Influence of home/school environments on children's obesity, diet, and physical activity: the SUECO study protocol / Impacto del entorno residencial/escolar en la obesidad, la dieta y la actividad física en población infantil: protocolo del estudio SUECO

Objective: The SUECO study examines the relationship between urban obesogenic environments and health outcomes among school-age children in the city of Madrid, Spain. We will study how features of the urban environment (related to the food- and the physical activity environment) associate with children's anthropometrics, eating habits, and physical activity levels. Method: We describe the study protocol of this multilevel study in a representative sample of school-age children in the city of Madrid (2017; n=5,961 children ages 3-12). Main outcome variables include anthropometrics (body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat), healthy and unhealthy consumption measures, and physical activity measures. The primary explanatory variables are grouped into food environment (e.g., unhealthy food retailers' density) and physical activity environment (e.g., walkability, physical activity opportunities) variable categories. Multilevel models will be used to calculate the associations between each indicator and obesity and physical inactivity. (AU)

Objetivo: El estudio SUECO evaluará la relación entre el entorno urbano obesogénico y los resultados en salud en la población infantil escolarizada en Madrid. El estudio explorará cómo influyen las características del entorno urbano (relacionadas con la alimentación y con la actividad física) en las variables antropométricas, los hábitos alimentarios y la actividad física. Método: Se presenta el protocolo de este estudio multinivel, realizado con una muestra representativa de población infantil escolarizada en la ciudad de Madrid (2017; n=5961 escolares de 3 a 12 años). Las principales variables de resultado incluyen antropometría (índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y porcentaje de grasa corporal), hábitos alimentarios (saludables y no saludables) y actividad física. Las principales variables independientes son contextuales (del entorno alimentario y del entorno de actividad física). Se utilizarán modelos de regresión multinivel para evaluar las asociaciones entre cada indicador contextual, la obesidad y la inactividad física. (AU)

Influence of home/school environments on children's obesity, diet, and physical activity: the SUECO study protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The SUECO study examines the relationship between urban obesogenic environments and health outcomes among school-age children in the city of Madrid, Spain. We will study how features of the urban environment (related to the food- and the physical activity environment) associate with children's anthropometrics, eating habits, and physical activity levels. METHOD: We describe the study protocol of this multilevel study in a representative sample of school-age children in the city of Madrid (2017; n=5,961 children ages 3-12). Main outcome variables include anthropometrics (body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat), healthy and unhealthy consumption measures, and physical activity measures. The primary explanatory variables are grouped into food environment (e.g., unhealthy food retailers' density) and physical activity environment (e.g., walkability, physical activity opportunities) variable categories. Multilevel models will be used to calculate the associations between each indicator and obesity and physical inactivity.

Genetic diversity, connectivity and gene flow along the distribution of the emblematic Atlanto-Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae).

BACKGROUND: Knowledge about the distribution of the genetic variation of marine species is fundamental to address species conservation and management strategies, especially in scenarios with mass mortalities. In the Mediterranean Sea, Petrosia ficiformis is one of the species most affected by temperature-related diseases. Our study aimed to assess its genetic structure, connectivity, and bottleneck signatures to understand its evolutionary history and to provide information to help design conservation strategies of sessile marine invertebrates. RESULTS: We genotyped 280 individuals from 19 locations across the entire distribution range of P. ficiformis in the Atlanto-Mediterranean region at 10 microsatellite loci. High levels of inbreeding were detected in most locations (especially in the Macaronesia and the Western Mediterranean) and bottleneck signatures were only detected in Mediterranean populations, although not coinciding entirely with those with reported die-offs. We detected strong significant population differentiation, with the Atlantic populations being the most genetically isolated, and show that six clusters explained the genetic structure along the distribution range of this sponge. Although we detected a pattern of isolation by distance in P. ficiformis when all locations were analyzed together, stratified Mantel tests revealed that other factors could be playing a more prominent role than isolation by distance. Indeed, we detected a strong effect of oceanographic barriers impeding the gene flow among certain areas, the strongest one being the Almeria-Oran front, hampering gene flow between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, migration and genetic diversity distribution analyses suggest a Mediterranean origin for the species. CONCLUSIONS: In our study Petrosia ficiformis showed extreme levels of inbreeding and population differentiation, which could all be linked to the poor swimming abilities of the larva. However, the observed moderate migration patterns are highly difficult to reconcile with such poor larval dispersal, and suggest that, although unlikely, dispersal may also be achieved in the gamete phase. Overall, because of the high genetic diversity in the Eastern Mediterranean and frequent mass mortalities in the Western Mediterranean, we suggest that conservation efforts should be carried out specifically in those areas of the Mediterranean to safeguard the genetic diversity of the species.

Cuidados familiares prestados por los ancianos del ámbito rural a distintas generaciones / Family care provided by the elders of a rural area to different generations

Objetivos: Describir el perfil del cuidador mayor del ámbito rural, analizar las diferencias sociodemográficas, de salud, relaciones sociales y necesidades de servicios no cubiertas entre cuidadores familiares y no cuidadores. Metodología: Se encuestaron 787 mayores de 64 años no institucionalizados pertenecientes a una Zona Básica de Salud de Zaragoza. Las variables recogidas mediante el cuestionario OARS-MAFQ (OARS) fueron: sociodemográficas, necesidad de servicios, recursos sociales, económicos y salud física. Otras variables: capacidad funcional para las actividades de la vida diaria, básicas e instrumentales, índice de masa corporal y realización de actividad física. Resultados: Los cuidadores de hijos/nietos fueron independientes para las actividades de la vida diaria, realizaron más actividad física, presentaron buena salud física y así lo percibieron. Los no cuidadores tuvieron mayor dependencia y depresión. Los tres grupos mostraron buenos recursos sociales y económicos, aunque significativamente mejores los cuidadores de hijos/nietos, cuyas necesidades fueron: transporte público y viajar. Los no cuidadores refirieron mayor necesidad de ayuda para bañarse, vestirse, realizar tareas de casa y preparar comidas. Los cuidadores de cónyuges/padres necesitaron más tratamientos por problemas familiares y personales. Todos precisaron cuidados de enfermería. Conclusiones: El perfil, características y necesidades del cuidador y no cuidador fueron diferentes, coincidiendo en la elevada necesidad de cuidados de enfermería

Objectives: To describe the profile of caregivers higher in rural areas, to analyze sociodemographic differences in health and social relations between family caregivers and non-caregivers, and service needs unmet. Methodology: We surveyed 787 people over 64 noninstitutionalized belonging to the Basic Health Area of Zaragoza. Variables were collected through the questionnaire OARS-MAFQ (OARS): sociodemographic, need for services, assessment of social, economic and physical health. Other variables were: functional capacity for activities of daily living, basic and instrumental, body mass index and physical activity undertaken. Results: All caregivers of children/grandchildren were independent for activities of daily living, performed more physically active, had good physical and so perceived. Noncaregivers had the highest proportion of dependence and depression. The three groups had good social and economic resources, although significantly higher in those who care for children/grandchildren in which needs were perceived as more public transport and travel more. Non-caregivers reported more need for help with bathing, dressing, household chores and meal preparation. Caregivers of spouses/parents needed more treatment to personal or family problems. There was a great need for nursing care in the three groups. Conclusions: The profile, characteristics and needs of caregiver and no-caregiver were different, coinciding only in high need for nursing care