Los sentimientos en el modelo relacional de Castilla del Pino / Feelings in Castilla del Pino’s Relational Model

A partir de la Teoría de los Sentimientos de Castilla del Pino, se intenta situar el papel de la afectividad en el modelo de sujeto. Se analiza su relación con la cultura y el lenguaje, discutiendo su ubicación comparada con algunas teorías de la afectividad planteadas posteriormente desde las neurociencias. (AU)

Based on his Theory of Feelings, an attempt is made to situate the role of affect in Castilla del Pino ́s subject model. Its relationship with culture and language is discus-sed, as well as its place in relation to some affective theories proposed subsequently from neurosciences. (AU)

Pre-competitive anxiety in U12, U14 and U16 paddle tennis players / Ansiedad pre-competitiva en jugadores del pádel U12, U14 y U16

The main aim of this research is to analyze the level of precompetitive anxiety in female paddle players and male paddle players of Castilla y León in the categories U12, U14 and 16 before the beginning of the competition. Thus, 221 players participated in the study: 100 female athletes and 121 male athletes. The results showed that the level of self-confidence of athletes is higher than the levels obtained in the cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety, respectively. In relation with the sex of the athletes, male players showed higher levels in self-confidence and somatic anxiety, while the female players counted higher on cognitive anxiety. Finally, depending on the category in which they compete, U12 players are those who have more confidence in themselves, whereas U16 players are those who counted higher in the variables of cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety (AU)

El objetivo principal que se propone con este trabajo de investigación es analizar el nivel de ansiedad precompetitiva en los jugadores y las jugadoras de pádel de Castilla y León en las categorías alevín, infantil y cadete, en los minutos previos al comienzo de la competición. Para ello, participaron 221 jugadores: 100 deportistas de sexo femenino y 121 del sexo masculino. Los resultados demostraron que el nivel de autoconfianza de los deportistas es mayor que los niveles obtenidos en las variables ansiedad cognitiva y ansiedad somática, respectivamente. En relación con el sexo, los jugadores mostraron niveles superiores en autoconfianza y ansiedad somática, mientras las jugadoras puntuaron más alto en ansiedad cognitiva. Por último, en función de la categoría en la que compiten, los alevines son los que más confianza tienen en ellos mismos, mientras que los cadetes son los que puntuaron más alto en las variables de ansiedad cognitiva y ansiedad somática (AU)

Female Spanish athletes face pre-competition anxiety at the highest levels of competition / Atletas femeninas españolas frente a la ansiedad precompetitive en los niveles más altos de competición

Pre-competition anxiety is one of the most common emotions experienced among athletes in high performance sport. It can cause both positive and negative effects, which makes the ability to manage this anxiety one of the most important parts of an athlete’s preparation. This study analyzes the anxiety levels in athletes from the Spanish Women’s National Track & Field Team who participated in the European Championships, the World Championships, and the Olympic Games. The study evaluates how these athletes cope with pre-competition anxiety by examining three variables in the moments prior to the competition-cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, and somatic anxiety-and the way these variables impacted the results achieved by these athletes. The study indicates that a significant difference exists between cognitive anxiety and self-confidence, which shows that the higher an athlete’s self-confidence, the lower the levels of cognitive anxiety. Higher levels of self-confidence and lower levels of cognitive anxiety were also shown to have a positive impact on performance results (AU)

La ansiedad precompetitiva es una de las emociones más generalizadas en el deporte de alto rendimiento deportivo. Provoca efectos tanto positivos como negativos, por lo que el control de la misma es uno de los objetivos más importantes dentro de la preparación del atleta de alto nivel. El objeto de este estudio es analizar los niveles de ansiedad en las atletas españolas del equipo nacional de atletismo que participan en la máxima competición tanto a nivel español como en campeonatos de Europa, del Mundo y Juegos Olímpicos. Se realizó un estudio desde la perspectiva de cómo afrontan las atletas españolas la ansiedad precompetitiva a partir de las variables ansiedad cognitiva, autoconfianza y ansiedad somática, y la manera en que estas tres variables inciden en el resultado obtenido por las atletas españolas en el momento previo a la competición. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias significativas entre la ansiedad cognitiva y la autoconfianza, lo que provoca que, a mayores niveles de autoconfianza, los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva sean menores. Esto les permite evitar los signos negativos que causa la ansiedad cognitiva, con lo que esta no afecta a su rendimiento (AU)

Aging is neither a failure nor an achievement of natural selection.

In contraposition to the view of aging as a stochastic time-dependent accumulation of damage, phenoptotic theories of aging postulate that senescence may provide supra-individual advantages, and therefore it might have been promoted by natural selection. We reason that although programmed aging theories are subjectively appealing because they convey a cure for aging, they also raise a number of objections that need to be dealt with, before we may be entitled to contemplate aging as an adaptive function evolved through natural selection. As an alternative view, we present metabolism as an endless source of by-products and errors causing cellular damage. Although this damage accumulation event is a spontaneous entropy-driven process, its kinetics can be genetically and environmentally modulated, giving place to the wide range of lifespans we observe. Mild forms of damage may be accumulating during a long enough period of time to allow reproduction before the fatal failure happens. Hence, aging would be a stochastic process out of the reach of natural selection. However, those genetic pathways influencing the rate of aging and consequently determining longevity may be targets of natural selection and may contribute to shaping the optimal strategy according to the ecological context. In this sense, short- and long-lived organisms represent two extreme strategies that, in terms of biological fitness, can perform equally well, each within its own niche.

Aging is neither a Failure nor an Achievement of Natural Selection.

In contraposition to the view of aging as a stochastic time-dependent accumulation of damage, phenoptotic theories of aging postulate that senescence may provide supra-individual advantages, and therefore it might have been promoted by natural selection. We reason that although programmed aging theories are subjectively appealing because they convey a cure for aging, they also raise a number of objections that need to be dealt with, before we may be entitled to contemplate aging as an adaptive function evolved through natural selection. As an alternative view, we present metabolism as an endless source of by-products and errors causing cellular damage. Although this damage accumulation event is a spontaneous entropy-driven process, its kinetics can be genetically and environmentally modulated, giving place to the wide range of lifespans we observe. Mild forms of damage may be accumulating during a long enough period of time to allow reproduction before the fatal failure happens. Hence, aging would be a stochastic process out of the reach of natural selection. However, those genetic pathways influencing the rate of aging and consequently determining longevity may be targets of natural selection and may contribute to shaping the optimal strategy according to the ecological context. In this sense, short- and long-lived organisms represent two extreme strategies that, in terms of biological fitness, can perform equally well, each within its own niche.

Epidemiology and recent trends of severe sepsis in Spain: a nationwide population-based analysis (2006-2011).

BACKGROUND: Although severe sepsis constitutes an important burden for healthcare systems, there is limited nationwide data on its epidemiology in European countries. Our objective was to examine the most recent epidemiological characteristics and trends of severe sepsis in Spain, from a population perspective. METHODS: Analysis of the 2006-2011 National Hospital Discharge Registry. Cases were identified by combining specific ICD-9CM codes. We estimated demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes and calculated age- and sex-adjusted estimations of incidence and mortality rates. Trends were assessed in terms of annual percent change (APC) in rates using joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS: Over the 6-year period we identified 240939 cases of severe sepsis nationwide representing 1.1% of all hospitalisations and 54% of hospitalisations with sepsis. Incidence was 87 cases per 100,000 population. Overall 58% of cases were men, 66% were over the age of 65 and about 67% had associated comorbidities. Bacteremia was coded in 16% of records. Almost 54% of cases had one organ dysfunction, 26% two and around 20% three or more dysfunctions. In-hospital case-fatality was 43% and associated with age, gender, comorbidities and organ dysfunctions, among others. We found significant demographic and clinical changes over time with an increase in the mean age of cases, comorbidities, number of organ dysfunctions and in the number of cases with gram-negative pathogens. Furthermore, even with gender disparities, standardised incidence and mortality rates increased with an overall APC of 8.6% (95% CI 5.1, 12.1) and 6% (95% CI 1.9, 10.3), respectively. Conversely, we detect a significant decrease in case-fatality rates with an overall APC of -3.24% (95% CI: -4.2, -2.2). CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide population-based study shows that hospitalizations with severe sepsis are frequent and associated with substantial in-hospital mortality in Spain. Furthermore it indicates that the incidence and mortality rates of severe sepsis have notably increased in recent years, showing also a significant increase in the age and severity of the affected population. Despite this, there has been a significant decreasing trend in case-fatality rates over time. This information has significant implications for health-care system planning and may prove useful to estimate future care requirements.

Epidemiology of snakebite in Europe: comparison of data from the literature and case reporting.

A better assessment of the incidence and mortality due to envenomation should improve the antivenom supply and consequently management of snakebites. Currently, in most countries, notification of snakebite is insufficient and irregular. An alternative is to consider data from the literature to estimate the incidence and mortality. The gaps and bias resulting from this method can be corrected using a meta-analytic model adjusted with a randomized coefficient, which provides an average incidence and mortality taking into account the relative weight and representativeness of each sample. The aim of the present study is to compare the results of the application of the meta-analytic model with the national notifications of snakebites in different European countries. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was sent to health services of all European countries asking for the incidence, mortality and some parameters defining the population at risk of snakebites in Europe. Notifications were compared with the results of a recently published meta-analysis of literature data. Results showed an acceptable agreement, although significant differences in the incidence of snakebites occurred in some countries. The discussion emphasizes the limitations regarding notifications and underlines the potential biases that restrict the reliability of data from the literature. Finally, pending reliable notification of snakebites in all European countries, analyzing data from the literature is likely to be an acceptable and simple solution.

Unimodal size scaling of phytoplankton growth and the size dependence of nutrient uptake and use.

Phytoplankton size structure is key for the ecology and biogeochemistry of pelagic ecosystems, but the relationship between cell size and maximum growth rate (µ(max) ) is not yet well understood. We used cultures of 22 species of marine phytoplankton from five phyla, ranging from 0.1 to 10(6) µm(3) in cell volume (V(cell) ), to determine experimentally the size dependence of growth, metabolic rate, elemental stoichiometry and nutrient uptake. We show that both µ(max) and carbon-specific photosynthesis peak at intermediate cell sizes. Maximum nitrogen uptake rate (V(maxN) ) scales isometrically with V(cell) , whereas nitrogen minimum quota scales as V(cell) (0.84) . Large cells thus possess high ability to take up nitrogen, relative to their requirements, and large storage capacity, but their growth is limited by the conversion of nutrients into biomass. Small species show similar volume-specific V(maxN) compared to their larger counterparts, but have higher nitrogen requirements. We suggest that the unimodal size scaling of phytoplankton growth arises from taxon-independent, size-related constraints in nutrient uptake, requirement and assimilation.

Epidemiología de las úlceras por presión en un hospitalde agudos / Epidemiology of pressure ulcers in an acute care hospital

Fundamento: Uno de los objetivos prioritarios del grupo de mejora (GM) de las úlceras por presión (UPP) de nuestro hospital ha sido monitorizar la incidencia y la prevalencia de las UPP, así como la proporción de pacientes de riesgo para poder establecer los indicadores más adecuados para medir la calidad de los cuidados enfermeros e introducir medidas correctoras para mejorarlos. Material y métodos: El GM ha creado unos registros mensuales con un corte semanal de incidencia y prevalencia (CSIP) de UPP, así como de proporción de pacientes de riesgo. Se ha usado la escala de Norton para determinar el riesgo de desarrollar UPP. Se presentan los datos de este estudio descriptivo prospectivo pertenecientes al año 2000 en un hospital de agudos de 650 camas. La población estudiada han sido los pacientes ingresados en ese período en unidades de riesgo. Resultados: Se ha obtenido una media de 44,7 CSIP (desviación típica [DT], 5,77). La prevalencia media de UPP en el hospital ha sido del 3,8 por ciento (DT, 0.60) y la tasa de incidencia del 1,31 por ciento. El porcentaje medio de pacientes de riesgo ha sido del 24,28 por ciento (DT 1,76). Conclusiones: La prevalencia media en el hospital es similar a la encontrada en la bibliografía. La incidencia es un indicador más exacto para conocer la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería. En cambio, la prevalencia y el porcentaje de pacientes de riesgo es más bien un indicador de cargas de trabajo de enfermería. Con el método de corte semanal se consigue una adecuada monitorización de la incidencia y la prevalencia de las UPP en nuestro medio hospitalario (AU)

Degradación de las formaciones psicóticas: un intento de objetivación / Degradation of the psychotic structures: an attempt of objectivation

El proceso de recuperación de la psicosis se lleva a cabo a través de una serie de etapas gradativas; de ahí su denominación de proceso de degradación. Este proceso se basa fundamentalmente en dos fenómenos: la debilitación de la certidumbre acerca de la realidad de la formación psicótica y la desactualización de la misma; o sea, la recuperación de un juicio de realidad correcto, sustitutorio del hasta entonces juicio de realidad psicótico. Con el fin de objetivar el proceso de degradación de la psicosis, y en particular los dos fenómenos señalados, hemos diseñado un cuestionario (CEDEP) que evaluá el grado de certeza que un determinado paciente posee sobre la realidad o ficción de sus formaciones psicóticas, tanto actuales como mnésticas. Este trabajo se inserta en la línea de investigación que Castilla del Pino y colaboradores llevan a cabo sobre la psicopatologia de la conducta psicótica