Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged.

Symbiotic associations are dynamic systems influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we describe for the first time the developmental and seasonal changes of the funicular bodies in the bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa, which are unique temporary organs of cheilostome bryozoans containing prokaryotic symbionts. Histological and ultrastructural studies showed that these organs undergo strong seasonal modification in the White Sea during the ice-free period. Initially (in June) they play a trophic function and support the development of a large population of bacteria. From June to September, both funicular bodies and bacteria show signs of degradation accompanied by development of presumed virus-like particles (VLPs); these self-organize to hollow spheres inside bacteria and are also detected outside of them. Although the destruction of bacteria coincides with the development of VLPs and spheres, the general picture differs considerably from the known instances of bacteriophagy in bryozoans. We broadly discuss potential routes of bacterial infection in Bryozoa and question the hypothesis of vertical transfer, which, although widely accepted in the literature, is contradicted by molecular, morphological and ecological evidence.

Formation of inverse electron distribution function and absolute negative conductivity in nonlocal plasma of a dc glow discharge.

The inversion of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) at low energies and the absolute negative electron conductivity are predicted and confirmed by numerical modeling of a direct current glow discharge in argon. It is shown that, in contrast to the local approximation used earlier for searching the inverse EEDF, in a real gas-discharge plasma, the formation of the EEDF is significantly affected by the terms with spatial gradients in the Boltzmann kinetic equation. In analogy with the inverse population of excited states in lasers, such a medium will amplify electromagnetic waves.

[Efficacy and safety of collagen biomaterial local application in complex treatment of the diabetic foot syndrome (final results of the multicenter randomised study)]. / Éffektivnost' i bezopasnost' mestnogo primeneniia kollagenovogo biomateriala v kompleksnom lechenii sindroma diabeticheskoi stopy (itogi mnogotsentrovogo randomizirovannogo klinicheskogo issledovaniia).

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of collagen biomaterial application during the 4-week follow-up of patients with diabetic foot syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 75 patients with diabetic foot (Wagner II (69.3%) and III (30.7%)) aged 30-80 years were included in the multicenter study, among them were 50.7% with the wound unhealed for 1.5-6 months and 49.3% over 6-48 months. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: 1) standard therapy (n=37), 2) the additional use of the collagen material Collost (n=38). Observation period was at least 4 weeks for each patient. The size of ulcers, results of general and biochemical blood tests, oximetry, microbiological testing, ultrasound of lower extremities vessels as well as a detailed medical history, social and functional status, level of cardiovascular comorbidity and ongoing therapy were estimated. RESULTS: Additional use of a collagen biomaterial has led to a significant reduction ulcers of all sizes from 13.5 to 2.1 cm2 (in the comparison group - from 12.5 to 7 cm2). The best dynamics have been registered in Wagner II (4.4-fold average wound area regress in Collost group, from 8.8 to 2.0 cm2; average wound area regress by 1.8 times, from 10 to 5.6 cm2 in the comparison group) than in Wagner III group (in the main group from 55 to 21.3 cm2; in the control group from 36 to 32.4 cm2) and in ulcers existing less than 6 months. Treatment with biological material Collost within standard therapy after 4 weeks led to increase of complete epithelialization by 2.6% (21.1% as compared to 14.7%), while decreasing the frequency of ineffective treatment by 4.1 (7.9% in primary and 32.4% in the comparison group). CONCLUSION: We have proved the efficacy and safety of collagen biomaterial topical application in a diabetic foot syndrome treatment.

Publisher Correction: Ambipolar field role in formation of electron distribution function in gas discharge plasma.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Ambipolar field role in formation of electron distribution function in gas discharge plasma.

It is shown that the local approximation for electron distribution function (EDF) determination at plasma periphery, where the ambipolar field is dominant, is not applicable even at high pressures when the characteristic plasma size exceeds the energy relaxation length of the electrons R > λ ε . Therefore, consistent results can be obtained only when solving the complete kinetic equation in both energy and spatial variables (i.e. it is necessary to solve nonlocal kinetic equation).

[SOCIAL SERVICES ORGANIZATION FOR ELDERLY CITIZENS AND DISABLED PERSONS IN SOUTH FEDERAL DISTRICT OF RUSSIA].

The article presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the individual rehabilitation programs among elderly citizens and disabled persons of the Astrakhan region, the part of the South Federal District of Russia. We analyzed the data of the statistical survey of the social services provided rehabilitation facilities for the elderly and disabled people in the Astrakhan region. Analytical results thus obtained shown that the network of agencies and centers of social rehabilitation in the Astrakhan region did not correspond to the needs of elderly people and disabled persons. The negative dynamics in the number of social care centers as well as in the number of people who were provided with their services revealed the need for optimization of the institutional structure and its management. These specific characteristics of the social rehabilitation services in the Astrakhan region thus identified should be taken into consideration in order to improve the rehabilitation programs among elderly citizens and disabled persons in the South Region of the Russian Federation.

[The systematic review of the social services legislative regulation among elderly citizens and disabled persons in Russian Federation].

The systematic review and data analysis of the social services legislative regulation among elderly citizens and disabled persons in Russian Federation was submitted. The structure of the consolidated legislation on social services among citizens of advanced age was defined. The Russian legislative database in all subjects of the Russian Federation was analyzed. Analytical results thus obtained made it possible to designate the subjective rights of elderly citizens in the field of social services, the lists of bases for providing social services, different kinds of these services according to the consolidated legislation in all subjects of the Russian Federation, and various legal organizational forms providing these social services also.

[An analysis of the state of social services for elderly citizens and disabled persons in Russian Federation].

A comparative data analysis of the federal statistical survey of social services for the elderly citizens and disabled persons in outpatient departments and day hospitals in Russian Federation was submitted. It included the data on the number of organizations providing social services, the number of individuals served, the number of full-time staff positions for the years 2006-2011. It had been revealed that during this period the number of social rehabilitation centers, health centers and hospices for the elderly citizens were reduced in Russia that in turn caused the significant decrease of hospital beds and persons served per year. The data on the activities of hospitals and residential institutions in social services system for the elderly citizens and disabled persons, as well as the number of persons served over the period of 2009-2011 had been analyzed. Analytical results thus obtained shown that one of the new approaches in solving these sociogerontological problems on system management of outpatient departments, day hospitals and residential institutions in Russia are an optimization of the institutional structure, reorganization of hospital beds capacity, refurbishment of present and construction of new buildings.

Fundamental nonambipolarity of electron fluxes in 2D plasmas.

It is demonstrated that in two-dimensional plasmas there is in general a vortex component of the electron motion, which means that electron and ion fluxes do not satisfy the ambipolarity condition.

Paradoxical nonmonotonic behavior of excitation-rate spatial profiles in bounded plasmas.

Paradoxical nonmonotonic behavior of spatial profiles of excitation rates in bounded plasmas have been analyzed. It is shown that the effect is related to the nonlocal character of the electron distribution function.

[Experience with the restorative treatment of locomotor injuries at an outpatient rehabilitation center]. / Opyt vosstanovitel'nogo lecheniia povrezhdenii oporno-dvigatel'nogo apparata v ambulatornom tsentre reabilitatsii.

The article analyzes the experience with the treatment of 960 trauma patients in the restoration department of the out-patient clinic and makes an assessment of some organizational and clinical aspects of its activities. High percentage of favorable results (95,9%) was shown by late follow-up of the patients after injuries. Bad results were found in 4,1% of cases, 5,4% of the patients had temporary invalidism. A conclusion is made that the efficiency of the treatment in the restoration department may be improved by eliminating some problems of organizational character.