Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and myeloma.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has rarely been described in myeloma, but chemotherapy is a known risk factor. We report 3 patients with myeloma who developed PRES, and analyzed them with 13 published cases, mostly women. The most frequent causative agents were proteasome inhibitors and autologous stem cell transplantation. Risk factors were frequently associated: hypertension, infection or renal failure. Symptoms included headache, blurred vision, altered mental status, seizures. Most patients experienced rapid clinical recovery, without relapse even after resuming treatment. Although rare, we must remain vigilant about PRES in myeloma patients. Stricter control of blood pressure could limit its occurrence.

Combination of azacitidine, venetoclax and ruxolitinib in blast phase myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms in blastic phase (MPN-BP) have a dreadful prognosis. We report the characteristics and outcomes of five MPN-BP patients treated with a never-before-described combination of azacytidine and venetoclax (to control BP transformation), added to ruxolitinib (needed to control constitutional symptoms). Median age was 76 years (range 72-84), and worst performance status was 2. The overall response rate was 80%, and the complete remission rate was 40%. With median follow-up of 10.0 months (range 4.2-13.4), median overall survival was 13.4 months (95% CI 4.2-13.4). We did not detect any unexpected treatment-related toxicity, and quality of life was improved.

Hairy cell leukemia with isolated bone lesions.

Key Clinical Message: 18F-FDG PET/CT has clinical relevance in HCL at diagnosis and for the follow-up of patients treated, especially in case of atypical presentations such as bone involvements (which are probably underestimated) and poor bone marrow infiltration. Abstract: Bone lesions are rarely reported in Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL). We report two BRAFV600E mutated HCL patients presented bone lesions at foreground, poor bone marrow involvement, and the important role 18F-FDG PET/CT played in their management. We discuss the crucial role that 18F-FDG PET/CT could play in HCL routine practice.

Real-world study of the efficacy and safety of belantamab mafodotin (GSK2857916) in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma based on data from the nominative ATU in France: the IFM 2020-04 study.

Belantamab mafodotin (BM) is an anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) that represents an alternative option in multiple myeloma. We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of BM in a real-world setting in patients who benefited from an early access program. We conducted an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. Eligibility criteria were treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in monotherapy in adult patients who have received at least three lines of therapy previously, including at least one immunomodulatory agent (IMiD), a proteasome inhibitor (PI) and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, and whose disease progressed during the last treatment period. The primary endpoint of the study is to assess the overall survival (OS). Between November 2019 and December 2020, 106 patients were treated with BM; 97 were eligible for the efficacy evaluation and 104 for safety. The median age was 66 (range, 37-82) years. High-risk cytogenetics were identified in 40.9% of patients. Fifty-five (56.7%) patients were triple-class refractory and 11 (11.3%) were penta-class refractory. The median number of prior lines of treatment was five (range, 3-12). The median number of BM cycles administered was three (range, 1-22). The overall response rate at best response was 38.1% (37/97). The median OS was 9.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.9-15.3), and median progression-free survival was 3.5 months (95% CI: 1.9-4.7). The median duration of response was 9 months (range, 4.65-10.4). Treatment was delayed for 55 (52.9%) patients including 36.5% for treatment-related toxicity. Ophthalmic adverse events, mainly grade ≤2, were the most common toxicity (48%). The occurrence of keratopathy was 37.5%. Overall, our data are concordant with the results from DREAMM-2 in terms of efficacy and safety on a non-biased population.

30 Years of Improved Survival in Non-Transplant-Eligible Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has greatly evolved these past few years. Recent advances in therapeutics have largely benefited elderly patients now renamed "non-transplant-eligible" (NTE) patients. Since the 1960s, and for several decades, chemotherapy was the only treatment for MM. Then, the field was marked by the emergence of targeted therapies in the 2000s, such as immunomodulating agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide) and proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib), which were the first steps towards an increase in survival. Thereafter, the apparition of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was considered a milestone in the treatment of MM for both transplant-eligible and NTE patients. Anti-CD38 mAbs can be safely administered to older patients with an impressive efficacy leading to a never-achieved-before survival rate with the triple association of anti-CD38 mAbs, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone. However, progress is still expected with the introduction in the armamentarium for NTE patients of the most recent innovative immunotherapy-based treatments newly introduced in MM, e.g., CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies. These "improved versions" of immune-based treatments will probably also benefit NTE patients, although further studies will be needed to better understand their role in this population.

Recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a brief review.

The recent history of multiple myeloma has been marked by tremendous advances in the treatments available, which have ultimately improved the patients' survival. Immune-based therapies, starting with the emergence of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, whose impact is seen across all groups of patients, are probably the greatest evolution in the field of myeloma so far. Building on the efficacy of immunotherapy, "modern" immunological treatments such as CAR-T cells or bispecific antibodies are being developed. There clearly are lots of expectations for these novel immunotherapies, and, though first developed in relapsed myeloma, they will surely challenge the current strategies in early lines of treatment. Immunotherapy, since the development of anti-CD38, is a milestone in the treatment of myeloma and has already led to many paradigm shifts. Nevertheless, myeloma remains an incurable disease and diversified options are still required, notably for heavily pretreated patients. Non-immune-based treatments, which were responsible for most successes previously, are not to be completely abandoned. Novel pathophysiological mechanisms have been unraveled in the past few years, and thus, new targets have been identified, leading to the development of new drugs and new drug classes, such as XPO1 inhibitors and anti-BCL-2. Overall, the future of multiple myeloma is full of possibilities and considerable changes are still expected in the sequencing of treatments in the years to come.

Smoldering multiple myeloma: biology, clinical manifestations and management.

Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is a heterogeneous group of asymptomatic plasma cell disorder characterized by the presence of monoclonal protein ≥ 30 g/L and/or 10-60% of bone marrow plasma cells and no evidence of SLiM-CRAB criteria according to the 2014 International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) recommendations. Once the effort to reclassify SMM with active disease as MM requiring treatment was completed, the need to redefine new high-risk SMM arose. The 20/2/20 and the IMWG risk model with the add-on high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities allow to identify high-risk SMM with 50% risk of progression to MM within 2 years, and therefore might help to propose a better therapeutic approach, either with the goal to « cure ¼ by profoundly debulk the MM with aggressive therapies, or alternatively to restore the immune surveillance like a « delay ¼ strategy with immune-based therapies. The debate is still ongoing but clearly challenges the watch-and-wait standard of care.

Novel Non-Immunologic Agents for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Review Article.

Novel treatments are needed to address the lack of options for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Even though immunotherapy-based treatments have revolutionized the field in recent years, offering new opportunities for patients, there is still no curative therapy. Thus, non-immunologic agents, which have proven effective for decades, are still central to the treatment of multiple myeloma, especially for advanced disease. Building on their efficacy in myeloma, the development of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs has been pursued, and has led to the emergence of a novel generation of agents (e.g., carfilzomib, ixazomib, pomalidomide). The use of alkylating agents is decreasing in most treatment regimens, but melflufen, a peptide-conjugated alkylator with a completely new mechanism of action, offers interesting opportunities. Moreover, with the identification of novel targets, new drug classes have entered the myeloma armamentarium, such as XPO1 inhibitors (selinexor), HDAC inhibitors (panobinostat), and anti-BCL-2 agents (venetoclax). New pathways are still being explored, especially the possibility of a mutation-driven strategy, as biomarkers and targeted treatments are increasing. Though multiple myeloma is still considered incurable, the treatment options are expanding and are progressively becoming more diverse, largely because of the continuous development of non-immunologic agents.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia and relationship to immune deficiency.

Primary or secondary immune deficiency (ID) is a risk factor, although rare, to develop Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). We aimed to better understand the incidence of this occurrence in the real-life and the outcome of either entity. We conducted a review of 194 WM in the Poitou-Charentes registry and identified 7 (3.6%) with a prior history of ID. Across the 7 WM with ID, 4 progressed to active WM disease and required treatment for WM with a median time between WM diagnosis and the first treatment of 1.5 years (range 0-3). The median time from ID to WM occurrence was 8 years (1-18). WM could develop from ID, although a rare event. Our first action was to systematically decrease immunosuppression with long-term control of ID. Half of indolent WM remained indolent despite ID and for remaining WM none appeared of poor risk WM.

Three Drug Combinations in the Treatment of Fit Elderly Multiple Myeloma Patients.

The multiple myeloma (MM) non transplant eligible (NTE) population is growing in line with the aging of the population in Western countries. Historically, this population has been known for having a greater risk of treatment related toxicity, and therefore drug development was slow and rather oriented towards the improvement of safety profile than the optimization of disease control. However, NTE MM patients, at least for the fit/non frail patients in recent years, seemed to have benefited more from a less palliative care to improve the depth of response and then prolong survival. NTE MM being a quite heterogeneous population, there are still a number of groups of patients that are in need of more efficient therapy, avoiding unnecessary toxicity, particularly for the frail patients. The use of triplet regimen with a melphalan-prednisone (MP) backbone has long been the standard of care for NTE MM, often dedicated to non-frail patients. New standards of care, triplet, and even quadruplet combinations, are emerging on the basis of the MP backbone but also on the more recently approved lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd) backbone. These developments were largely possible in line with the development of antibody-based immunotherapies (IT) in MM. The objective to improve outcomes with an acceptable safety profile will see other key therapeutic developments such as the dropping of dexamethasone early in the disease course or various attempts to allow permanent treatment discontinuation with a prolonged disease control. In that context, it is possible that immunomonitoring, minimal residual disease (MRD), and genomic risk-adaptation will become key elements of the treatment decisions on triplet-based regimens.

Multiple Myeloma: An Overview of the Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in 2020.

The survival rate of multiple myeloma (MM) patients has drastically increased recently as a result of the wide treatment options now available. Younger patients truly benefit from these innovations as they can support more intensive treatment, such as autologous stem cell transplant or multiple drug association (triplet, quadruplet). The emergence of immunotherapy allowed new combinations principally based on monoclonal anti-CD38 antibodies for these patients. Still, the optimal induction treatment has not been found yet. While consolidation is still debated, maintenance treatment is now well acknowledged to prolong survival. Lenalidomide monotherapy is the only drug approved in that setting, but many innovations are expected. Older patients, now logically named not transplant-eligible, also took advantage of these breakthrough innovations as most of the recent drugs have a more acceptable safety profile than previous cytotoxic agents. For this heterogenous subgroup, geriatric assessment has become an essential tool to identify frail patients and provide tailored strategies. At relapse, options are now numerous, especially for patients who were not treated with lenalidomide, or not refractory at least. Concerning lenalidomide refractory patients, approved combinations are lacking, but many trials are ongoing to fill that space. Moreover, innovative therapeutics are increasingly being developed with modern immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T cells), bispecific antibodies, or antibody-drug conjugates. For now, these treatments are usually reserved to heavily pre-treated patients with a poor outcome. MM drug classes have tremendously extended from historical alkylating agents to current dominant associations with proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and monoclonal anti-CD38/anti SLAMF7 antibodies. Plus, in only a couple of years, several new classes will enter the MM armamentarium, such as cereblon E3 ligase modulators (CELMoDs), selective inhibitors of nuclear export, and peptide-drug conjugates. Among the questions that will need to be answered in the years to come is the position of these new treatments in the therapeutic strategy, as well as the role of minimal residual disease-driven strategies which will be a key issue to elucidate. Through this review, we chose to enumerate and comment on the most recent advances in MM therapeutics which have undergone major transformations over the past decade.

The Role of Immunotherapy in Non-transplant Eligible Multiple Myeloma.

As the global population is aging and survival in multiple myeloma (MM) is increasing, treating older MM patients, redefined as non-transplant eligible (NTE), is becoming more frequent. Yet, treating these patients remains a real challenge especially because of a marked heterogeneity in the population and an increased susceptibility to treatment toxicity. Indeed, the balance between efficacy and safety must be considered at all time throughout the treatment history for these patients. Therefore, younger and older patients were historically treated in a very different way, even though the safety profile of most anti-myeloma drugs has drastically improved over the years. The emergence of immunotherapy (IT) has largely widened the therapeutic options available in MM and above all has allowed a therapy at optimal dose, and therefore optimal activity, for all patients independently of their frailty features, with no increase in safety issues. Among the novel anti-myeloma IT-based agents, anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now becoming the new backbone of treatment for NTE patients, in association with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. Moreover, several new IT-based drugs are currently being developed and investigated either alone or in association; such as new anti-CD38 mAbs, anti-CD38 mAbs with many different combinations, but also the CAR-T cells, bispecific T-cell engager (BiTEs), or antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting BCMA. One would expect that immunotherapy will ultimately change and even transform the MM landscape, even for elderly patients. Immunotherapy represents a shift in treatment paradigm in MM as it provides truly efficient drugs with a very favorable safety profile.

Cost and efficacy of peripheral stem cell mobilization strategies in multiple myeloma.

Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) can be performed using plerixafor, which is expensive, or high-dose cyclophosphamide (HDCy). We hypothesized that the overall cost of mobilization with plerixafor might not be greater if the cost of complication management was considered. We performed a cost analysis of these two strategies. This multicentric observational study recruited patients with myeloma who underwent a first PBSC mobilization. We considered direct medical costs, including hospitalization, mobilization agents, apheresis, and supportive treatments. We included 111 patients, 54 and 57 in the HDCy and plerixafor groups, respectively. Cost of mobilization with HDCy was 5097 ± 2982€ vs. 10958 ± 1789€ for plerixafor (p < 0.0001). Cost of agents used was 1287 ± 779€ vs. 6552 ± 509€, respectively (p = 0.0009). The mean number of days of hospitalization was 2 and 2.1 days, respectively (p = 0.035). All patients achieved the minimum PBSC collection target (p = 1.0); however, ASCT was performed with HDCy in 67% patients and with plerixafor in 86% (p = 0.02). Plerixafor mobilization incurred a greater cost, mostly due to the greater cost of the drug. Hospitalization length in the two groups was similar in our series. Interestingly, plerixafor appeared to be a very effective and safe mobilizing approach translating into a greater ASCT success.

Response to pneumococcal vaccination in multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection causes morbidity and mortality in multiple myeloma patients. Pneumococcal vaccination is commonly given to immunocompromised myeloma patients; however response data are sparse. Here, we present longitudinal response data to pneumococcal vaccination in multiple myeloma patients. METHOD: Twenty-eight multiple myeloma patients were included, 25 of whom were newly diagnosed. All the patients received two vaccines Prevnar13® and Pneumo23®. Serotype-specific IgG was measured by ELISA for all 23 vaccine serotypes at baseline, and then sequentially at different time points postvaccination until treatment ended. Response to vaccination is available for 20 patients. The primary endpoint was the incidence rate of patients who obtained an isotype response serum concentration after vaccination. Secondary endpoints included detailed isotype increase, time to first increase, further assessment of a decreased anti-pneumococcal serum concentrations following treatment including autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), rate of infection with a special attention to pneumococcal infection. RESULTS: The median age was 66 years and the male to female ratio was 0.6. Anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (anti-PCP23) IgG, IgG2, IgA, and IgM responses were detected within 1 week postvaccination. Response to at least one subtype of antibody was obtained in 85% (n = 17) of patients, for at least two subtypes in 65% (n = 13), for at least three subtypes in 55% (n = 11), and 2 patients responded to all four subtypes. The median increase in the concentration of anti-PCP23 isotypes was threefold following vaccination, with the highest increase observed when Pneumo23® was given more than 30 days after Prevnar13®. The anti-pneumococcal geometric mean concentration decreased significantly for all subtypes over time independently of treatment approaches. CONCLUSION: Myeloma has the ability to demonstrate a response to pneumococcal vaccine, independently of preexisting hypogammaglobulinemia and possibly of treatment-induced immunodepression. We also observed a drop in the serum response overtime and following autologous transplantation. Further studies in larger sample are needed to understand the benefit of vaccination strategies in these patients.

Long-term molecular remission in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia harboring a new NUP98-LEDGF rearrangement.

A large variety of molecular rearrangements of the NUP98 gene have been described in the past decades (n = 72), involving fusion partners coding for different transcription factors, chromatin modifying enzymes, as well as various cytosolic proteins. Here, we report the case of an AML-M2 patient with a variant NUP98-LEDGF/PSIP1 gene fusion (N9-L10). In this patient, three different NUP98-LEDGF fusion mRNAs were characterized due to alternative splicing in LEDGF exon 11. Targeted high-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of IDH1, SRSF2, and WT1 additional pathogenic mutations. To improve the therapeutic monitoring, quantification of NUP98-LEDGF mRNA by real-time PCR was developed. Because of poor response to conventional chemotherapy, allogeneic stem cell transplantation was performed, followed by 20 cycles of azacitidine-based preemptive treatment of relapse. More than 31 months after diagnosis, corresponding to 25 months post SCT and 4 months after the last cycle of azacytidine, the patient is in complete molecular remission (undetectable NUP98-LEDGF mRNA transcripts). This study highlights the considerable variability in breakpoint location within both NUP98 and LEDGF, associated with alternative splicing affecting LEDGF. It also emphasizes the need to fully characterize the breakpoints within the two genes and the identification of all fusion mRNAs, particularly for the development of a molecular monitoring assay. All these data seem critical for the optimal management of NUP98-LEDGF + hematological malignancies commonly associated with a poor prognosis.

Phase I dose-escalation study of F50067, a humanized anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody alone and in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

PURPOSE: Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease as tumor cells ultimately resist to all available drugs. Homing of tumor cells to the bone marrow microenvironment, involving especially the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, allows them to survive, proliferate and resist to therapy. F50067, a humanized anti-CXCR4 IgG1 antibody, has promising preclinical activity in MM.We present a phase I multicenter escalation study in relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for F50067 alone and in combination with lenalidomide and low dose dexamethasone (Len-Dex). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: 14 end-stage RRMM patients received F50067 single agent (n = 10) or in combination with Len-Dex (n = 4). RESULTS: One dose-limiting toxicity was observed, a grade 4 neutropenia lasting more than 7 days in combination arm. MTD could not be established. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 100% and neutropenia in 92.9% of patients with no cases of febrile neutropenia and no severe bleeding or hematoma. Non-hematological adverse events were of mild to moderate severity.Nine patients (6 in single arm and 3 in combination arm) were evaluable for response, with 66.7% overall response rate (≥PR) in combination arm, and 33.3% of disease control (≥SD) in single agent arm. At the time of study termination, 55.6% had progressed. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that egression of tumor cells to the blood stream can represent a novel therapeutic strategy for MM. However, because of significant hematological toxicity, this study had to be discontinued. Further studies are needed to validate the feasibility of this approach in clinical practice.