[Investigations of nasal deposition efficiency of wheaten flour and corn starch]. / Untersuchungen zur nasalen Depositionseffizienz für Weizenmehl- und Maisstärke-Staub.

BACKGROUND: In-vivo-evaluation of the nasal deposition efficiency is problematic, because a postnasal measurement of the dust particle concentration is difficult. A new method is represented, which measures in front of the nose the dust loading after ortho- and retronasal passage relative easily. METHODS: 36 healthy subjects were nasally dust-exposed sitting in an exposure chamber. With the help of dust sampling system (Respicon) the particle size-referred dust loading before and after the nasal airflow passage was gravimetrically determined. The constant flow rate was 3.111 per minute. A contamination with breathing air was excluded by an active velopharyngeal closure. The subjects breathed orally over a breathing tube clean air. They were in each case 15 min exposed to the constant pre-nasal wheaten flour or corn starch dust produced over a brush disperser (Palas, RBG 1000). The time interval between both exposures was seven days excluding cross over effects. RESULTS: The deposition efficiency of both types of food powder was particle size dependent. Highest it was -as expected- with the particle sizes between 5-100 microm. Here it lay between 92% and 99%. The small particles of wheaten flour respective corn starch with an aerodynamic diameter between 1-4 microm deposited nasally 31% respectively 74%. CONCLUSIONS: The new relatively simple method of measurement of nasal deposition efficiency does not load the deeper respiratory tract. The results confirm the good filtering capability of the healthy nose for large dust particles. The nasal deposition of particles smaller than 5 microm is reduced but not absent. The small dust particles of wheaten flour and corn starch are very different nasally deposited. The different electrostatic charges of the two food powders may explain these differences.

Cold neutron energy dependent production of ultracold neutrons in solid deuterium.

A measurement of the production of ultracold neutrons from velocity-selected cold neutrons on gaseous and solid deuterium targets is reported. The expected energy dependence for two-particle collisions with well defined neutron and Maxwell-Boltzmann distributed molecular velocities is found for the gas target. The solid target data agree in shape with the phonon density-of-states curve and provide strong evidence for the phonon model including multiphonon excitations.

Measured total cross sections of slow neutrons scattered by solid deuterium and implications for ultracold neutron sources.

The total scattering cross sections for slow neutrons with energies in the range 100 neV to 3 meV for solid ortho-2H2 at 18 and 5 K, frozen from the liquid, have been measured. The 18 K cross sections are found to be in excellent agreement with theoretical expectations and for ultracold neutrons dominated by thermal up scattering. At 5 K the total scattering cross sections are found to be dominated by the crystal defects originating in temperature induced stress but not deteriorated by temperature cycles between 5 and 10 K.

Bulimia: an empirical analysis of psychodynamic theory.

This study examined two aspects of psychodynamic theory concerning bulimia nervosa, that bulimic patients ascribe to a traditionally feminine sex-role and that bulimic women have difficulty differentiating emotional from visceral sensations. 18 bulimic and 18 control women were administered the Bem Sex-role Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory. Contrary to dynamic theory, bulimic women were not more likely classified as traditionally feminine than control subjects; however, significantly more controls than bulimic women were classified as androgynous. Analysis of scores on the Eating Disorder Inventory's Interoceptive Awareness scale indicated a significant difference between bulimic persons and controls, providing strong support for the hypothesis that bulimic women have a difficult time differentiating emotional from visceral sensations.

Willingness to apply understood ethical principles.

Recent research suggests a discrepancy between understanding vs. implementation of ethical principles. The present study investigated the relationship between decisions with regard to what "should" vs. what "would" be done in a variety of ethical conflict situations. Additionally, this research examined the influence of the degree of closeness of the respondent to the identified person-of-reference in each conflict scenario. The results strongly supported the conclusion that while professional clinicians are capable of recognizing conduct that falls below accepted ethical standards, they are less willing to follow through with required action. Restrictiveness of conflict resolution was related to both person-of-reference group and to specific ethical situation. The results are discussed in terms of attribution theory and actor-observer effects.