been difficult to reconcile with the human condition and could be misleading in predicting targets for medication development. This review will illustrate strengths and pitfalls of genomic approaches in rodent models of alcoholism and emphasize the need for convergent lines of evidence to improve the predictive value of such studies. Examples of a convergent research approach include validation studies for Agt, Arrb2, Crhr1, Grin3a, and Npy.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Variação Genética , Alcoolismo/tratamento farmacológico , Alcoolismo/genética , Alcoolismo/patologia , Animais , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Roedores/genéticaRESUMO
The reinforcing properties of ethanol are in part attributed to interactions between opioid and dopaminergic signaling pathways, but intracellular mediators of such interactions are poorly understood. Here we report that an acute ethanol challenge induces a robust phosphorylation of two key signal transduction kinases, AKT and DARPP-32, in the striatum of mice. Ethanol-induced AKT phosphorylation was blocked by the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone but unaffected by blockade of dopamine D2 receptors via sulpiride. In contrast, DARPP-32 phosphorylation was abolished by both antagonists. These data suggest that ethanol acts via two distinct but potentially synergistic striatal signaling cascades. One of these is D2-dependent, while the other is not. These findings illustrate that pharmacology of ethanol reward is likely more complex than that for other addictive drugs.
Assuntos
Intoxicação Alcoólica/fisiopatologia , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfoproteína 32 Regulada por cAMP e Dopamina/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores Opioides/efeitos dos fármacos , Intoxicação Alcoólica/patologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Naltrexona/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D2/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulpirida/farmacologiaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) counters stress and is involved in neuroadaptations that drive escalated alcohol drinking in rodents. In humans, low NPY expression predicts amygdala response and emotional reactivity. Genetic variation that affects the NPY system could moderate stress resilience and susceptibility to alcohol dependence. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether functional NPY variation influences behavioral adaptation to stress and alcohol consumption in a nonhuman primate model of early adversity (peer rearing). DESIGN: We sequenced the rhesus macaque NPY locus (rhNPY) and performed in silico analysis to identify functional variants. We performed gel shift assays using nuclear extract from testes, brain, and hypothalamus. Levels of NPY in cerebrospinal fluid were measured by radioimmunoassay, and messenger RNA levels were assessed in the amygdala using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Animals were exposed to repeated social separation stress and tested for individual differences in alcohol consumption. Animals were genotyped for -1002 T > G, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance. SETTING: National Institutes of Health Animal Center. Subjects Ninety-six rhesus macaques. Main Outcome Measure Behavior arousal during social separation stress and ethanol consumption. RESULTS: The G allele altered binding of regulatory proteins in all nuclear extracts tested, and -1002 T > G resulted in lower levels of NPY expression in the amygdala. Macaques exposed to adversity had lower cerebrospinal fluid NPY levels and exhibited higher levels of arousal during stress, but only as a function of the G allele. We also found that stress-exposed G allele carriers consumed more alcohol and exhibited an escalation in intake over cycles of alcohol availability and deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a role for NPY promoter variation in the susceptibility to alcohol use disorders and point to NPY as a candidate for examining gene x environment interactions in humans.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/genética , Neuropeptídeo Y/genética , Resiliência Psicológica , Estresse Psicológico/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/fisiopatologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/química , Animais , Química Encefálica , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Variação Genética/genética , Variação Genética/fisiologia , Genótipo , Hipotálamo/química , Macaca mulatta/genética , Macaca mulatta/fisiologia , Masculino , Neuropeptídeo Y/análise , Neuropeptídeo Y/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neuropeptídeo Y/fisiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Testículo/químicaRESUMO
5-HT is a phylogenetically conserved monoaminergic neurotransmitter which is crucial for a number of physiological processes and is dysregulated in several disease states including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. 5-HT neurons in the central nervous system are localized in the raphe nuclei and project to a wide range of target areas. 5-HT exerts its functions through 14 subtypes of 5-HT receptors. The tertiary structures of seven transmembrane 5-HT receptors contain several important features, including cholesterol consensus motifs, prominent intracellular loops and free C-termini. Alterations of cholesterol levels affect binding of ligands to 5-HT receptors and cholesterol-enriched microdomains in the cell membrane, termed lipid rafts, regulate 5-HT receptor internalization and signaling. The intracellular loops and the C-termini of 5-HT receptors provide binding sites for interacting adaptor proteins. Adaptor proteins affect internalization, desensitization as well as G-protein dependent and independent signaling via 5-HT receptors. We will here briefly review recent progress on the role of lipid rafts and adaptor proteins in the regulation of localization, trafficking, signaling and ligand bias of 5-HT receptors.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Microdomínios da Membrana/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
Intracellular signalling pathways emerge as key mediators of the molecular and behavioural effects of addictive drugs including ethanol. Previously, we demonstrated that the innate high ethanol preference in AA rats is driven by dysfunctional endocannabinoid signalling in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we report that acute ethanol challenge, at a dose commonly regarded as reinforcing, strongly phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) in this region with corresponding increased phosphorylation of AKT, a major regulator of GSK-3beta. In the non-preferring counterpart ANA line we found a weaker, AKT-independent phosphorylation of GSK-3beta by ethanol. Furthermore, AA rats showed rapid and transient dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 upon acute ethanol challenge in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and to a lesser degree in the nucleus accumbens; ANA rats were completely non-responsive for this mechanism. Together, these results identify candidate pathways for mediating high ethanol preference and emphasize the importance of the mPFC in controlling this behaviour.
Assuntos
Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Etanol/administração & dosagem , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Accumbens/enzimologia , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Serina/metabolismo , Treonina/metabolismoRESUMO
A detailed subfractionation of the non-pregnant porcine corpus luteum (CL) was performed employing differential centrifugation. Marker enzyme assays (i.e., lactate dehydrogenase for the cytosol, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase for the endoplasmatic reticulum, catalase (CAT) for peroxisomes, glutamate dehydrogenase for the mitochondrial matrix and acid phosphatase for lysosomes) in all subfractions obtained exhibited a pattern of distribution similar to that observed with rat liver. These subfractions should be useful in connection with many types of future studies. In disagreement with previous biochemical and morphological studies, peroxisomes (identified on the basis of catalase activity and by Western blotting of catalase and of the major peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP-70)) sedimented together with mitochondria (i.e., at 5000 x g(av) for 10 min) and not in the post-mitochondrial fraction prepared at 30,000 x g(av) for 20 min by Peterson and Stevensson. No other classical peroxisomal enzymes were detectable in the porcine ovary, raising questions concerning the function of peroxisomes in this organ. Furthermore, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), generally considered to be an integral membrane protein anchored in the endoplasmatic reticulum, was recovered in both the cytosolic (i.e., the supernatant after centrifugation at 50,000 x g(av) for 1h) and the microsomal fraction of the porcine corpus luteum, even upon further centrifugation of the former. In contrast, UGT sediments exclusively in the microsomal fraction upon subfractionation of the liver and ovary from rat.
Assuntos
Fracionamento Celular/métodos , Corpo Lúteo/enzimologia , Glucuronosiltransferase/metabolismo , Peroxissomos/enzimologia , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Centrifugação com Gradiente de Concentração , Corpo Lúteo/metabolismo , Citosol/enzimologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/enzimologia , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
During bacterial protein synthesis, stalled ribosomes can be rescued by tmRNA, a molecule with both tRNA and mRNA features. The tRNA region of tmRNA has sequence similarity with tRNA(Ala) and also has a clover-leaf structure folded similarly as in canonical tRNAs. Here we propose the L-shape of tmRNA to be stabilized by two tertiary interactions between its D- and T-loop on the basis of phylogenetic and experimental evidence. Mutational analysis clearly demonstrates a tertiary interaction between G(13) and U(342). Strikingly, this in evolution conserved interaction is not primarily important for tmRNA alanylation and for binding to elongation factor Tu, but especially for a proper functioning of SmpB.