End-stage renal disease is a risk factor for complex laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients waiting for renal transplantation.

Introduction: : To date, there are no studies investigating whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is technically more complex in patients waiting for kidney transplant. The aim of this study is to create a user-friendly score to identify high-risk cases for complex LC integrating end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analysed 321 patients undergoing LC during the period 2014-2016. Two groups were compared: ESRD group (n = 25) versus control group (n = 296). Concerning statistical analysis, continuous variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis' test, dummy variables with Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for complex LC. A backward conditional method was used to design the final model. Results: : Seventy out of 321 (21.8%) cases were considered as complex, with a higher prevalence in the ESRD group (32.0 vs. 20.9%; P = 0.2). Using a multivariable logistic regression analysis, we formulated a score based on the independent risk factors for complex LC: 4×(previous cholecystitis) +5 × (previous ESRD) +1 × (age per decade) +2 × (previous open abdominal surgery). High-risk cases (score ≥ 10) were more commonly reported in the ESRD group (72.0 vs. 24.7%; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: : Although several scores investigating the risk for complex LC have been proposed, none of them has focused on ESRD. This is the first series demonstrating that ESRD is an independent risk factor for technical complexity in LC. We developed a score to offer surgeons an extra tool for pre-operative evaluation of patients requiring LC.

Eubacterium plautii infection in a kidney transplant recipient: a noteworthy case of pleural effusion and fever.

We report a noteworthy case of Eubacterium plautii infection after kidney transplantation. Our 33-yr-old transplant recipient received standard care; his post-transplant course was uneventful. However, on day 44 he underwent an emergency laparotomy for perforation of the ileum. He was initially treated with ceftazidime, fluconazole and metronidazole, but his fever persisted, so he was switched to meropenem and vancocin. We could not find any cause for his infection. On day 70, his temperature normalized. On day 75, he developed severe leukopenia (280 cell/mL). His cytomegalovirus-DNA test result was negative, so all immunosuppressants, except for prednisone, were stopped; instead, antibiotic prophylaxis was started, using caspofungin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin. On day 83, he underwent percutaneous drainage of massive left pleural effusion. We repeatedly cultured the pleural liquid, but it was not till three wk later that we were finally able to identify the causative organism. We hypothesize that the microorganism - which normally resides on the surface of the intestinal lumen - entered the bloodstream via bacterial translocation, eventually colonizing the pleurae. This translocation was favored by our patient poor clinical condition, his immunosuppressive treatment and his heavy antibiotherapy. Our experience highlights the need for wiser use of antibiotics in transplant recipients.

Non-transplant surgical approach to liver-based hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a first report.

A 55-year-old woman with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) underwent a left lateral liver bisegmentectomy (removal of segments 2 and 3) for hepatic-based arteriovenous malformations. This lesion determined a progressive fatigue and invalidating effort dyspnoea. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient is currently doing well at 4 years after surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first case of hepatic-based HHT treated with liver resection. This anecdotal report should promote the evaluation of this approach in order to define its role in the treatment of liver involvement in this rare disease.