External Ventricular Drains: Development and Evaluation of a Nursing Clinical Practice Guideline.

External ventricular drains (EVDs) are common in intensive care for neurocritical patients affected by different illnesses. Nurses play an essential role to ensure safe care, and guidelines are tools to implement evidence-based care. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the quality of a clinical guideline for critically ill patients with EVDs. Methodological research was conducted. The guideline development was based on a scoping review about nursing care to patients with EVDs. The guideline evaluation occurred in two phases: evaluation of its methodological rigor, with application of the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II to four experts on guidelines evaluation; and the Delphi technique, with a panel of nine specialists in neurocritical care, performed in two rounds. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and content validity ratio. In the first phase of the evaluation, three domains did not reach consensus, being reformulated. The second phase was conducted in two rounds, with nine and eight participants respectively, with 13 recommendations being reformulated and reassessed between rounds, inclusion of an EVD weaning category, and two flowcharts on patient's transport and mobility. Therefore, the guideline can be incorporated into nursing care practices. Further studies are necessary to assess its impact on clinical practice.

Comparative efficacy of amitriptyline, duloxetine and pregabalin for treating fibromyalgia in adults: an overview with network meta-analysis.

Treatment recommendations for fibromyalgia (FM) include a range of predominantly pharmacological treatment options designed to ensure the maintenance of symptoms and improvement in the quality of life of these patients. Our aim is to identify and compare the efficacy of amitriptyline (AMT), duloxetine (DLX), and pregabalin (PGB) for reducing pain intensity by 30% (R30%) and 50% (R50%) in adult patients with fibromyalgia. The review was conducted in the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases up to February 2022. This study included systematic reviews (SR) of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) targeting adult patients over 18 years of age diagnosed with fibromyalgia according to the criteria of scientific societies, which include the basic clinical diagnosis characterized by the presence of pressure sensitivity in at least 11 of the 18 tender points, in addition to the presence of widespread musculoskeletal pain for a period longer than 3 months and a general assessment of the patient's health status. Pregnant women and children or adolescents were excluded. The Rob 2.0 tool from the Cochrane Collaboration was used to assess the risk of bias in RCTs. The quality of evidence of the reviews included was assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation-GRADE. A meta-analysis for the evidence network was performed using the Bayesian approach, which allows simultaneous comparison of all treatment options (medication and dose). The different treatments were ranked according to the response rate according to the surface under the curve (SUCRA), which was expressed as a percentage. The results were presented in tables and figures. The protocol with the detailed methods was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021229264). Eight systematic reviews were identified, and, from these, 15 clinical trials comparing AMT (n = 273), DLX (n = 2595), and PGB (n = 3,506) against placebo were selected. For the outcome R30%, PGB 450 mg was superior to DLX 30 mg and PGB 150 mg, while DLX 20 mg and 30 mg were not superior to placebo. For the outcome R50%, AMT 25 mg was superior to all other alternatives evaluated. The calculation of the SUCRA indicated that PGB 450 mg was the best performance option for R30% and AMT 25 mg for R50%. PGB 150 mg was the drug with the worst performance in the two outcomes evaluated. The drugs evaluated showed benefits for pain reduction in patients with fibromyalgia. In the absence of direct comparison studies, indirect comparison meta-analyses are an important resource for assisting in clinical decision-making. Our data only provide an indicator of the effectiveness of the three drugs evaluated, but as with other health conditions, tolerability and safety are important for the decision-making process and clinical management. In this regard, we encourage caution in interpreting our data.

Deprescribing clonazepam in primary care older patients: a feasibility study.

Background Inappropriate use of clonazepam by older adults is associated with cognitive impairment, delirium, and falls. Strategies to optimize its use are important to increase patient safety. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of a clonazepam deprescription protocol in the elderly. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study. Elderly people with chronic use of clonazepam and attended in primary care units in two Brazilian municipalities were selected. A deprescription protocol was used, which included five fortnightly meetings between the older adults and the research team, to reduce the dose by 25%. Patients received instructions on sleep hygiene behaviors and the advantages of clonazepam deprescription; family physicians followed a flowchart for gradual dose reduction. In the 1st and 5th meetings, there were medical appointments for anamnesis and discharge. The monitoring of patients and the application of tests were carried out by the research team. Results Of the 35 elderly people included in the study, 27 reached the end; 81.5% achieved deprescription: 22.2% stopped completely and 59.3% decreased the dose. At the last meeting, 20% of elderly patients reported an increase in blood pressure. Conclusion The high rate of deprescription and the little relevance of clonazepam withdrawal reactions, showed that the use of the protocol was effective. However, the increase in blood pressure and the worsening of sleep quality in the last meeting show the need for adjustment in the last stage of the deprescription process.

Modelo técnico-assistencial de cuidados de enfermagem ao paciente de transplante renal / Model of nursing technical care for kidney transplant patients

Objetivo: elaborar um modelo técnico-assistencial de enfermagem para pacientes de transplante renal. Método: desenvolvimento de modelo técnico-assistencial fundamentado nas teorias de Orem e Watson baseado na pesquisa convergente assistencial. O cenário foi um Centro Transplantador da região sul do Brasil. Coleta de dados - diagnóstico das atividades realizadas no serviço de transplante renal; entrevista semiestruturada com pacientes; e três grupos focais com enfermeiros. Participaram nove pacientes de transplante renal e dez enfermeiros que atuam nas fases do perioperatório. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Resultados: categorias emergidas dos pacientes - expectativas do transplante renal; informação sobre o tratamento após transplante; mudança no estilo de vida após o adoecimento; importância do autocuidado; sentimentos envolvidos no transplante renal e melhorias do centro transplantador. Conclusão: o modelo desenvolvido foi fundamentado nas teorias de Watson e Orem contemplando integralidade, promoção do autocuidado e atuação do enfermeiro, bem como necessidades apontadas pelos pacientes.

Objective: to develop a model of nursing technical care for kidney transplant patients. Method: development of a technical care model based on the theories of Orem and Watson based on convergent care research. The setting was a Transplant Center in southern Brazil. Data collection - diagnosis of activities performed in the kidney transplant service; semi-structured interview with patients; and three focus groups with nurses. Nine kidney transplant patients and ten nurses who work in the perioperative period participated. Content analysis was performed. Results: categories emerged from patients - expectations of kidney transplantation; information about treatment after transplantation; lifestyle changes after illness; importance of self-care; feelings involved in kidney transplantation; and transplant center improvements. Conclusion: the developed model was based on Watson and Orem's theories and contemplated comprehensiveness, promotion of self-care and the role of nurses, as well as needs identified by patients.

Elaboração de instrumento de avaliação da assistência ao paciente com tuberculose na atenção primária em saúde / Elaboration of instrument for assessing assistance to patients with tuberculosis in primary health care / Elaboración de instrumento de evaluación de asistencia a pacientes con tuberculosis en atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: elaborar e validar um instrumento de avaliação da assistência ao paciente com tuberculose na Atenção Primária em Saúde. Método: as etapas de construção do instrumento avaliativo foram: construção do modelo lógico, revisão bibliográfica, identificação das dimensões e subdimensões avaliativas e elaboração de indicadores. A Técnica Delfos com especialistas foi utilizada a fim de obter consenso sobre a relevância das dimensões e subdimensões e atribuir pesos aos indicadores. O teste piloto foi realizado em duas unidades de saúde. Resultados: o instrumento de avaliação resulta em uma nota máxima de dez pontos distribuída em recursos físicos, recursos humanos e capacidade técnica, subdividida em sete subdimensões e 44 indicadores. A avaliação possibilitou o conhecimento da realidade individual das unidades avaliadas. Conclusão: o instrumento proposto pode ser utilizado como instrumento de gestão, podendo ser útil na identificação de estratégias para qualificação da assistência do paciente com tuberculose na Atenção Primária em Saúde

Objective: validate an instrument for assessing the care of patients with tuberculosis in Primary Health Care. Method: the construction stages of the evaluation instrument were: construction of logical model, bibliographic review, identification of the evaluative dimensions and subdimensions and indicators development. The Delphi Technique with specialists was used in order to obtain consensus on the relevance of dimensions and subdimensions and to assign weights to the indicators. The pilot test was carried out in two units. Results: the evaluation instrument results in a maximum score of ten points distributed in physical resources, human resources and technical capacity, subdivided into seven subdimensions and 44 indicators. The evaluation enabled the knowledge of the individual reality of the units evaluated. Conclusion: the proposed instrument can be used as a management tool and can be useful in identifying strategies for qualifying the care of patients with tuberculosis in Primary Health Care

Objetivo: validar un instrumento de evaluación de la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método:las etapas de construcción del instrumento de evaluación fueron: construcción del modelo lógico, revisión bibliográfica, identificación de las dimensiones y subdimensiones evaluativas y desarrollo de indicadores. Se utilizó la Técnica Delphi con especialistas para lograr consenso sobre la relevancia de dimensiones y subdimensiones y asignar ponderaciones a los indicadores. La prueba piloto se realizó en dos unidades. Resultados: el instrumento de evaluación arroja un puntaje máximo de diez puntos distribuidos en recursos físicos, recursos humanos y capacidad técnica, subdivididos en siete subdimensiones y 44 indicadores. La evaluación permitió conocer la realidad individual de las unidades evaluadas. Conclusión: el instrumento propuesto puede ser utilizado como herramienta de manejo y puede ser útil en la identificación de estrategias para calificar la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis en Atención Primaria de Salud

LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: TACROLIMUS BLOOD LEVELS VARIATION AND SURVIVAL, REJECTION AND DEATH OUTCOMES.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive drugs have important role in transplant of solid grafts, it aim avoid episodes of acute and chronic rejection and improving graft survival and patient survival. In Brazil, in 2016, liver transplantation was the third most frequent, with 1,880 transplants performed, of which 150 in Rio Grande do Sul. Several studies evaluated the association between variability in blood levels of immunosuppressive tacrolimus and late acute cellular graft rejection. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of tacrolimus blood levels with clinical outcomes late acute cellular rejection, death, patient survival and graft survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: This is a retrospective longitudinal study including patients submitted to adult liver transplantation by the Liver Transplantation Group in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital of Porto Alegre, from January 2006 to January 2013, and who used tacrolimus as immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients included in the study, the majority were male (70.1%), 52-60 years old (33.9%) at the transplant. The most frequent causes of liver transplantation in this series were hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma (24.4%) and alcohol (15.7%). Thirteen patients had late acute cellular rejection (10.2%); of these, three had two episodes. Regarding severity classification, seven patients had mild late acute cellular rejection. The mean time of rejection after liver transplantation was 14 months (ranging from 8 to 33 months). Overall survival was 8.98 years. Regarding tacrolimus blood levels, 52 patients with a variation ≥2 standard deviations were identified. Of these patients, eight had rejection; however, the association was not significant (P=0.146). A significant association was found between variation ≥2 standard deviations in tacrolimus blood levels and death (P=0.023) and survival (P=0.019). Regarding 5-year follow-up of graft survival, being two standard deviations above increases by 2.26 times the risk of transplanted graft loss, and for each unit of increase of standard deviation of tacrolimus blood levels there is a two-fold increase in the risk of graft loss in 5 years. CONCLUSION: Increased risk of graft loss associated with increased standard deviations of tacrolimus blood levels may indicate the need for more rigorous and prospective monitoring of tacrolimus blood levels.

Drug-induced liver injury and COVID-19: A review for clinical practice.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) consists of a systemic disease that can present many complications. The infection presents broad clinical symptoms and a high rate of transmissibility. In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome, the patients manifest complications beyond the respiratory system. The frequency of liver damage in COVID-19 patients ranges from 14.8% to 53% of patients. One should pay attention to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients with COVID-19, especially considering the off-label use of drugs in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens applied on large scales. This review aims to present relevant information on the medication used so far in COVID-19 patients and its possible hepatotoxicity. We reviewed liver damage in patients with COVID-19 on PubMed and Virtual Health Library to investigate DILI cases. Four studies were selected, involving the medicines remdesivir, tocilizumab and a pharmacovigilance analysis study. The hepatotoxicity profile of drugs presented in the literature considers use in accordance to usual posology standards for treatment. However, drugs currently used in the management of COVID-19 follow different dosages and posology than those tested by the pharmaceutical industry. The deficiency of uniformity and standardization in the assessment of hepatotoxicity cases hinders the publication of information and the possibility of comparing information among healthcare professionals. It is suggested that severe liver injury in COVID-19 patients should be reported in pharmacovigilance institutions, and physicians should pay attention to any considerable abnormal liver test elevation as it can demonstrate unknown drug hepatotoxicity. Liver disorders in COVID-19 patients and the use of several concomitant off-label medications - with a potential risk of further damaging the liver - should at least be a warning sign for rapid identification and early intervention, thus preventing liver damage from contributing to severe impairment in patients.

Transplante hepático: variação dos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo e desfechos de sobrevida, rejeição e óbito / Liver transplantation: tacrolimus blood levels variation and survival, rejection and death outcomes

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive drugs have important role in transplant of solid grafts, it aim avoid episodes of acute and chronic rejection and improving graft survival and patient survival. In Brazil, in 2016, liver transplantation was the third most frequent, with 1,880 transplants performed, of which 150 in Rio Grande do Sul. Several studies evaluated the association between variability in blood levels of immunosuppressive tacrolimus and late acute cellular graft rejection. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of tacrolimus blood levels with clinical outcomes late acute cellular rejection, death, patient survival and graft survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: This is a retrospective longitudinal study including patients submitted to adult liver transplantation by the Liver Transplantation Group in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital of Porto Alegre, from January 2006 to January 2013, and who used tacrolimus as immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients included in the study, the majority were male (70.1%), 52-60 years old (33.9%) at the transplant. The most frequent causes of liver transplantation in this series were hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma (24.4%) and alcohol (15.7%). Thirteen patients had late acute cellular rejection (10.2%); of these, three had two episodes. Regarding severity classification, seven patients had mild late acute cellular rejection. The mean time of rejection after liver transplantation was 14 months (ranging from 8 to 33 months). Overall survival was 8.98 years. Regarding tacrolimus blood levels, 52 patients with a variation ≥2 standard deviations were identified. Of these patients, eight had rejection; however, the association was not significant (P=0.146). A significant association was found between variation ≥2 standard deviations in tacrolimus blood levels and death (P=0.023) and survival (P=0.019). Regarding 5-year follow-up of graft survival, being two standard deviations above increases by 2.26 times the risk of transplanted graft loss, and for each unit of increase of standard deviation of tacrolimus blood levels there is a two-fold increase in the risk of graft loss in 5 years. CONCLUSION: Increased risk of graft loss associated with increased standard deviations of tacrolimus blood levels may indicate the need for more rigorous and prospective monitoring of tacrolimus blood levels.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os imunossupressores desempenham importante papel no transplante de órgãos sólidos, com o objetivo de evitar a rejeição aguda e crônica, aumentando o tempo de sobrevida do órgão e do paciente. No Brasil, em 2016, o transplante de fígado foi o 3° mais frequente, com um número de 1.880 transplantes, sendo 150 realizados no Rio Grande do Sul. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação da variação dos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo com os desfechos clínicos, rejeição celular aguda tardia, óbito, sobrevida de paciente e enxerto em pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, no qual foram incluídos os pacientes submetidos ao transplante hepático adulto pelo grupo de transplante hepático na Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, no período de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013, e que fizeram o uso de tacrolimo como terapia imunossupressora. RESULTADOS: Dos 127 pacientes incluídos no estudo, a maioria era do gênero masculino (70,1%), caucasiana (86,4%), com idade entre 52 e 60 anos (33,9%). As associações de causas mais frequentes para transplante hepático foram vírus da hepatite C, carcinoma hepatocelular (24,4%) e álcool (15,7%). Um total de treze pacientes apresentaram rejeição celular aguda tardia (10,2%); destes, três tiveram dois episódios. O tempo médio de rejeição após o transplante hepático foi de 14 meses, variando de 8 a 33 meses. A sobrevida global foi de 8,98 anos. Em relação aos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo, foram identificados 52 pacientes com uma variação maior ou igual a dois desvios-padrão. Destes pacientes, oito tiveram rejeição, contudo, a associação não foi significativa (P=0,146). Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre a variação maior ou igual a dois desvios-padrão nos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo com óbito (P=0,023) e sobrevida (P=0,019). Em relação ao acompanhamento de sobrevida do enxerto em cinco anos, estar dois desvios-padrão acima aumenta em 2,26 vezes o risco de perda do enxerto transplantado, e a cada unidade de aumento de desvio-padrão dos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo há um aumento de duas vezes no risco de perda do enxerto transplantado em 5 anos. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento do risco da perda do enxerto associado ao aumento da variação dos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo pode indicar a necessidade do acompanhamento mais rigoroso e prospectivo dos níveis sanguíneos de tacrolimo.

COVID-19 evidence for all: development of a learning object in health teaching.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the development of a learning object focused on scientific evidence about COVID-19. METHOD: Experience report on the production of a learning object based on the DADI web sites methodology, aimed at adults and children, built by nurses and academics from a Brazilian Federal University in 2020. Data collection in databases and reference organizations. Monitored performance through Google Analytics. RESULTS: Website created, "COVID-19 Evidence for All", with intuitive design and didactic language aimed at three audiences: health professionals, adult population, and children. In the first month after implementation, the website was accessed by 3,313 users, proving to be an efficient strategy for disseminating knowledge. CONCLUSION: The development of the website involved professors, academics and master's students in the production of educational material aimed at prevention, promotion and maintenance of health. The resource allows quick consultation of the best scientific evidence available to date.

Overview of drug induced liver injury in Brazil: What is the role of public health policy on the evidence?

BACKGROUND: Adverse drug reactions are responsible for increased costs and morbidity in the health system. Hepatotoxicity can be induced both by non-prescription drugs and by those used for chronic diseases. It is the main cause of safety-related drug marketing withdrawals and could be responsible for irreversible and fatal injuries. AIM: To identify and to summarize Brazilian studies reporting the drug-induced liver injury. METHODS: A systematic review of Brazilian studies was carried out until June 2020. It was found 32 studies, being 10 retrospective cohorts, 12 prospective cohorts, 5 cross-sectional, 3 case-control, one case series and one randomized clinical trial. In most studies were investigated tuberculosis patients followed by other infectious conditions like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus. The hepatotoxicity ranged from one to 57%, led by isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Few studies reported algorithm to assess causality. In most studies, there were moderate outcomes and it was necessary drug interruption. However, few severe outcomes, such as chronic liver damage and liver transplantation were reported. RESULTS: Twenty-two different criteria for hepatotoxicity were found. The great heterogeneity did not allow a meta-analysis. Standardization of parameter of drug-induced liver injury and greater effort in pharmacovigilance could contribute to learn more about drug-induced liver injury (DILI)'s epidemiology in Brazil. CONCLUSION: The development of strategic public health policies seems to have an influence on the DILI scientific evidence in Brazil due to main studies are in HIV and tuberculosis line care, two strategic health policies in Brazil.

Nursing assistance in patient care with external ventricular drain: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: to map the available evidence about nursing care aimed at adult patients using external ventricular drain. METHODS: this is a review using the scoping review method. RESULTS: Initially, 965 studies were identified and, after the eligibility criteria, a sample of 54 publications was obtained. Each of them was assessed according to GRADE, resulting in three studies with high quality; 14 with moderate quality; 32 with low quality; and five with very low quality. It was highlighted 20 nursing care subdivided into nine categories, namely: drainage system; bed positioning and mobilization; catheter care; monitoring of intracranial pressure; and medication administration. CONCLUSIONS: the scoping review made it possible to identify the main nursing care directed to adult patients undergoing placement of external ventricular drain from the evidence available to date.

COVID-19 evidences for all: development of a learning object in health teaching / Evidencias de COVID-19 para todos: desarrollo de un objeto de aprendizaje en la enseñanza de la salud / COVID-19 evidências para todos: desenvolvimento de um objeto de aprendizagem no ensino em saúde

ABSTRACTObjective: Describe the development of a learning object focused on scientific evidence about COVID-19.Method: Experience report on the production of a learning object based on the DADI web sites methodology, aimed at adults and children, built by nurses and academics from a Brazilian Federal University in 2020. Data collection in databases and reference organizations. Monitored performance through Google Analytics.Results: Website created, "COVID-19 Evidence for All", with intuitive design and didactic language aimed at three audiences: health professionals, adult population and children. In the first month after implementation, the site was accessed by 3,313 users, proving to be an efficient strategy for disseminating knowledge.Conclusion: The development of the website involved professors, academics and Master's students in the production of educational material aimed at prevention, promotion and maintenance of health. The resource allows quick consultation of the best scientific evidence available to date.Keywords: Coronavirus infections. Pandemics. Computer communication networks. Health education. Evidence-based practice. Empowerment for health.

RESUMENObjetivo: Describe el desarrollo de un objeto de aprendizaje centrado en la evidencia científica sobre COVID-19.Método: Informe de experiencia sobre la producción de un objeto de aprendizaje basado en la metodología de los sitios web DADI, dirigido a adultos y niños, construido por enfermeras y académicos de una Universidad Federal de Brasil, en 2020. Recopilación de datos en bases de datos y organizaciones de referencia. Rendimiento supervisado a través de Google Analytics.Resultados: Sitio web creado, "Evidencia COVID-19 para todos", con diseño intuitivo y lenguaje didáctico dirigido a tres audiencias: profesionales de la salud, población adulta y niños. En el primer mes después de la implementación, el sitio fue accedido por 3.313 usuarios, demostrando ser una estrategia eficiente para diseminar conocimiento.Conclusión: El desarrollo del sitio involucró a profesores, académicos y estudiantes de maestría en enfermería en la preparación de material educativo dirigido a la prevención, promoción y mantenimiento de la salud. El recurso permite una consulta rápida a las mejores recomendaciones científicas.Palabras clave: Infecciones por coronavirus. Pandemias. Redes de comunicación de computadores. Educación en salud. Practica clinica basada en la evidencia. Empoderamiento para la salud.

RESUMOObjetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento de um objeto de aprendizagem focado em evidências científicas sobre COVID-19.Método: Relato de experiência sobre produção de um objeto de aprendizagem fundamentado na metodologia web sites DADI, direcionado ao público adulto e infantil, construído por enfermeiras e acadêmicos de uma Universidade Federal brasileira, em 2020. Coleta de dados em bases de dados e organizações de referências. Monitorado desempenho através do Google Analytics.Resultados: Elaborado site "COVID-19 evidências para todos", com design intuitivo e linguagem didática direcionado a três públicos: profissionais de saúde, população adulta e crianças. No primeiro mês após implementação, o site foi acessado por 3.313 usuários, mostrando ser uma estratégia eficiente para disseminação de conhecimento.Conclusão: O desenvolvimento do site envolveu docentes, acadêmicos e mestrandos de Enfermagem na confecção de material educativo direcionado à prevenção, promoção e manutenção da saúde. O recurso permite consulta rápida às melhores evidências científicas disponíveis até o momento. Palavras-chave: Infecções por coronavírus. Pandemias. Redes de comunicação de computadores. Educação em saúde. Prática clínica baseada em evidências. Empoderamento para a saúde.

Oxigenoterapia domiciliar: perfil dos usuários assistidos pelo programa melhor em casa / Oxigenoterapia en el hogar: perfil de usuarios asistidos por el programa melhor em casa / Home oxygen therapy: profile of users assisted by the melhor em casa program

Objetivo descrever o perfil dos usuários de oxigenoterapia domiciliar assistidos pelo Programa Melhor em Casa. Método estudo transversal com coleta de dados retrospectiva e análise descritiva de prontuários dos usuários de oxigenoterapia domiciliar de um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados dentre os 59 usuários cadastrados no programa para uso da oxigenoterapia domiciliar, identificaram-se portadores de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (n=35), cuidados paliativos (n=13) e outras patologias (n=11), idade média de 69,3 anos, sexo feminino (52,5%), oxigenoterapia intermitente (57,6%), tabagismo pregresso (71,2%), tabagismo atual (8,5%), tempo médio de uso da oxigenoterapia de 17 meses. Como desfecho, foi identificado: morte (45,7%), alta (11,9%) e em uso de oxigenoterapia (40,7%). Conclusão os usuários de oxigenoterapia domiciliar assistidos pelo Programa Melhor em Casa do município estudado apresentavam idade avançada, sexo feminino, ex-tabagistas, baixa escolaridade, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica como doença de base e cuidados prestados por cuidadores familiares.

Objetivo describir el perfil de los usuarios de oxigenoterapia domiciliaria asistidos por el Programa Melhor em Casa. Método estudio transversal con recolección retrospectiva de datos y análisis descriptivo de registros médicos de usuarios domiciliarios de oxigenoterapia en un municipio del interior de Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados entre los 59 usuarios inscritos en el programa para el uso de oxigenoterapia domiciliaria, se identificaron pacientes con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (n=35), cuidados paliativos (n=13) y otras patologías (n=11), edad media de 69,3 años, sexo femenino (52,5%), oxigenoterapia intermitente (57,6%), tabaquismo previo (71,2%), tabaquismo actual (8,5%), tiempo medio de uso de oxigenoterapia de 17 meses. Como resultado, se identificaron la muerte (45,7%), el alta (11,9%) y la oxigenoterapia (40,7%). Conclusión los usuarios de oxigenoterapia domiciliaria atendidos por el Programa Melhor em Casa del municipio estudiado fueron mujeres de edad avanzada, exfumadores, baja escolaridad, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica como enfermedad subyacente y atención brindada por cuidadores familiares.

Objective to describe the profile of home oxygen therapy users assisted by the Melhor em Casa Program. Method cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection and descriptive analysis of medical records of home oxygen therapy users in a municipality in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. Results among the 59 users enrolled in the program for the use of home oxygen therapy, Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (n=35), palliative care (n=13) and other pathologies (n=11), mean age of 69.3 years, female gender (52.5%), intermittent oxygen therapy (57.6%), previous smoking (71.2%), current smoking (8.5%), mean time of oxygen therapy use of 17 months were identified. As an outcome, death (45.7%), discharge (11.9%) and oxygen therapy (40.7%) were identified. Conclusion home oxygen therapy users assisted by the Melhor em Casa Program of the municipality studied had advanced age, female, ex-smokers, low schooling, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an underlying disease and care provided by family caregivers.

Custos diretos e indiretos da fibromialgia: uma revisão de escopo / Direct and indirect costs of fibromyalgia: a scoping review

Objetivo: Identificar os custos médicos diretos e indiretos de pacientes com fibromialgia (FM), bem como elucidar os recursos em saúde utilizados. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs, tendo como critérios de inclusão publicações que versavam sobre os custos da FM, publicadas a partir de 2009, disponíveis eletronicamente na íntegra, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. As buscas foram realizadas entre fevereiro de 2019 e abril de 2021. Resultados: Foram identificados 124 artigos, sendo selecionados 9. Os estudos selecionados foram desenvolvidos na Europa (n=5), América do Norte (n=3) e Ásia (n=1). O número de participantes nos estudos variou de 57 a 2.098, com maior predomínio de pacientes do sexo feminino e idade média variando de 42,6 a 55,2 anos. A média de comorbidades foi de 2,4 a 4,9 por paciente, com um tempo de diagnóstico variando de 4,3 a 6,9 anos. A média do número de consultas médicas variou de 4,68 a 23,3 por paciente/ano, sendo os custos diretos anuais, convertidos para o ano de 2021, de U$ 925,62 a U$ 8.116,59, representando 10,5% a 37,6% dos valores dos custos totais. A média anual de custos indiretos variou de U$ 7.274,98 a U$ 32.294,87, representando 62,4% a 89,5% dos custos totais. Conclusão: Os custos diretos identificados refletiram um panorama do modelo assistencial adotado pelos países que compuseram esta pesquisa e identificamos maior sobrecarga de custos indiretos em relação aos custos totais por paciente, demonstrando maior impacto na comunidade

Objective: To identify the direct and indirect medical costs of patients with fibromyalgia (FM), as well as to elucidate the health resources used. Methods: A scoping review was carried out in the Medline/PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases, with the inclusion criteria of publications dealing with the costs of FM, published since 2009, available electronically in full, in Portuguese, English or Spanish. The searches were carried out between February 2019 and April 2021. Results: 124 articles were identified, of which nine were selected. The selected studies were developed in Europe (n=5), North America (n=3) and Asia (n=1). The number of participants in the studies ranged from 57 to 2.098, with a greater predominance of female patients and mean age ranging from 42,6 to 55,2 years. The average of comorbidities was 2,4 to 4,9 per patient, with a time of diagnosis ranging from 4,3 to 6,9 years. The average number of medical consultations ranged from 4,68 to 23,3 per patient/year, with direct annual costs, converted for the year 2021, from U$ 925,62 to U $ 8.116,59, representing 10,5% to 37,6% of the total cost figures. The annual average of indirect costs ranged from U$ 7.274,98 to U$ 32.294,87 representing 62,4% to 89,5% of the total costs. Conclusion: The direct costs identified reflected a panorama of the care model adopted by the countries that composed this research and we identified a greater overhead of indirect costs in relation to the total costs per patient, demonstrating a greater impact on the community

Nursing assistance in patient care with external ventricular drain: a scoping review / Atención de enfermería en cuidado al paciente con derivación ventricular externa: scoping review / Cuidados de enfermagem na assistência ao paciente com derivação ventricular externa: scoping review

ABSTRACT Objectives: to map the available evidence about nursing care aimed at adult patients using external ventricular drain. Methods: this is a review using the scoping review method. Results: Initially, 965 studies were identified and, after the eligibility criteria, a sample of 54 publications was obtained. Each of them was assessed according to GRADE, resulting in three studies with high quality; 14 with moderate quality; 32 with low quality; and five with very low quality. It was highlighted 20 nursing care subdivided into nine categories, namely: drainage system; bed positioning and mobilization; catheter care; monitoring of intracranial pressure; and medication administration. Conclusions: the scoping review made it possible to identify the main nursing care directed to adult patients undergoing placement of external ventricular drain from the evidence available to date.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear la evidencia disponible sobre la atención de enfermería dirigida a pacientes adultos que usan derivación ventricular externa. Métodos: esta es una revisión que utiliza el método de scoping review. Resultados: inicialmente, se identificaron 965 estudios y, después de los criterios de elegibilidad, se obtuvo una muestra de 54 publicaciones. Cada uno de ellos fue evaluado según GRADE, lo que resultó en tres estudios con alta calidad; 14 con calidad moderada; 32 con baja calidad; y nueve con muy baja calidad. Hubo 20 cuidados de enfermería, divididos en nueve categorías, tales como: sistema de drenaje; posicionamiento y movilización de la cama; cuidado del catéter; monitorización de la presión intracraneal; y administración de medicamentos. Conclusiones: la revisión del alcance permitió la identificación de los principales cuidados de enfermería dirigidos a pacientes adultos sometidos a la colocación de un bypass ventricular externo con base en la evidencia disponible hasta el momento.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear as evidências disponíveis acerca dos cuidados de enfermagem direcionados ao paciente adulto em uso de derivação ventricular externa. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão utilizando o método scoping review. Resultados: inicialmente, identificaram-se 965 estudos e, após os critérios de elegibilidade, obteve-se amostra de 54 publicações. Cada um deles foi avaliado de acordo com o GRADE, resultando em três estudos com qualidade alta; 14 com qualidade moderada; 32 com qualidade baixa; e cinco com qualidade muito baixa. Destacaram-se 20 cuidados de enfermagem, subdivididos em nove categorias como: sistema de drenagem; posicionamento e mobilização no leito; cuidados com o cateter; monitorização da pressão intracraniana; e administração de medicamentos. Conclusões: a realização do scoping review permitiu identificar os principais cuidados de enfermagem direcionados ao paciente adulto submetido à colocação de derivação ventricular externa a partir das evidências disponíveis até o momento.

COVID-19 evidence for all: development of a learning object in health teaching / COVID-19 evidencias para todos: desarrollo de un objeto de aprendizaje en la enseñanza en salud / COVID-19 evidências para todos: desenvolvimento de um objeto de aprendizagem no ensino em saúde

ABSTRACT Objective Describe the development of a learning object focused on scientific evidence about COVID-19. Method Experience report on the production of a learning object based on the DADI web sites methodology, aimed at adults and children, built by nurses and academics from a Brazilian Federal University in 2020. Data collection in databases and reference organizations. Monitored performance through Google Analytics. Results Website created, "COVID-19 Evidence for All", with intuitive design and didactic language aimed at three audiences: health professionals, adult population, and children. In the first month after implementation, the website was accessed by 3,313 users, proving to be an efficient strategy for disseminating knowledge. Conclusion The development of the website involved professors, academics and master's students in the production of educational material aimed at prevention, promotion and maintenance of health. The resource allows quick consultation of the best scientific evidence available to date.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describe el desarrollo de un objeto de aprendizaje centrado en la evidencia científica sobre COVID-19. Método Informe de experiencia sobre la producción de un objeto de aprendizaje basado en la metodología de los sitios web DADI, dirigido a adultos y niños, construido por enfermeras y académicos de una Universidad Federal de Brasil, en 2020. Recopilación de datos en bases de datos y organizaciones de referencia. Rendimiento supervisado a través de Google Analytics. Resultados Sitio web creado, "Evidencia COVID-19 para todos", con diseño intuitivo y lenguaje didáctico dirigido a tres audiencias: profesionales de la salud, población adulta y niños. En el primer mes después de la implementación, el sitio fue accedido por 3.313 usuarios, demostrando ser una estrategia eficiente para diseminar conocimiento. Conclusión El desarrollo del sitio involucró a profesores, académicos y estudiantes de maestría en enfermería en la preparación de material educativo dirigido a la prevención, promoción y mantenimiento de la salud. El recurso permite una consulta rápida a las mejores recomendaciones científicas.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o desenvolvimento de um objeto de aprendizagem focado em evidências científicas sobre COVID-19. Método Relato de experiência sobre produção de um objeto de aprendizagem fundamentado na metodologia web sites DADI, direcionado ao público adulto e infantil, construído por enfermeiras e acadêmicos de uma Universidade Federal brasileira, em 2020. Coleta de dados em bases de dados e organizações de referências. Monitorado desempenho através do Google Analytics. Resultados Elaborado site "COVID-19 evidências para todos", com design intuitivo e linguagem didática direcionado a três públicos: profissionais de saúde, população adulta e crianças. No primeiro mês após implementação, o site foi acessado por 3.313 usuários, mostrando ser uma estratégia eficiente para disseminação de conhecimento. Conclusão O desenvolvimento do site envolveu docentes, acadêmicos e mestrandos de Enfermagem na confecção de material educativo direcionado à prevenção, promoção e manutenção da saúde. O recurso permite consulta rápida às melhores evidências científicas disponíveis até o momento.

The accuracy of the Manchester Triage System in an emergency service.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the accuracy of the Manchester Triage System (MTS) and the outcomes of adult patients in an emergency hospital service. METHOD: Cross-sectional study, conducted through an inspection of records of risk classification of adult patients treated in the emergency service of a hospital. RESULTS: The patients (n = 400) were classified according to priority levels, in red (0.8%), orange (58.2%), and yellow (41.0%). The accuracy levels between auditors and nurses were substantial for the flowchart (K = 0.75), and moderate for discriminating factors (k = 0.46) and priority levels (k = 0.42). The accuracy of the MTS was 68.8% with regard to priority levels. Regarding outcomes, 60% of patients were discharged, 37% were transferred to other units, and 3% died. CONCLUSION: The MTS proved to be a good predictor of the assessed outcomes, showing that 65.9% of Low Urgency patients progress to discharges, and 3.8% of High Urgency patients progress to death. The accuracy of the MTS was moderate, which suggests the need to implement inspections in emergency services.

Validation methods of nursing protocols: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to identify scientific production about validation methods of nursing care protocols. METHOD: an integrative review with search at Scielo, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost. The descriptors "validation studies", "validation studies as topic", "protocols", "clinical protocols", "practice guidelines as topic", "nursing" and "nursing assessment" and the uncontrolled descriptor "validation" were used. RESULTS: thirty-two articles were selected, most of them Brazilian. Content validation by experts was the most frequent method, with no consensus on the number of participants for the process. The collection instruments were mostly created by the authors. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Content Validity Index, with a variable consensus rate in the analyzed articles. CONCLUSION: protocols validated by experts are robust tools for use in clinical practice, with methodological rigor in development essential for its quality.

Education to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate nursing adherence to the Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Bundle and the incidence rate, before and after Continuing education. METHODS: a quasi-experimental, retrospective study with a total of 302 patients on mechanical ventilator admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Data obtained from the application of the bundle, from June 2017 to June 2018. In December 2017, a training on the infection was carried out with 48 professionals. RESULTS: the mean age of patients was 62.39±17.06 years old. Appropriate measures before and after training, respectively: position of the ventilator filter 94.8% and 96.2%, p=0.074; elevated headboard 88.4% and 94.5%, p<0.001; oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 89.5% and 98.2%, p<0.001; teeth brushing 80.8% and 96.4%, p<0.001; and cuff pressure 92.7% and 95.6%, p=0.002. Incidence density was 7.99 for 4.28 infections/1000 ventilators per day. CONCLUSION: the bundle application and education made it possible to increase adherence and decrease infection.

Hospital expenses and liver disease in Brazil / Gastos hospitalares e doença hepática no Brasil

Objective: This study aims at describing the values and morbimortality of hospital admissions for liver disease in the Brazilian public health system. Methods: The study was carried out in the DATASUS, for a period of five years. The number, causes, time, mortality rate and values of hospitalizations in the period were investigated. Results: In five years, there were 67,561,584 hospitalizations, of which 461,431 were due to liver diseases. The value of hospitalizations in the period was US$ 23 billion, and liver diseases accounted for US$ 384 million, which corresponds to 76 million per year. In liver diseases, the mean length of hospital stay was 8 days whereas for other hospitalizations the mean time was 5 days. The mortality rate from liver diseases was 14% while the general mortality rate was 4%. The average cost of hospitalizations was US$ 531 for liver diseases and US$ 84 for other causes of hospitalization. Conclusion: In the Brazilian public health system, liver diseases have a higher average value, a longer average hospital stay, and a higher mortality rate when compared to all causes of hospitalization.

Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever os valores e a morbimortalidade das internações por doenças hepáticas no sistema público de saúde brasileiro. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Datasus, por um período de cinco anos. Foram investigados o número, as causas, o tempo, a taxa de mortalidade e os valores das internações no período. Resultados: Em cinco anos houve 67.561.584 internações, das quais 461.431 foram por hepatopatias. O valor das internações no período foi de US$ 23 bilhões, e as doenças do fígado representaram US$ 384 milhões, o que corresponde a 76 milhões por ano. Nas hepatopatias, o tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 8 dias, enquanto para outras internações o tempo médio foi de 5 dias. A taxa de mortalidade por doenças do fígado foi de 14%, enquanto a taxa geral de mortalidade foi de 4,0%. O custo médio das hospitalizações foi de US$ 531 para doenças do fígado, enquanto para outras causas de hospitalização foi de US$ 84. Conclusão: No sistema público de saúde brasileiro, as hepatopatias têm maior valor médio, maior tempo de internação e maior mortalidade quando comparadas a todas as causas de internação.