Spatial bandwidth-optimized compression of image plane off-axis holograms with image and video codecs.

Image plane off-axis holograms (IP-OAH) are the most common data captured in digital holographic microscopy and tomography. Due to increasing storage and data transmission requirements, lossy compression of such holograms has been subject of earlier investigations. However, hologram compression can not be allowed to hinder the metrological capabilities of the measurement technique itself. In this work, we present lossy and lossless IP-OAH compression approaches that are based on conventional compression codecs, but optimized with regard to bandwidth of the signal. Both approaches outperform respective conventional codecs, while the lossy approach is shown to uphold the accuracy of holographic phase measurements.

[Facial femalization in transgenders].

Transsexualism is a gender identity disorder in which there is a strong desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex. In male-to-female transsexuals with strong masculine facial features, facial feminization surgery is performed as part of the gender reassignment. A strong association between femininity and attractiveness has been attributed to the upper third of the face and the interplay of the glabellar prominence of the forehead. Studies have shown that a certain lower jaw shape is characteristic of males with special attention to the strong square mandibular angle and chin and also suggest that the attractive female jaw is smaller with a more round shape mandibular angles and a pointy chin. Other studies have shown that feminization of the forehead through cranioplasty have the most significant impact in determining the gender of a patient. Facial feminization surgeries are procedures aimed to change the features of the male face to that of a female face. These include contouring of the forehead, brow lift, mandible angle reduction, genioplasty, rhinoplasty and a variety of soft tissue adjustments. In our maxillofacial surgery department at the Sheba Medical Center we perform forehead reshaping combining with brow lift and at the same surgery, mandibular and chin reshaping to match the remodeled upper third of the face. The forehead reshaping is done by cranioplasty with additional reduction of the glabella area by burring of the frontal bone. After reducing the frontal bossing around the superior orbital rims we manage the soft tissue to achieve the brow lift. The mandibular reshaping, is performed by intraoral approach and include contouring of the angles by osteotomy for a more round shape (rather than the manly square shape angles), as well as reshaping of the bone in the chin area in order to make it more pointy, by removing the lateral parts of the chin and in some cases performing also genioplasty reduction by AP osteotomy.

Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: a simple method to prevent medial trapping of the proximal fragment.

Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) is a useful surgical procedure for mandibular setback in patients with mandibular prognathism or mandibular asymmetry. IVRO has some intraoperative complications, such as the medial trapping of the proximal segment. Several techniques have been described to overcome this problem, but none can prevent it. This technical report describes a method that prevents the medial trapping of the proximal segment during IVRO.

[Isolated oligodontia: a case presentation and review of the literature].

Tooth agenesis is a common developmental anomaly that appears in 2.2-10% of the general population (excluding agenesis of third molars). Congenital tooth agenesis can be either Hypodontia (agenesis of fewer than six teeth excluding third molars) or Oligodontia (agenesis of more than six teeth excluding third molars). Oligodontia can occur either as an isolated condition (non-syndromic oligodontia) or be associated with cleft lip\palate and other genetic syndromes (syndromatic oligodontia). The purpose of this article is to present an unusual case of non-syndromic oligodontia and describe the dental treatment for this condition. The patient was a 25 years old healthy male with a chief complaint of multiple teeth agenesis and TMJ dysfunction. The family history revealed that the mother, grandmother and siblings have also multiple teeth agenesis. Clinical examination revealed missing of nine teeth in the maxilla (12,13, 15,15, 17, 23, 24, 25, 27) and 10 teeth in the mandible (32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47). The patient's dental treatment plan included preparing provisional over-dentures, orthodontic treatment and dental implants (after extractions of the deciduous teeth). In the discussion of the article the pathology and the genetics of oligodontia are reviewed.

Intra-oral vertical ramus osteotomy: a modified technique for correction of mandibular prognathism.

Intra-oral vertical ramus osteotomy is a useful procedure for correction of mandibular prognathism. However, a major disadvantage is poor visibility of the operating field. A modified technique that improves visibility without higher morbidity is described.

Patient compliance to instructions after oral surgical procedures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient compliance to postoperative instructions from the oral surgeon. A total of 180 patients who underwent minor oral surgical procedures anonymously answered a questionnaire 1 week postsurgery. This questionnaire was used to evaluate how patients remembered the mode of transmission of instructions (written, verbal), their compliance to the postoperative instructions and to the antibiotic treatment and their comments. Of the patients, 40% did not remember receiving both written and verbal instructions, 36% remembered only the written instructions. Twelve percent did not comply with the postoperative instructions regarding mouthwashes and 67% did not comply with the antibiotic prescriptions; 43% took more antibiotics and 31% less, and 4% who did not receive an antibiotic prescription took them on their own initiative. The academic level of the patients did not influence patient compliance. Verbal and written recommendations worded simply with details are important for patient compliance and reduced postoperative stress and complaints. Better instructions on antibiotics use are necessary to ameliorate patient compliance to the antibiotic treatment.

The effect of precise reattachment of the mentalis muscle on the soft tissue response to genioplasty.

PURPOSE: This study compares vertical and horizontal profile changes of the lower lip and chin after genioplasty with or without precise reattachment of the mentalis muscle. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients in whom the mentalis muscle was isolated, identified, marked, and precisely reapproximated comprised the study group. Eleven patients treated without precise reattachment of the mentalis comprised the control group. Preoperative (3 to 6 days before the surgery) and postoperative (6 months after surgery) lateral cephalograms were analyzed to assess the horizontal and vertical soft tissue changes of the lower lip and chin area. RESULTS: All the significant changes in the present study were noted in the vertical parameters. In most of the study group, the length of the lower lip was either maintained or increased. In the control group, the lower lip length was either preserved or decreased. The mean vertical difference between the 2 groups was nearly 6 mm. Consequently, the study group displayed the same or less of the lower incisors postsurgery compared with the original presurgery exposure in the rest position. The opposite was true for the control group, in which the exposure of the lower incisor crowns at rest increased. Similar changes were noticed in the distance from the vermilion to the reference plane. The vertical position of the soft tissue supramentale remained unchanged in the study group, whereas in the control group the soft tissue supramentale was located in an inferior position (mean = 2.14 mm). The clinical expression of this phenomena is chin ptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Precise reattachment of the mentalis muscle during an intraoral surgical approach produces a superior result.

Dental extractions in patients maintained on oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of INR value with occurrence of postoperative bleeding.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative bleeding in patients treated with oral anticoagulant medication who underwent dental extractions without interruption of the treatment and to analyze the incidence of postoperative bleeding according to the International Normalized Ratio (INR) value. The 249 patients who underwent 543 dental extractions were divided into five groups: Group 1 with INRs of 1.5-1.99, Group 2 with INRs of 2-2.49, Group 3 with INRs of 2.5-2.99, Group 4 with INRs of 3-3.49 and Group 5 with INRs>3.5. The INR was measured on the day of the procedure. Local haemostasis was carried out with gelatin sponge and multiple silk sutures. Of the 249 patients, 30 presented with postoperative bleeding (12%): Group 1, three patients presented with bleeding (5%), Group 2, 10 patients (12.8%), Group 3, nine patients (15.2%), Group 4, five patients (16.6%) and Group 5, three patients (13%). The incidence of postoperative bleeding was not significantly different among the five groups. The value of the INR at the therapeutic dose did not significantly influence the incidence of postoperative bleeding. Thus, dental extractions can be performed without modification of oral anticoagulant treatment. Local haemostasis with gelatin sponge and sutures appears to be sufficient to prevent postoperative bleeding.

Dental extractions in patients maintained on continued oral anticoagulant: comparison of local hemostatic modalities.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative bleeding in patients treated with oral anticoagulant drugs who underwent dental extractions without interruption of the treatment and to compare the effect of 3 different hemostatic modalities. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 150 patients who underwent dental extractions were divided into 3 groups. Local hemostasis was carried out as follows: group 1 (119 extractions), with gelatin sponge and sutures; group 2 (117 extractions), with gelatin sponge, sutures, and mouthwash with tranexamic acid; group 3 (123 extractions), with fibrin glue, gelatin sponge, and sutures. RESULTS: Of 150 patients, 13 (8.6%) presented with postoperative bleeding: 3 patients from group 1, 6 patients from group 2, and 4 patients from group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Dental extractions can be performed without interruption in patients treated with oral anticoagulant. Local hemostasis with gelatin sponge and sutures is sufficient.

Use of lyodura for bone augmentation of osseous defects around dental implants.

BACKGROUND: Lyodura has been used in periodontology and maxillofacial surgery to overcome different clinical conditions. The use of lyodura to induce new bone formation in humans has not been widely reported. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of lyodura as a resorbable barrier to promote bone formation in osseous defects around dental implants. METHODS: The study group consisted of 22 healthy patients (12 women and 10 men), with a mean age of 32 (range 20 to 45). A total of 44 implants (9 titanium screw-type and 35 hydroxyapatite-coated cylinder implants) were placed. Of these, 27 implants were placed in the maxilla and 17 in the mandible. At 27 extraction sites bony vertical defects were measured on the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal sides of the implant. In the remaining 17 cases, where either immediate or staged implantation was performed, and a dehiscence was present, its vertical length was measured from the alveolar crest. All bony defects were grafted with autogenous bone harvested from the tuberosity. Each site was covered with lyodura. RESULTS: Healing was uneventful; no inflammation, infection, or soft tissue dehiscence was observed. At all extraction sites and in 76% of the dehiscence defects, hard tissue appearing clinically similar to bone completely filled the defect. Of those defects not completely filled, a mean vertical bone increase of 2.5 mm was recorded. A mean vertical bone increase of 2.6 mm was achieved at extraction sites and a mean increase of 2.79 mm was achieved at dehiscence sites. CONCLUSIONS: Lyodura can safely and effectively be used for guided bone regeneration at both extraction sites and for dehiscence defects.

Electrocardiographic changes in cardiac patients having dental extractions under a local anesthetic containing a vasopressor.

PURPOSE: This study attempted to identify which group of cardiac patients is most at risk when dental extractions are performed under a local anesthetic with a vasopressor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty cardiac patients who had dental extractions under local anesthesia were connected to a Holter monitor for 24 hours, starting an hour before the procedure. The electrocardiogram was analyzed for the number of premature beats, ST depression, and cardiac rhythm. A mean rate was calculated for the first 2 hours after injection of the local anesthetic and for the subsequent 22 hours. The preoperative electrocardiogram was compared with the electrocardiogram performed 1 week before treatment. RESULTS: Electrocardiographic changes were observed in 15 patients (37.5%), and all occurred during the first 2 hours after injection of the local anesthetic. Of the 15 patients, eight were being treated with digoxin. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac patients being treated with digoxin had more electrocardiographic changes after administration of a local anesthetic than other cardiac patients. When the local anesthetic contained a vasopressor, there was a greater incidence of tachycardia but less arrhythmia or ST depression.

Oral manifestations of sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To report two new cases of sarcoidosis of the buccal mucosa and to analyze the literature on oral manifestations of sarcoidosis. STUDY DESIGN: Oral lesions with histologic features of sarcoidosis were analyzed according to their location and appearance. RESULTS: Analysis of 45 cases of oral sarcoidosis (43 from the literature and the 2 new presented cases) revealed 12 lesions in the jaws, 10 in the buccal mucosa, 6 in the gingiva, 5 in the lips, 5 in the floor of the mouth, 4 in the tongue, and 3 in the palate. Sarcoidosis in the jaw was located in the alveolar bone and presented as an ill-defined radiolucency. Submucosal nodules were observed in sarcoidosis affecting the buccal mucosa, palate, and lip. Swelling was the main manifestation in the gingiva. In the floor of the mouth, sarcoidosis presented as ranula and that of the tongue as induration. In most of the cases, the lesions in the buccal mucosa, gingiva, and tongue were the first clinical manifestation of the disease. CONCLUSION: Oral sarcoidosis lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oral soft tissue swellings and jaw lesions.

Interaction of the GATA factor Gln3p with the nitrogen regulator Ure2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We used cells carrying plasmids causing the overproduction of Gln3p, Ure2p, or both of these proteins to elucidate the ability of Ure2p to prevent the activation of gene expression by Gln3p in cells growing in a glutamine-containing medium. Our results indicate that Ure2p probably does not interfere with the binding of the GATA factor Gln3p to GATAAG sites but acts directly on Gln3p to block its ability to activate transcription.

[Oral surgical procedures during anticoagulant therapy].

Minor oral surgery, in patients being treated with anticoagulant therapy, constitutes a problem for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. 77 patients getting coumarin underwent 168 oral surgical procedures (tooth extraction, apicoectomy, crown-lengthening, excision of lesions) without lowering the dose of anticoagulant. Local hemostasis was achieved in all cases by silk suture. For tooth extraction gelfoam was used as well. In 12 patients who presented with postoperative bleeding, it was controlled in all by gauze pressure with tranexamic acid and/or biologic glue and/or surgical splinting. Postoperative bleeding was not correlated with the international normalized ratio (INR), but with degree of local inflammation. The study shows that interruption of anticoagulant therapy in such cases is not justified, and the use of tranexamic acid or biological glue can control bleeding.

Conversion disorder after maxillofacial trauma and surgery.

Three cases of conversion disorder are reported: one after orthognathic surgery and two after facial trauma. Two of the cases involved facial anesthesia and one case involved facial palsy. It was thought to be important to bring this phenomenon to the attention of oral and maxillofacial surgeons, to consider its management, and to define the patients with a high risk of developing conversion disorder. The prognosis is dependent on the circumstances of the onset of the disorder, the premorbid psychologic health of the patient, and how rapidly treatment is prescribed.

Electrocardiographic changes in cardiac patients undergoing dental extractions under local anesthesia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify which group of cardiac patients is most at risk when dental extractions are performed under local anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty cardiac patients who had dental extraction under local anesthesia (Mepivacain HCl three percent) were connected to a Holter monitor for 24 hours starting 1 hour before the procedure. Of the 40 patients, 24 had coronary artery disease, 12 had valvular disease, 3 were being treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, and 1 had malignant arterial hypertension. Sixteen patients were being treated with digoxin. The electrocardiogram was analyzed for the number of premature beats, ST depression, and cardiac rhythm. A mean rate was calculated for the first 2 hours after injecting the local anesthetic and surgical procedure, and for the subsequent 22 hours. RESULTS: All electrocardiographic changes occurred during the first 2 hours after injecting the local anesthetic. When the mean rate of that period was compared with the remaining 22 hours, new pathologic signs of arrhythmia, tachycardia, or ST depression were seen in 14 patients (35%). Of these, 12 were being treated with digoxin. CONCLUSION: Patients being treated with digoxin for atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure are more prone to complications during dental extractions under local anesthesia than other cardiac patients.

Management of triangular fragments of the inferior border of the mandible.

Twenty-five cases of mandibular fractures with triangular fragments in the lower border were analyzed with respect to mode of treatment and rate of complication by infection. Fragments that remained unexposed and unreduced during treatment of the mandibular fractures were not complicated by infection, whereas about 50% of the fragments that were repositioned and fixed became infected. The study discusses the complexity of the physiopathology and management of these fragments. It appears that triangular fragments should be left unexposed.

Recognition of nitrogen-responsive upstream activation sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the product of the GLN3 gene.

We describe the purification of the product of the GLN3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the demonstration that the purified product, Gln3p, binds specifically to the DNA sequences GATAAG and GATTAG, previously identified as nitrogen-responsive upstream activation sequences (UASN). When Gln3p is overproduced, it is released from the cells in a highly aggregated form incapable of specific binding to UASN. We used Gln3p tagged with six histidine codons at the 5' terminus and equipped with a galactose-inducible promoter to overproduce histidine-tagged Gln3p. The material was denatured, adsorbed to an Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-agarose column, eluted with imidazole, and after renaturation further purified on a gel filtration column. We then demonstrated the specific binding of the more than 90% pure Gln3p to the UASN by gel shift and footprinting methods.

Mutational activation of the STE5 gene product bypasses the requirement for G protein beta and gamma subunits in the yeast pheromone response pathway.

The STE5 gene encodes an essential element of the pheromone response pathway which is known to act either after the G subunit encoded by the STE4 gene or at the same step. Mutations in STE5, designated STE5Hyp, that partially activate the pathway in the absence of pheromone were isolated. One allele (STE5Hyp-2) was shown to cause a single amino acid substitution near the N terminus of the predicted STE5 protein. Immunoblotting with anti-Ste5 antibodies indicated that the phenotype was not due to an increased level of the mutant STE5 protein. A multicopy episomal plasmid containing a STE5Hyp allele partially suppressed both the block in pheromone-inducible transcription and the sterility phenotype caused by null alleles of the STE2, STE4, or STE18 gene, indicating that the STE5 product acts after the receptor (STE2 product) and after the G protein beta and gamma subunits (STE4 and STE18 products, respectively). However, the phenotypes of the STE5Hyp mutations were less pronounced in ste4 and ste18 mutants, suggesting that the STE5Hyp-generated signal partially depends on the proposed G beta gamma complex. The STE5Hyp alleles did not suppress ste7, ste11, ste12, or fus3 kss1 null mutants, consistent with previous findings that the STE5 product acts before the protein kinases encoded by STE7, STE11, FUS3, and KSS1 and the transcription factor encoded by STE12. The mating defects of the ste2 deletion mutant and the temperature-sensitive ste4-3 mutant were also suppressed by overexpression of wild-type STE5. The slow-growth phenotype manifested by cells carrying STE5Hyp alleles was enhanced by the sst2-1 mutation; this effect was eliminated in ste4 mutants. These results provide the first evidence that the STE5 gene product performs its function after the G protein subunits.

Surgical considerations in cases of large mandibular odontomas located in the mandibular angle.

The surgical treatment of two large, complex odontomas of the angle of the mandible is described. It is recommended that the surgeon consider excision by an intraoral, lingual approach when indicated. The advantages, indications, and possible complications of this approach are discussed.