Comparison of lipemia interference created with native lipemic material and intravenous lipid emulsion in emergency laboratory tests.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipemia on clinical chemistry and coagulation parameters in native ultralipemic (NULM) and intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) spiked samples. Materials and methods: The evaluation of biochemistry (photometric, ion-selective electrode, immunoturbidimetric method), cardiac (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method) and coagulation (the viscosity-based mechanical method for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen and the immunoturbidimetric method for D-dimer) parameters were conducted. In addition to the main pools, five pools were prepared for both types of lipemia, each with triglyceride (TG) concentrations of approximately 2.8, 5.7, 11.3, 17.0 and 22.6 mmol/L. All parameters' mean differences (MD%) were presented as interferographs and compared with the desirable specification for the inaccuracy (bias%). Data were also evaluated by repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: Prothrombin time and APTT showed no clinically relevant interference in IVLE-added pools but were negatively affected in NULM pools(P < 0.001 in both parameters). For biochemistry, the most striking difference was seen for CRP; it is up to 134 MD% value with NULM (P < 0.001) at the highest TG concentration, whereas it was up to - 2.49 MD% value with IVLE (P = 0.009). Albumin was affected negatively upward of 5.7 mmol/L TG with IVLE, while there was no effect for NULM. Creatinine displayed significant positive interferences with NULM starting at the lowest TG concentration (P = 0.028). There was no clinically relevant interference in cardiac markers for both lipemia types. Conclusions: Significant differences were scrutinized in interference patterns of lipemia types, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of lipemia interferences in clinical laboratories. It is crucial to note that lipid emulsions inadequately replicate lipemic samples.

MOF-801 based solid phase microextraction fiber for the monitoring of indoor BTEX pollution.

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are some of the better-known indoor air pollutants, for which effective monitoring is important. The analysis of BTEX can be performed by different type of solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. This study presents a proposal for a low cost, convenient and environmentally friendly analytical method for the determination of BTEX in air samples using custom made SPME fibers. In this context, custom made metal organic frameworks (MOF-801) were coated on a stainless-steel wire for SPME fiber preparation. The analysis of BTEX was performed by introducing SPME fiber into an analyte-containing Tedlar bag in steady-state conditions. After the sampling step, the analytes were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Parameters that affect the analysis results were optimized; these include desorption temperature and time, preconditioning time, extraction temperature and time, and sample volume. Under optimized conditions, analytical figure of merits of developed method were obtained, including limits of detection (LOD) (0.012 - 0.048 mg/m3), linear ranges (0.041-18 mg/m3), intraday and interday repeatability (2.08 - 4.04% and 3.94 - 6.35%), and fiber to fiber reproducibility (7.51 - 11.17%). The proposed method was successfully applied to real air samples with an acceptable recovery values between 84.5% and 110.9%. The developed method can be applied for the effective monitoring of BTEX.

Analysis of liver fibrosis equations as a potential role of predictive models in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a formidable global health concern, characterized by its rapid onset and high fatality rate. Distinguishing between patients at different stages remains challenging because of overlapping clinical features. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of 14 hepatic fibrosis indices for distinguishing fatal cases and intensive care unit requirement (ICU) in CCHF. This study enrolled 194 patients with confirmed CCHF. Laboratory measurements were performed using auto analyzers. Indirect indicators of fibrosis were calculated for each patient based on previously described formulas. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tdROC) curve analyses were employed to evaluate the predictive effects of hepatic fibrosis indices on both intensive care unit requirement and overall survival among patients. Regarding the tdROC analyses results, the highest area under the curve statistics were obtained for the baseline S-INDEX, KING, and GPRI scores (0.920, 0.913, and 0.909 respectively) in the estimation of ten-day survival, and the baseline KING, Goteborg University cirrhosis index (GUCI), and gamma-glutamyl transferase to platelet ratio index (GPRI) scores (0.783, 0.773, and 0.769 respectively) in the estimation of intensive care requirements for up to ten days. S-index and KING index emerged as early predictors of ten-day survival, while KING, GUCI, and GPRI indices demonstrated predictive capabilities for ICU admission on the first day. The identified indices have the potential to assist healthcare providers in making timely and informed decisions regarding patient management and treatment strategies. Further research and validation are warranted to solidify the role of these hepatic fibrosis indices in the clinical setting and enhance their broader applicability in the management of CCHF.

Concordance of LDL-C Estimating Equations with Direct Enzymatic Measurement in Diabetic and Prediabetic Subjects.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established biomarker in the management of dyslipidemia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the concordance of LDL-C-estimating equations with direct enzymatic measurement in diabetic and prediabetic populations. The data of 31,031 subjects included in the study were divided into prediabetic, diabetic, and control groups according to HbA1c values. LDL-C was measured by direct homogenous enzymatic assay and calculated by Martin-Hopkins, Martin-Hopkins extended, Friedewald, and Sampson equations. The concordance statistics between the direct measurements and estimations obtained by the equations were evaluated. All equations evaluated in the study had lower concordance with direct enzymatic measurement in diabetic and prediabetic groups compared to the non-diabetic group. Even so, the Martin-Hopkins extended approach demonstrated the highest concordance statistic in diabetic and prediabetic patients. Further, Martin-Hopkins extended was found to have the highest correlation with direct measurement compared with other equations. Over the 190 mg/dL LDL-C concentrations, the equation with the highest concordance was again Martin-Hopkins extended. In most scenarios, the Martin-Hopkins extended performed best in prediabetic and diabetic groups. Additionally, direct assay methods can be used at low values of the non-HDL-C/TG ratio (<2.4), as the performance of the equations in LDL-C estimation decreases as non-HDL-C/TG decreases.

Validation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equations in pediatric population.

Several studies have shown a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in children. Since childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, recognition of lipid abnormalities in the early period is crucial to prevent the development of future coronary heart disease (CHD). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most used parameters in the initiation and follow-up of treatment in patients with dyslipidemia. It is a well known fact that LDL-C lowering therapy reduces the risk of future CHD. Therefore, accurate determination of the LDL-C levels is so important for the management of lipid abnormalities. This study aimed to validate different LDL-C estimating equations in the Turkish population, composed of children and adolescents. A total of 3,908 children below 18 years old at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital (Sivas, Turkey) were included in this study. LDL-C was directly measured by direct homogeneous assays, i.e., Roche, Beckman, Siemens and estimated by Friedewald's, Martin/Hopkins', extended Martin-Hopkins' and Sampson's formulas. The concordances between the estimations obtained by the formulas and the direct measurements were evaluated both overall and separately for the LDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) sublevels. Linear regression analysis was performed and residual error plots were generated between each estimation and direct measurement method. Coefficient of determination (R 2) and mean absolute deviations were also evaluated. The overall concordance of Friedewald, Sampson, Martin-Hopkins and the extended Martin-Hopkins formula were 64.6%, 69.9%, 69.4%, and 84.3% for the Roche direct assay, 69.8%, 71.6%, 73.6% and 80.4% for the Siemens direct assay, 66.5%, 68.8%, 68.9% and 82.1% for the Beckman direct assay, respectively. The extended Martin-Hopkins formula had the highest concordance coefficient in both overall and all sublevels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG. When estimating the LDL-C categories, the highest underestimation degrees were obtained with the Friedewald formula. Our analysis, conducted in a large pediatric population, showed that the extended Martin-Hopkins equation gives more reliable results in estimation of LDL-C compared to other equations.

Leukotriene metabolism and proiflammatory cytokines in Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging acute viral infection disease, yet its pathophysiology remains largely uncharacterized. Lipid mediators are molecules that play numerous roles in the physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions in certain viral diseases. No previous study evaluated the status of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CYSLT) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and their relationship with proinflammatory cytokines in CCHF. A total of 90 subjects including 60 CCHF patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled the study. Serum CYSLT, 5-LO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and ferritin levels were determined in the study population. Lower median 5-LO level was determined in patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0004). Higher ferritin (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels in patients than healthy controls. No statistically significant difference was observed between patients and controls in terms of CYSLT levels. No statistically significant differences were observed between mild, moderate, and severe groups in terms of both 5-LO and CYSLT levels. IL-6 and ferritin levels were higher in severe group compared mild and moderate groups. In conclusion, changes in 5-LO enzyme and increased inflammation are related with the disease molecular mechanism. Higher inflammatory status contributes to the impaired hemostatic balance in CCHF. Thus, treatment strategies to reduce inflammation may help to prevent bleeding and DIC in patients. IL-6 and ferritin can be used to as an additional biomarker in the estmation of the prognosis and diagnosis of the patients.

DYSREGULATED LEUKOTRIENE METABOLISM IN COVID-19 PATIENTS.

The aim of this study was to examine leukotriene metabolism in COVID-19. A total of 180 people were included in the study. Of these, 60 were healthy controls, 60 were patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU), and 60 were patients who did not need intensive care (non-ICU). Serum levels of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), 5-LO activating protein (ALOX5AP) and cysteinyl leukotriene (CYSLT) were measured and mRNA expressions of 5-LO, ALOX5AP and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) were investigated. As compared to the control group, both non-ICU and ICU groups had lower levels of 5-LO and mRNA expression. ICU patients had lower levels of 5-LO and mRNA expression compared with non-ICU patients. The expression of CYSLTR1 mRNA was higher in patients compared to healthy controls. CYSLTR1 mRNA expression was found to be higher in ICU group than in non-ICU group. CYSLT levels were higher in the control group compared to both non-ICU and ICU patients. Due to the higher expressions of CYSLTR1 in patients than control group, selective leukotriene receptor blockers can be used as a treatment option. CYSLTR1 expressions were also higher in ICU group than non-ICU group. Thus, CYSLTR1 mRNA expression could be a promising biomarker of COVID-19 severity.

Validation of Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins and Sampson low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equations.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important biomarker for determining cardiovascular risk and regulating lipid lowering therapy. Therefore, the accurate estimation of LDL-C concentration is essential in cardiovascular disease diagnosis and prognosis. Sampson recently proposed a new formula for the estimation of LDL-C. However, little is known regarding the validation of this formula. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to validate this new formula with other well-known formulas in Turkish population, composed of adults. METHODS: A total of 88,943 participants above 18 years old at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital (Sivas, Turkey) were included to this study. LDL-C was directly measured by homogeneous assays, i.e., Roche, Beckman and Siemens and estimated by Friedewald's, Martin-Hopkins', extended Martin-Hopkins' and Sampson's formulas. The concordances between the estimations obtained by the formulas and the direct measurements were evaluated both in general and separately for the LDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C sublevels. Linear regression analysis was applied and residual error plots were generated between each estimation and direct measurement method. Coefficient of determination (R2) and mean absolute deviations were also calculated. RESULTS: The results showed that the extended Martin-Hopkins approach provided the most concordant results with the direct assays for LDL-C estimation. The results also showed that the highest concordances were obtained between the direct assays with the extended Martin-Hopkins formula calculated with the median statistics obtained from our own population. On the other hand, it was observed that the results of the methods may differ in different assays. The extended Martin-Hopkins approach, calculated from the median statistics of our population, gave the most concordant results in patients with "low LDL-C level (LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL) or hypertriglyceridemia (TG levels ≥ 400 mg/dL)". CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of the formulas in different assays may vary, the extended Martin-Hopkins approach was the best one with the highest overall concordances. The validity of the Martin Hopkins' and Sampson's formulas has to be further investigated in different populations.

Understanding the pathophysiological changes via untargeted metabolomics in COVID-19 patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by a new strain of the coronavirus. There is limited data on the pathogenesis and the cellular responses of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to determine the variation of metabolites between healthy control and COVID-19 via the untargeted metabolomics method. Serum samples were obtained from 44 COVID-19 patients and 41 healthy controls. Untargeted metabolomics analyses were performed by the LC/Q-TOF/MS (liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry) method. Data acquisition, classification, and identification were achieved by the METLIN database and XCMS. Significant differences were determined between patients and healthy controls in terms of purine, glutamine, leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and glutathione metabolisms. Downregulations were determined in R-S lactoglutathione and glutamine. Upregulations were detected in hypoxanthine, inosine, and LTD4. Identified metabolites indicate roles for purine, glutamine, LTD4, and glutathione metabolisms in the pathogenesis of the COVID-19. The use of selective leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists, targeting purinergic signaling as a therapeutic approach and glutamine supplementation may decrease the severity and mortality of COVID-19.

The effects of enoxaparin on the liver in experimental pneumoperitoneum model.

PURPOSE:: To investigate the potential protective effects of enoxaparin against the adverse events of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum. METHODS:: Thirty four rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (sham) underwent insertion of Veress needle into the abdomen and 90 min of anesthesia with no gas insufflation. The animals in control and enoxaparin groups were subjected to 90 min of 14 mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Enoxaparin (100 u/kg) was administered subcutaneously to the rats in enoxaparin group one hour before the operation. After 90 min of pneumoperitoneum, the rats were allowed for reperfusion through 60 min. Blood and liver samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological examination. RESULTS:: Treatment with enoxaparin decreased the histopathological abnormalities when compared with the control group. The highest levels of oxidative stress parameters were found in control group. The use of enoxaparin decreased the levels of all oxidative stress parameters, but the difference between the control and enoxaparin groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:: Enoxaparin ameliorated the harmful effects of high pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the liver.

The effects of enoxaparin on the liver in experimental pneumoperitoneum model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the potential protective effects of enoxaparin against the adverse events of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum. METHODS: Thirty four rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (sham) underwent insertion of Veress needle into the abdomen and 90 min of anesthesia with no gas insufflation. The animals in control and enoxaparin groups were subjected to 90 min of 14 mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Enoxaparin (100 u/kg) was administered subcutaneously to the rats in enoxaparin group one hour before the operation. After 90 min of pneumoperitoneum, the rats were allowed for reperfusion through 60 min. Blood and liver samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological examination. RESULTS: Treatment with enoxaparin decreased the histopathological abnormalities when compared with the control group. The highest levels of oxidative stress parameters were found in control group. The use of enoxaparin decreased the levels of all oxidative stress parameters, but the difference between the control and enoxaparin groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Enoxaparin ameliorated the harmful effects of high pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the liver.

Relationship between high sensitivity troponins and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome may be challenging because of high troponin concentrations in patients with chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study is to investigate the difference between high sensitivity troponin T and troponin I in four groups of patients separated according to eGFR values and the effect of renal function both on troponin T and troponin I. METHODS: 119 outpatients were divided into 4 groups according to their eGFR values as Group 1: eGFR<30, Group 2: eGFR between 30 and 60, Group 3: eGFR between 60 and 90 and Group 4: eGFR >90mL/min/1.73m(2). The cardiac troponin T and I concentrations were measured concurrently. RESULTS: Troponin T values of all patients who have eGFR values lower than 30mL/min/1.73m(2) were above the decision point, but cTnI values of only 2 patients were above the decision limit (40ng/L) in this group. There was a strong and significant negative relationship between eGFR and hs-cTnT [log(y)=2.3-0.72log(x); R(2)=0.625] whereas there was no significant relationship between eGFR and hs-cTnI [log(y)=1.28-0.08log(x); R(2)=0.013] when eGFR was taken into consideration as a continuous variable. CONCLUSION: In this study, we found that cTnT increases with decreasing eGFR values, but cTnI is not affected by the change in eGFR values.