Relatives' experiences of visiting restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic's first wave: a PREMs study in Valais Hospital, Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries introduced temporary visiting restrictions on the relatives of acute care hospital patients, whether or not they were infected with SARS-CoV-2. This affected relatives' psychological and emotional states and how closely they could be involved in their loved one's hospitalization. STUDY AIMS: Investigate relatives' experiences of visiting restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic's first wave and the support offered by Valais Hospital's healthcare staff. METHODS: Relatives and patients who had been discharged between February 28 and May 13, 2020, were asked to complete a patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) questionnaire, whether or not they had been infected by SARS-CoV-2. Relatives were asked about how visiting restrictions had affected them, their perceptions of the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the quality of communication concerning their loved ones' health status during their hospitalization, and the information received from healthcare staff. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. RESULTS: Of 866 PREMs questionnaires returned, 818 were analyzable, and 543 relatives had experienced visiting restrictions to their loved ones: 92 relatives (87%) of COVID-19 patients and 451 relatives (66%) of non-infected patients, with heterogenous effects on their psychological and affective status. Overall, whether or not relatives were subjected to visiting restrictions, they perceived themselves to be well treated, well informed, and that communication with hospital healthcare staff was satisfactory. However, relatives subjected to visiting restrictions reported significantly lower scores on the quality of communication than other relatives. The relatives of patients in gynecology/obstetrics and internal medicine wards were significantly more affected by visiting restrictions than were the relatives of patients in other wards. Numerous relatives subjected to visiting restrictions reported regular communication with their loved ones or with healthcare staff, at least once a day (n = 179), either via videoconferences using FaceTime®, WhatsApp®, Zoom®, or Skype® or via mobile phone text messages. CONCLUSION: Visiting restrictions affected relatives differently depending on the wards their loved ones were hospitalized. Healthcare institutions should investigate the utility of visiting restrictions on patients, how they affect relatives, and how to improve personalized patient-relative communications. Future research should attempt to develop reliable, validated measurement instruments of relatives' experiences of acute-care visiting restrictions during pandemics.

Ultrasensitive 1D field-effect phototransistors: CH3NH3PbI3 nanowire sensitized individual carbon nanotubes.

Field-effect phototransistors were fabricated based on individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) sensitized by CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires (MAPbI3NWs). These devices represent light responsivities of R = 7.7 × 10(5) A W(-1) under low-lighting conditions in the nW mm(-2) range, unprecedented among CNT-based photodetectors. At high incident power (∼1 mW mm(-2)), light soaking results in a negative photocurrent, turning the device insulating. We interpret the phenomenon as a result of efficient free photoexcited charge generation and charge transfer of photoexcited holes from the perovskite to the carbon nanotube. The charge transfer improves conductance by increasing the number of carriers, but leaves electrons behind. At high illumination intensity their random electrostatic potential quenches mobility in the nanotube.

[Action research and clinical governance: the example of the project "psychiatry and migrants" at the Vaudois University Medical Center]. / Recherche-action et gouvernance clinique: l'exemple du projet "psychiatrie et migrants" du CHUV.

Action research is a useful instrument for the organization health care and the clinical governance of psychiatric institutions. What this type of research offers can be illustrated by the cohort study of migrant patients without health insurance who consulted the Department of Psychiatry of the Vaudois university medical center (CHUV) in 2008. While giving greater visibilty to the psychological suffering and social distress of these patients, the study also enabled the authors to determine which clinical procedures were actually offered to these patients and the amount these procedures cost the department. The small number of cases that were identified as well as their uneven distribution amongst the different services of the department suggest that considerable efforts must still be made to improve access for this population to public psychiatric services.

[Integration processes and clinical governance in the psychiatric network]. / Processus intégratifs et gouvernance clinique dans la psychiatrie institutionnelle.

The Swiss Medical Insurance Act (LAMaL) requires the planning of psychiatric care. This necessitates a coordination between the Department of Public Health and the institutional governance. Given the difficulties to draw comparisons between a wide range of systems in a federal country, the Swiss Conference of the State Directors of Health (CDS) proposed as a first step that each canton present some of the key programs they had developed. In the canton Vaud, the implementation of mobile community treatment teams and of an early intervention program for psychosis was chosen. The main challenges faced were to go past traditional divides within the organisation of the Swiss Health system and to conciliate the requirements of public health with the needs of treating teams, in order to promote early intervention in mental health disorders.

[Psychiatry under constraint - the issue of planning in mental health care]. / Psychiatrie sous double contrainte, enjeux de la planification en santé mentale.

Given the important modifications of the "Loi sur l'Assurance maladie (LAMal)", this article gives a contribution to the hospital planification by identifying the main factors that have determined the current organisation of the psychiatric care network. We notice a gap between the orientations of these networks and the funding scheme forecast in the framework of the LAMal. In order to preserve the progressions of these last years and to avoid the negative effects of a too restrictive funding act for the assignment of the public psychiatry, the planification must result in a consensus between the state, the insurances and the multiple actors of the mental health. Otherwise, this will be done to the detriment of the activities of secondary prevention, of coordination in the network, of support to the natural helpers, and of intervention to the vulnerable populations.

Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

Observations of neutral-current nu interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the nu(e) component of the 8B solar flux is phis(e) = 1.76(+0.05)(-0.05)(stat)(+0.09)(-0.09)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1) for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non-nu(e) component is phi(mu)(tau) = 3.41(+0.45)(-0.45)(stat)(+0.48)(-0.45)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), 5.3sigma greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar nu(e) flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is phi(NC) = 5.09(+0.44)(-0.43)(stat)(+0.46)(-0.43)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), consistent with solar models.

Measurement of day and night neutrino energy spectra at SNO and constraints on neutrino mixing parameters.

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has measured day and night solar neutrino energy spectra and rates. For charged current events, assuming an undistorted 8B spectrum, the night minus day rate is 14.0%+/-6.3%(+1.5%)(-1.4%) of the average rate. If the total flux of active neutrinos is additionally constrained to have no asymmetry, the nu(e) asymmetry is found to be 7.0%+/-4.9%(+1.3%)(-1.2%). A global solar neutrino analysis in terms of matter-enhanced oscillations of two active flavors strongly favors the large mixing angle solution.

Measurement of the rate of nu(e) + d --> p + p + e(-) interactions produced by (8)B solar neutrinos at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.

Solar neutrinos from (8)B decay have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The flux of nu(e)'s is measured by the CC reaction rate to be straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) = 1.75 +/- 0.07(stat)(+0.12)(-0.11)(syst) +/- 0.05(theor) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1). Comparison of straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of the flux inferred from the ES reaction yields a 3.3 sigma difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence of an active non- nu(e) component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is determined to be 5.44+/-0.99 x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1).

[Refractory endophthalmitis after bulbus perforation after careless handling of orthodontic headgear]. / Unbeherrschbare Endophthalmitis nach Bulbusperforation nach unsachgemässer Handhabung eines Zahnregulierungssystems.

HISTORY: Dental regulation with the Headgear System is a method applied worldwide, and only few cases of device induced injuries have been documented. However, such injuries can be very severe, as can be seen from our case. Therefore, the risk/benefit relation should be considered. PATIENT: In December 1995, a 10-year-old female patient with a scleral perforation near the limbus was sent to Zürich university eye clinic as emergency case. The evening before, the patient had tried to remove her dental brace (Headgear) by pulling it over her head without disengaging the rubber bands serving for fixation before. During this attempt, the brace escaped at eye level, shot into her face and caused a skeletal perforation in her left eye as well as contusion bulbi in her right eye. In the further course, a fulminant endophthalmitis (streptococcus spp and anaerobic mixed oral flora) developed in the patient's left eye, which could not be controlled inspite of two interventions with vitrectomy and finally made an enucleation necessary. CONCLUSION: Disregarding the worldwide application of this device in the treatment of defective positions of teeth, the present case demonstrates that it is necessary to thoroughly instruct the patients regarding the handling of the Headgear and to inform them of possible dangers.

Exfoliation syndrome and phacoemulsification.

PURPOSE: To evaluate intraoperative and postoperative complications of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with exfoliation syndrome. SETTING: Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 20 consecutive patients with exfoliation syndrome and 20 consecutive patients without the syndrome (control group) who had phacoemulsification and posterior chamber IOL implantation. One year later, the incidence of zonular tears, operating time, and fibrinoid reaction were studied in another group of 23 consecutive patients who had the same type of surgery by the same surgeon. RESULTS: Maximal pupil dilation was significantly smaller (P < .0001) in the exfoliation than in the control group. Intraoperatively, the incidence of zonular tears was the same in both groups (10%). In the 23 patients who had surgery 1 year later, no zonular tears occurred. The incidence of postoperative complications was similar in both groups. The exfoliation group had a significant decrease in intraocular pressure over preoperative levels at 1 week and 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL implantation appears to be safe in eyes with exfoliation syndrome.

Risk factors associated with contrast sensitivity loss in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Psychophysical tests in patients with diabetes mellitus reveal deficits of central vision before the development of overt retinopathy. We evaluated the contrast sensitivity thresholds in 30 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and without retinopathy, taking into account the crystalline lens density. Risk factors for contrast sensitivity deficits were investigated. METHODS: Contrast sensitivity was compared in 30 aretinopathic diabetic patients and age-matched controls. Contrast thresholds were determined for stationary gratings at three spatial frequencies (6, 15, and 27 cycles/deg) and for mesopic (5 cd/m2) and low photopic (85 cd/m2) vision. Lens density was measured using a IntraOptics opacity lensmeter. RESULTS: Significant contrast sensitivity losses at all three spatial frequencies were observed in low photopic and mesopic vision in diabetic patients. The optical density of the lens in the diabetic group did not differ from that in the controls. Contrast sensitivity deficits were positively correlated with patient's age, systolic blood pressure and nephropathy at all three spatial frequencies. No relationship between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and contrast sensitivity defects was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that contrast sensitivity deficits in diabetic patients without retinopathy are not solely explained by a diabetes-induced increases in lens optical density. Abnormalities of the retina or its neural connections occurring before the onset of clinically detectable retinopathy may be involved. Risk factors for these deficits are advanced age, high systolic blood pressure, and nephropathy.

[Effectiveness of treatment of diabetic macular edema by laser photocoagulation]. / Efficacité du traitement de l'oedème maculaire diabétique par photocoagulation au laser.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic macular edema is the most frequent cause of visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation of clinically significant macular edema is effective in reducing the risk of visual loss. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty three eyes of 42 diabetic patients with macular edema were included in a clinical study to determine the short-term visual outcome (9 months) of laser photocoagulation. The results suggest that laser photocoagulation is less effective in diabetic patients with high blood pressure and in patients with low visual acuity at treatment time.

[Diagnostic aspects and frequency of retrocorneal precipitates in diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the HIV+ patient]. / Aspect et fréquence des précipités rétrocornéens lors du diagnostic de la rétinite à CMV chez le patient VIH+.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV) is the most common ocular opportunistic infection seen in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The anterior segment is usually quiet or with minimal aqueous humour flare and cell reaction. Nevertheless, in this prospective study of 30 eyes with CMV retinitis, 22 (73%) had white, small and filamentous keratic precipitates (KPS) which seem to corroborate this inflammation. The positivity of the KPS depends upon the extent of CMV retinitis.

[Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery in Crohn disease]. / Occlusion de l'artère ophtalmique dans la maladie de Crohn.

BACKGROUND: Nearly 10% of patients with Crohn's disease develop ocular complications. Most complications are inflammatory in nature, and involve both the anterior and the posterior segments of the eye. Episcleritis, uveitis and keratopathies are the most frequently described. Occlusions of retinal and optic nerve vessel are less common. We believe this to be an important observation as the ocular involvement was the patients primary complaint, thus allowing the correct diagnosis to be made. PATIENT: We report a case of a 44-year-old woman, who presented with an occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, before the diagnose of Crohn's disease was established.