ReSurveyGermany: Vegetation-plot time-series over the past hundred years in Germany.

Vegetation-plot resurvey data are a main source of information on terrestrial biodiversity change, with records reaching back more than one century. Although more and more data from re-sampled plots have been published, there is not yet a comprehensive open-access dataset available for analysis. Here, we compiled and harmonised vegetation-plot resurvey data from Germany covering almost 100 years. We show the distribution of the plot data in space, time and across habitat types of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS). In addition, we include metadata on geographic location, plot size and vegetation structure. The data allow temporal biodiversity change to be assessed at the community scale, reaching back further into the past than most comparable data yet available. They also enable tracking changes in the incidence and distribution of individual species across Germany. In summary, the data come at a level of detail that holds promise for broadening our understanding of the mechanisms and drivers behind plant diversity change over the last century.

Implant-based multi-parameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure and a defibrillator with vs. without cardiac resynchronization therapy option: a subanalysis of the IN-TIME trial.

AIMS: In the IN-TIME trial, automatic daily implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring significantly improved clinical outcomes in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D). We compared IN-TIME results for ICD and CRT-D subgroups. METHODS: Patients with LVEF ≤ 35%, NYHA class II/III, optimized drug treatment, no permanent atrial fibrillation, and a dual-chamber ICD (n = 274) or CRT-D (n = 390) were randomized 1:1 to telemonitoring or no telemonitoring for 12 months. Primary outcome measure was a composite clinical score, classified as worsened if the patient died or had heart failure-related hospitalization, worse NYHA class, or a worse self-reported overall condition. RESULTS: The prevalence of worsened score at study end was higher in CRT-D than ICD patients (26.4% vs. 18.2%; P = 0.014), as was mortality (7.4% vs. 4.1%; P = 0.069). With telemonitoring, odds ratios (OR) for worsened score and hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were similar in the ICD [OR = 0.55 (P = 0.058), HR = 0.39 (P = 0.17)] and CRT-D [OR = 0.68 (P = 0.10), HR = 0.35 (P = 0.018)] subgroups (insignificant interaction, P = 0.58-0.91). CONCLUSION: Daily multiparameter telemonitoring has a potential to reduce clinical endpoints in patients with chronic systolic heart failure both in ICD and CRT-D subgroups. The absolute benefit seems to be higher in higher-risk populations with worse prognosis.

Remote monitoring and clinical outcomes: details on information flow and workflow in the IN-TIME study.

AIMS: Randomized clinical trials investigating a possible outcome effect of remote monitoring in patients with implantable defibrillators have shown conflicting results. This study analyses the information flow and workflow details from the IN-TIME study and discusses whether differences of message content, information speed and completeness, and workflow may contribute to the heterogeneous results. METHODS AND RESULTS: IN-TIME randomized 664 patients with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator indication to daily remote monitoring vs. control. After 12 months, a composite clinical score and all-cause mortality were improved in the remote monitoring arm. Messages were received on 83.1% of out-of-hospital days. Daily transmissions were interrupted 2.3 times per patient-year for more than 3 days. During 1 year, absolute transmission success declined by 3.3%. Information on medical events was available after 1 day (3 days) in 83.1% (94.3%) of the cases. On all working days, a central monitoring unit informed investigators of protocol defined events. Investigators contacted patients with a median delay of 1 day and arranged follow-ups, the majority of which took place within 1 week of the event being available. CONCLUSION: Only limited data on the information flow and workflow have been published from other studies which failed to improve outcome. However, a comparison of those data to IN-TIME suggest that the ability to see a patient early after clinical events may be inferior to the set-up in IN-TIME. These differences may be responsible for the heterogeneity found in clinical effectiveness of remote monitoring concepts.

Shock efficacy of single and dual coil electrodes-new insights from the NORDIC ICD Trial.

Aims: Dual coil (DC) electrodes are preferred to single coil (SC) electrodes because of an assumed higher shock efficacy. However, DC-electrodes may be associated with an increased difficulty and risk of lead extraction. We aimed to compare SC- and DC-electrodes with respect to the first shock efficacy (FSE) after implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Methods and results: One thousand and seventy-seven patients of the NORDIC ICD trial were randomly assigned to first time ICD implantation with or without defibrillation (DF) testing. The electrode configuration was determined before randomization. One thousand and sixty-seven patients eventually received an ICD, 516 (48.4%) with a SC- and 551 (51.6%) with a DC-electrode. DC-electrodes were preferentially selected in older patients, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, dual chamber, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) devices, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin (AT) receptor blockers and without Sotalol. However, the preference of the investigational site was dominant over clinical parameters. The DF energy at the final electrode position was higher in SC-electrodes (adjusted difference +1.15 J; P = 0.005; only patients tested). Less patients with DC-electrodes required intra-operative system reconfiguration (adjusted difference -3.9; P = 0.046; only patients tested). Using mixed logistic regression, the FSE was 92.6% in SC- and 97.8% in DC-electrodes (adjusted odds ratio 4.3 (95% confidence interval [1.9, 9.8]; P < 0.001)). Conclusion: Dual coil-electrode selection mainly depends on the preference of the investigational site and seems to be preferred in older patients, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, dual chamber, and CRT devices. Patients with DC-electrodes required less intraoperative system reconfigurations. Dual coil-electrodes provided a substantially higher FSE during follow-up. Mortality rates were not significantly different in patients with DC- and SC-electrodes.

Treatment Planning Considerations for Robotic Guided Cardiac Radiosurgery for Atrial Fibrillation.

PURPOSE: Robotic guided stereotactic radiosurgery has recently been investigated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Before moving into human treatments, multiple implications for treatment planning given a potential target tracking approach have to be considered. MATERIALS & METHODS: Theoretical AF radiosurgery treatment plans for twenty-four patients were generated for baseline comparison. Eighteen patients were investigated under ideal tracking conditions, twelve patients under regional dose rate (RDR = applied dose over a certain time window) optimized conditions (beam delivery sequence sorting according to regional beam targeting), four patients under ultrasound tracking conditions (beam block of the ultrasound probe) and four patients with temporary single fiducial tracking conditions (differential surrogate-to-target respiratory and cardiac motion). RESULTS: With currently known guidelines on dose limitations of critical structures, treatment planning for AF radiosurgery with 25 Gy under ideal tracking conditions with a 3 mm safety margin may only be feasible in less than 40% of the patients due to the unfavorable esophagus and bronchial tree location relative to the left atrial antrum (target area). Beam delivery sequence sorting showed a large increase in RDR coverage (% of voxels having a larger dose rate for a given time window) of 10.8-92.4% (median, 38.0%) for a 40-50 min time window, which may be significant for non-malignant targets. For ultrasound tracking, blocking beams through the ultrasound probe was found to have no visible impact on plan quality given previous optimal ultrasound window estimation for the planning CT. For fiducial tracking in the right atrial septum, the differential motion may reduce target coverage by up to -24.9% which could be reduced to a median of -0.8% (maximum, -12.0%) by using 4D dose optimization. The cardiac motion was also found to have an impact on the dose distribution, at the anterior left atrial wall; however, the results need to be verified. CONCLUSION: Robotic AF radiosurgery with 25 Gy may be feasible in a subgroup of patients under ideal tracking conditions. Ultrasound tracking was found to have the lowest impact on treatment planning and given its real-time imaging capability should be considered for AF robotic radiosurgery. Nevertheless, advanced treatment planning using RDR or 4D respiratory and cardiac dose optimization may be still advised despite using ideal tracking methods.

The Negligible Influence of Chronic Obesity on Hospitalization, Clinical Status, and Complications in Elective Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Background. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is a common surgical treatment for degenerative spinal instability, but many surgeons consider obesity a contraindication for elective spinal fusion. The aim of this study was to analyze whether obesity has any influence on hospitalization parameters, change in clinical status, or complications. Methods. In this prospective study, regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of the body mass index (BMI) on operating time, postoperative care, hospitalization time, type of postdischarge care, change in paresis or sensory deficits, pain level, wound complications, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and implant complications. Results. Operating time increased only 2.5 minutes for each increase of BMI by 1. The probability of having a wound complication increased statistically with rising BMI. Nonetheless, BMI accounted for very little of the variation in the data, meaning that other factors or random chances play a much larger role. Conclusions. Obesity has to be considered a risk factor for wound complications in patients undergoing elective PLIF for degenerative instability. However, BMI showed no significant influence on other kinds of peri- or postoperative complications, nor clinical outcomes. So obesity cannot be considered a contraindication for elective PLIF.

Intra-operative defibrillation testing and clinical shock efficacy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: the NORDIC ICD randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: This trial was designed to test the hypothesis that shock efficacy during follow-up is not impaired in patients implanted without defibrillation (DF) testing during first implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between February 2011 and July 2013, 1077 patients were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to first time ICD implantation with (n = 540) or without (n = 537) DF testing. The intra-operative DF testing was standardized across all participating centres, and all ICD shocks were programmed to 40 J irrespective of DF test results. The primary end point was the average first shock efficacy (FSE) for all true ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF) episodes during follow-up. The secondary end points included procedural data, serious adverse events, and mortality. During a median follow-up of 22.8 months, the model-based FSE was found to be non-inferior in patients with an ICD implanted without a DF test, with a difference in FSE of 3.0% in favour of the no DF test [confidence interval (CI) -3.0 to 9.0%, Pnon-inferiority <0.001 for the pre-defined non-inferiority margin of -10%). A total of 112 procedure-related serious adverse events occurred within 30 days in 94 patients (17.6%) tested compared with 89 events in 74 patients (13.9%) not tested (P = 0.095). CONCLUSION: Defibrillation efficacy during follow-up is not inferior in patients with a 40 J ICD implanted without DF testing. Defibrillation testing during first time ICD implantation should no longer be recommended for routine left-sided ICD implantation.

Pulmonary vein isolation by radiosurgery: implications for non-invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) has been established in clinical routine as a curative treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). While catheter ablation carries procedural risks, radiosurgery might be able to non-invasively induce lesions at the PV ostia to block veno-atrial electrical conduction. This porcine feasibility and dose escalation study determined the effect of radiosurgery on electrophysiologic properties of the left atrial-PV junction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight adult Goettingen mini-pigs underwent electrophysiological voltage mapping in the left atrium and the upper right PV. Radiation was delivered with a conventional linear accelerator. A single homogeneous dose ranging from 22.5 to 40 Gy was applied circumferentially to the target vein antrum. Six months after radiosurgery, electrophysiological mapping was repeated and a histological examination performed. Voltage mapping consistently showed electrical potentials in the upper right PV at baseline. Pacing the target vein prompted atrial excitation, thus proving veno-atrial electrical conduction. After 6 months, radiation had reduced PV electrogram amplitudes. This was dose dependent with a mean interaction effect of -5.8%/Gy. Complete block of atrio-venous electrical conduction occurred after 40 Gy dose application. Histology revealed transmural scarring of the targeted PV musculature with doses >30 Gy. After 40 Gy, it spanned the entire circumference in accordance with pulmonary vein isolation. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein isolation to treat AF can be achieved by radiosurgery with a conventional linear accelerator. Yet, it requires a high radiation dose which might limit clinical applicability.

The NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation (NORDIC ICD) trial: concept and design of a randomized, controlled trial of intra-operative defibrillation testing during de novo defibrillator implantation.

AIMS: Although defibrillation (DF) testing is still considered a standard procedure during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) insertion and has been an essential element of all trials that demonstrated the survival benefit of ICD therapy, there are no large randomized clinical trials demonstrating that DF testing improves clinical outcome and if the outcome would remain the same by omitting DF testing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between February 2011 and July 2013, we randomly assigned 1077 patients to ICD implantation with (n = 540) or without (n = 537) DF testing. The intra-operative DF testing was standardized across all participating centres. After inducing a fast ventricular tachycardia (VT) with a heart rate ≥240 b.p.m. or ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a low-energy T-wave shock, DF was attempted with an initial 15 J shock. If the shock reversed the VT or VF, DF testing was considered successful and terminated. If unsuccessful, two effective 24 J shocks were administered. If DF was unsuccessful, the system was reconfigured and another DF testing was performed. An ICD shock energy of 40 J had to be programmed in all patients for treatment of spontaneous VT/VF episodes. The primary endpoint was the average efficacy of the first ICD shock for all true VT/VF episodes in each patient during follow-up. The secondary endpoints included the frequency of system revisions, total fluoroscopy, implantation time, procedural serious adverse events, and all-cause, cardiac, and arrhythmic mortality during follow-up. Home Monitoring was used in all patients to continuously monitor the system integrity, device programming and performance. CONCLUSION: The NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation (NORDIC ICD) trial is one of two large prospective randomized trials assessing the effect of DF testing omission during ICD implantation. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01282918.

Rationale and design of the MONITOR-ICD study: a randomized comparison of economic and clinical effects of automatic remote MONITORing versus control in patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) remote follow-up and ICD remote monitoring (RM) are established means of ICD follow-up. The reduction of the number of in-office visits and the time to decision is proven, but the true clinical benefit is still unknown. Cost and cost-effectiveness of RM remain leading issues for its dissemination. The MONITOR-ICD study has been designed to assess costs, cost-effectiveness, and clinical benefits of RM versus standard-care follow-up in a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients indicated for single- or dual-chamber ICD are eligible for the study and are implanted an RM-capable Biotronik ICD (Lumax VR-T or Lumax DR-T; Biotronik SE & Co KG, Berlin, Germany). Implantable cardioverter defibrillator programming and alert-based clinical responses in the RM group are highly standardized by protocol. As of December 2011, recruitment has been completed, and 416 patients have been enrolled. Subjects are followed-up for a minimum of 12months and a maximum of 24months, ending in January 2013. Disease-specific costs from a societal perspective have been defined as primary end point and will be compared between RM and standard-care groups. Secondary end points include ICD shocks (including appropriate and inappropriate shocks), cardiovascular hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality, and additional health economic end points. CONCLUSIONS: The MONITOR-ICD study will be an important randomized RM study to report data on a primary economic end point in 2014. Its results on ICD shocks will add to the currently available evidence on clinical benefit of RM.

Dose-escalation study for cardiac radiosurgery in a porcine model.

PURPOSE: To perform a proof-of-principle dose-escalation study to radiosurgically induce scarring in cardiac muscle tissue to block veno-atrial electrical connections at the pulmonary vein antrum, similar to catheter ablation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nine mini-pigs underwent pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of heart function and electrophysiology assessment by catheter measurements in the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV). Immediately after examination, radiosurgery with randomized single-fraction doses of 0 and 17.5-35 Gy in 2.5-Gy steps were delivered to the RSPV antrum (target volume 5-8 cm(3)). MRI and electrophysiology were repeated 6 months after therapy, followed by histopathologic examination. RESULTS: Transmural scarring of cardiac muscle tissue was noted with doses ≥32.5 Gy. However, complete circumferential scarring of the RSPV was not achieved. Logistic regressions showed that extent and intensity of fibrosis significantly increased with dose. The 50% effective dose for intense fibrosis was 31.3 Gy (odds ratio 2.47/Gy, P<.01). Heart function was not affected, as verified by MRI and electrocardiogram evaluation. Adjacent critical structures were not damaged, as verified by pathology, demonstrating the short-term safety of small-volume cardiac radiosurgery with doses up to 35 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: Radiosurgery with doses >32.5 Gy in the healthy pig heart can induce circumscribed scars at the RSPV antrum noninvasively, mimicking the effect of catheter ablation. In our study we established a significant dose-response relationship for cardiac radiosurgery. The long-term effects and toxicity of such high radiation doses need further investigation in the pursuit of cardiac radiosurgery for noninvasive treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Improved lesion formation using the novel 28 mm cryoballoon in atrial fibrillation ablation: analysis of biomarker release.

AIMS: Recently, a novel second-generation (G2) cryoballoon (CB) was introduced. Comparative analysis of lesion formation in terms of myocardial biomarker release [first-generation CB (G1) vs. G2] has not been studied. To compare myocardial biomarker release using the 28 mm G1 vs. G2 CB. METHODS AND RESULTS: In patients (patients) treated with the simplified single big CB (SBCB) strategy for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), myocardial biomarkers [troponin T (TnT), creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)] were measured at 12, 24, and 48 h after PVI. Two groups were defined: Group 1 (G1; freezing time: 300 s), Group 2 (G2; freezing time: 240 s). Mean biomarker peak values were compared. To correct for between-group differences in cumulative freezing time, an index calculated as peak biomarker release divided by cumulative freezing time was calculated. Sixty-six CB PVI procedures (G1: 33 patients, G2: 33 patients) were analysed. Pulmonary vein isolation was achieved in all the patients using the simplified SBCB technique only. Mean freezing time (51 ± 10 vs. 33 ± 6 min, P < 0.01) was significantly shorter in G2. All biomarker levels tended to be higher in G2 vs. G1. The indexed biomarkers values were significantly higher in G2: TnT: 18.8 ± 8.5 vs. 32.3 ± 13.6 pg/L/min (P < 0.01); creatinephosphokinase: 6.7 ± 2.7 vs. 11.7 ± 3.9 U/L/min (P < 0.01); LDH: 5.2 ± 1.0 vs. 9.1 ± 2.7 U/L/min (P < 0.01). On a 6-month follow-up (180 days), G2 revealed a significantly higher success rate (20/33 vs. 28/33; P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vein isolation using the G2 CB increased the myocardial biomarker release index and is linked to a significantly improved 6 months success rate.

Laminar infarcts in clinical routine: a prospective analysis in standard stroke unit patients.

The present study aimed to investigate prospectively the frequency of laminar infarcts (LI) within a standard stroke unit population. Laminar infarcts follow neuroanatomical borders rather than the vascular architecture. The LI are rarely noticed in clinical routine because they are typically not detected by computed tomography. As there is a lack of systemic studies about this specific infarct pattern, little is known about their frequency, clinical characteristics or pathophysiological mechanisms. Consecutive acute ischemic stroke unit patients were prospectively enrolled during a 12 month period. The LI were defined as ischemic lesions following the gyral anatomy of the cerebral cortex. The clinical assessment included a standardized questionnaire, clinical syndromes and standard diagnostic results. There were 491 consecutive ischemic stroke patients enrolled (243 female, mean age 75 ± 12 years). The MRI revealed no laminar lesion crossing vascular territories and 28 patients with LI non-crossing vascular territories (7 %). According to the TOAST classification, 61 % of LI were classified as stroke of undetermined etiology (TOAST V) including 46 % with completed evaluation (TOAST Vb). In contrast to these findings, only 20 % of the whole study cohort with non-laminar infarcts were classified as TOAST V. The results indicate that LI are rare. In clinical routine, patients with LI require particular attention. Within the TOAST classification, this specific infarct pattern seems to be underrepresented.

24 hour ST segment analysis in transient left ventricular apical ballooning.

OBJECTIVE: The etiologic basis of transient left ventricular apical ballooning, a novel cardiac syndrome, is not clear. Among the proposed pathomechanisms is coronary vasospasm. Long-term ST segment analysis may detect vasospastic episodes but has not been reported. METHODS: 30 consecutive patients with transient left ventricular apical ballooning, left ventricular dysfunction and normal or near-normal coronary arteries were investigated. A 24-hour Holter ECG was obtained after emergency admission. ST segment analysis was performed automatically in 2 leads and confirmed by visual inspection. Criteria for an ischemic event were: 1. ST elevation or 2. horizontal or down-sloping ST segments ≥1 min duration and ≥100 µV J+80 point deviation corrected for baseline ST-deviation. RESULTS: Patients presented with ST segment elevation (n = 19) and/or T wave inversion (n = 20) on admission ECG. Ejection fraction was 50±12%. No transient ST elevations were observed during Holter ECG analysis. In 3 patients, 8 transient episodes of ST depression were recorded. Durations of episodes varied between 75 s and 790 s (mean 229 s). Maximal ST deviation averaged -191±71 µV. Ischemic burden was -1 to -22 mVs (mean -8 mVs). 27 patients showed no ischemic events. CONCLUSIONS: ST segment analysis of 24 h Holter recordings revealed minor ischemic events in only 10% of patients with transient left ventricular apical ballooning. Overall, ST segment changes were not indicative of recurrent coronary spasm playing a major role in the genesis of transient left ventricular apical ballooning.

Luminal esophageal temperature predicts esophageal lesions after second-generation cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation.

BACKGROUND: The novel second-generation cryoballoon (CB) facilitates pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) by improved surface cooling. The impact of this redesign on collateral damage is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of esophageal lesions after PVI using the second-generation CB and the role of luminal esophageal temperature (LET) measurement as a predictor of lesion formation. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients underwent PVI using the second-generation 28 mm CB. Target application time was 2 × 240 seconds. Ninety-two percent of the PVs were isolated after 1 cryoenergy application. Complete PVI was achieved in all patients. LET with 3 thermocouples was continuously measured during cryoenergy application. Freezing was interrupted only if weakening/loss of phrenic nerve function or low LET (<5 °C) was observed. RESULTS: The lowest measured LET was-12 °C (despite cryoapplication interruption). Postprocedural gastroesophagoscopy was performed after 1-3 days in all patients and showed lesions in 6 of 32 (19%) patients. A minimum LET of≤12 °C predicted esophageal lesions with 100% sensitivity and 92% specificity (area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve 0.97; 95% CI 0.93-1.02; P = .001). Persistent phrenic nerve palsy occurred in 2 (6%) patients during ablation at the right inferior pulmonary vein. Repeat gastroesophagoscopy confirmed healing of lesions after 16 ± 14 days. CONCLUSIONS: Second-generation 28 mm CB PVI is associated with significant esophageal cooling, resulting in lesion formation in 19% of the patients. LET measurement accurately predicts lesion formation and may enhance the safety of the novel device.

Improved procedural efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation using the novel second-generation cryoballoon.

INTRODUCTION: The cryoballoon technology has the potential to isolate a pulmonary vein (PV) with a single energy application. However, using the first-generation cryoballoon (CB-1G) repeated freezing or additional focal ablation is often necessary. The novel second-generation cryoballoon (CB-2G) features a widened zone of optimal cooling comprising the whole frontal hemisphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the novel design on procedural efficacy of cryoballoon PV isolation (CB-PVI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Single transseptal CB-PVI using an endoluminal spiral mapping catheter was performed in 60 consecutive patients (CB-1G, 28 mm, 300 seconds application time: 30 patients; CB-2G, 28 mm, 240 seconds application time: 30 patients). When compared to the CB-1G, using the CB-2G increased single-shot PVI rate from 51% to 84% (P < 0.001) and decreased procedure duration (128 ± 27 vs 98 ± 30 minutes; P < 0.001), and fluoroscopy exposure time (19.5 ± 7.4 vs 13.4 ± 5.3 min; P = 0.001). Effective CB-2G PVI could be performed with increased real-time PVI visualization rate (49% vs 76%; P < 0.001). Time to PVI (T(PVI)) was shorter in the CB-2G group (79 ± 60 vs. 52 ± 36 seconds; P = 0.049). Procedure-related complications occurred in 2 patients in the CB-1G group and 1 patient in the CB-2G group. CONCLUSIONS: The CB-2G significantly improved procedural efficacy compared to the CB-1G and provided reliable T(PVI) measurement. T(PVI) may be used to adjust application time and number individually in future studies. Final conclusions regarding the safety profile of the CB-2G requires additional research.

Central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness during the finals of the world cup soccer championship 2010.

BACKGROUND: Emotional stress is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular events, the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. METHODS: To evaluate how emotional stress effects hemodynamics, thirteen healthy German soccer fans (mean 37.6 years, 24-56 years) were studied during live TV coverage of the finals with German national team participation (GP) and the respective finals without German participation (noGP). Peripheral blood pressure, heart rate, central blood pressure, augmentation pressure and index, cardiac output and peripheral resistance were measured. RESULTS: In the 1st hour before the match all parameters were not significantly different between the groups. In the GP group peripheral systolic pressure (1st halftime noGP 118 ± 1(s.e.m) versus GP 126 ± 2 mmHg, p<0.05, 2nd 117 ± 1 vs. 125 ± 2 mmHg, p<0.05), mean blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate (1st 73 ± 2 vs. 86 ± 3 bpm, p<0.05, 2nd 75 ± 2 vs. 87 ± 2 bpm, p<0.05), cardiac output (1st 4,4 ± 0,1 versus 4,8 ± 0,1L/min, p<0.05, 2nd 4,6 ± 0,1 versus 4,7 ± 0,11 L/min, p>0.05) and peripheral resistance were significantly increased compared to the noGP group during the matches. Systolic central aortic pressure (noGP: 101 ± 2 versus GP 107 ± 2 mmHg, p<0.05) and central pulse pressure (noGP: 31.3 ± 1.3 mmHg vs. GP: 38.5 ± 2.7 mmHg, p<0,05) remained elevated during the second hour after the match. CONCLUSIONS: We observed persistent changes in central hemodynamics 2h after emotional stress. Despite normalization of peripheral values after the end of the finals, we observed prolonged elevation of central systolic blood and pulse pressure. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the increased risk of cardiovascular events in emotional stress.

Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation improves central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness: a pilot study.

Renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) is a novel treatment strategy for patients with resistant arterial hypertension. Recently, the Symplicity trials demonstrated significant peripheral blood pressure (BP) reduction. The present study aimed at measuring central aortic pressures and arterial stiffness as better predictors for cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing RDN. RDN was performed in 21 patients (systolic peripheral BP ≥150 mm Hg) with an Ardian/Medtronic (Mountain View, CA) ablation system. Data were recorded with an Arteriograph. After 6 months, peripheral systolic BP was reduced by 6.1% (P<.05) while central systolic pressure was reduced by 7.0% (P<.05). Subgroup analysis showed that in responders, peripheral systolic BP was reduced by 16.1% (P<.01) while central systolic pressure was reduced by 18.3% (P<.01). Arterial stiffness improved significantly. Aortic augmentation index (AIx) improved by 9.5% (P<.05). In responders, AIx improved by 19.2% (P<.02). Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was high at baseline (10.8 m/s) and improved by 10.4% (P<.05). In responders, PWV improved by 13.7% (P<.05). Multivariate analysis showed that short-term effects on PWV were BP-related, whereas during follow-up, improvement of PWV becomes BP-unrelated. RDN improves peripheral and central blood pressure as well as arterial stiffness and, thus, may improve cardiovascular outcome.