Drastic reduction in the notification of acute cases of Chagas disease in the Northeast region of Brazil. Epidemiological evaluation in the period 2001-2021.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is a neglected disease endemic to some Latin American countries, including Brazil. Soon after infection, individuals develop an acute phase, which in most cases is asymptomatic and may go undetected. However, when CD is detected early, notification in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), is mandatory. This study aimed to evaluate the information registered in the SINAN database and to determine the epidemiological profile of acute CD in Northeast Brazil, an endemic region, from 2001 to 2021. According to this survey, 1,444 cases of acute CD were reported in the Northeastern region of Brazil during this period. During the first six years, referred to as period 1, 90.24% of the notifications were registered, while the number of notifications significantly decreased in the subsequent years, referred to as period 2. Most individuals diagnosed with acute CD were Afro-Brazilian adults. All known routes of infection by the parasite were reported. Vector-borne transmission was predominant during period 1 (73.29%) and oral transmission during period 2 (58.87%). All nine states in Northeast Brazil reported cases in both periods. A higher incidence of disease was reported in Rio Grande do Norte (RN) during period 1, and in Maranhão (MA) during period 2. Our results show that CD remains a significant public health challenge.

Development of monoclonal antibodies against oropouche virus and its applicability to immunohistochemical diagnosis.

Orthobunyavirus oropouche ense virus (OROV), the causative agent of Oropouche fever, is widely dispersed in Brazil and South America, causing sporadic outbreaks. Due to the similarity of initial clinical symptoms caused by OROV with other arboviruses found in overlapping geographical areas, differential diagnosis is challenging. As for most neglected tropical diseases, there is a shortage of reagents for diagnosing and studying OROV pathogenesis. We therefore developed and characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies and, one of them recognizes the OROV nucleocapsid in indirect immunofluorescent (IFA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. Considering that it is the first monoclonal antibody produced for detecting OROV infections, we believe that it will be useful not only for diagnostic purposes but also for performing serological surveys and epidemiological surveillance on the dispersion and prevalence of OROV in Brazil and South America.

Is the whitening effect of charcoal-based dentifrices related to their abrasive potential or the ability of charcoal to adsorb dyes?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if tooth color alteration of activated charcoal-based dentifrices may be attributed to the dye adsorption potential of charcoal (chemical action - C - slurry only) or to the association of dye adsorption with abrasion (chemo-mechanical action - CM- slurry/toothbrushing). Potential adverse effects in surface roughness, gloss, and wear were also assessed. METHODS: Bovine enamel/dentin specimens were randomly allocated into the groups according to treatments and test model (n = 15): deionized water (negative control- NC); Colgate Maximum Anticaries Protection (conventional toothpaste- positive control- PC); Colgate Luminous White Activated Charcoal (LW); Oral-B 3D White Therapy Charcoal (WT); Curaprox Black is White (BW); Dermavita Whitemax (Activated charcoal powder- WP). Specimens were exposed to the C or CM models, in 28-day staining-treatment cycling. Color change (ΔE00), whiteness index (ΔWID), percentage of alteration of surface roughness (%Raalt), and gloss (%GUalt) were calculated. Additional specimens (n = 9) were indented with a Knoop diamond and subjected to 100,000 abrasion cycles. Enamel wear was determined by calculating the decrease in indentations geometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The CM-model produced lower color change (staining) than C (p = 0.0001). PC, LW, WT, BW, and WP showed similar color results for both models, differing from NC (p < 0.05).%Ra and%GU did not differ among the C-model groups (p > 0.05) and WP exhibited the highest variation (%Ra and%GU) under CM-model. Enamel wear values were lowest in the NC and PC groups, intermediate for LW, WT, BW, and highest for the WP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Activated charcoal-based dentifrices have a similar ability to minimize tooth staining as the conventional toothpaste, with increased enamel wear potential in the long term (after 100,000 cycles). The activated charcoal powder damaged the enamel surface, showing a higher deleterious effect on enamel roughness, gloss, and wear. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dentifrices containing activated charcoal do not provide superior results to minimize tooth staining compared to conventional toothpaste. Charcoal powder should be used with caution because it promotes higher superficial alterations on the enamel surface.

Titanium abutment background masking using highly opaque cements for implant prosthetics.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the capacity of highly opaque cements on masking titanium abutment background. METHODS: Dentin and titanium specimens were used to simulate respectively, a natural dental background and an implant abutment. To simulate the full-crowns, Y-TZP zirconia (ZC), lithium disilicate (LD), and resin composite (RC) blocks were used. The titanium specimens were divided into six cementation groups (n=10): two regular cements (BQM and RX); three opaque cements (MHA; VA and BHA); and a clear liquid (CL). The masking capacity of each cement was calculated as the color difference between the color of the crowns over dentin with clear liquid (reference) and the color of the crowns over the titanium with the different cements (ΔEab). Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α= 0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences (P= 0.0001) were observed for both factors, cement and crown, and for the interactions between them. The results of Tukey test for cement were: BHA-2.25(0.98), MHA-2.94 (1.03), VA-3.45 (1.67), BQM-9.55 (2.77), RX-9.88 (3.12), CL-10.41 (3.47). The cements BHA, MHA and VA showed significantly smaller means than BQM, RX and CL. The results for crown were: ZC-3.66 (2.37), LD-7.50 (4.08), RC-8.08 (4.67). The means for all crown materials were significantly different. Highly opaque cements were more efficient on background masking than regular cements. Zirconia promoted the higher color masking while the resin composite the lowest. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of a highly opaque cement can reduce the color interference of the titanium abutment background, favoring the esthetic outcome of metal-free cemented crowns.

Film-Forming Polymers for Inhibition of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution: A Screening Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of film-forming polymer solutions of different concentrations and pH values, either associated or not with sodium fluoride (F; 225 ppm F-), when applied during the initial stage of salivary pellicle formation, to prevent the dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HA), which was determined by the pH-stat method. Polyacrylic acid (PA), chitosan, sodium linear polyphosphate (LPP), polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA), and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) were tested in three concentrations (lower, medium, and higher), two pH values (native or adjusted), and either associated or not with F. Distilled water, F, and stannous ion+fluoride (Sn/F; 225 ppm F- and 800 ppm Sn2+, as SnCl2) solutions were the controls, totalizing 63 groups. HA crystals were pretreated with human saliva for 1 min to allow pellicle formation, then immersed in the experimental solutions (1 min), and exposed to saliva for another 28 min. Subsequently, they were added to a 0.3% citric acid solution (pH = 3.8), connected to a pH-stat system that added aliquots of 28 µL 0.1 N HCl for a total reaction time of 5 min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). For PA alone, the concentrations of 0.1% (native pH), 0.06%, and 0.08% (both pH adjusted) showed significantly lower HA dissolution than the negative control. PA concentrations of 0.1% and 0.08%, of both pH values, improved the effect of F against HA dissolution to a near-identical value as Sn/F. All solutions containing chitosan and LPP significantly reduced HA dissolution in comparison with the control. For chitosan, the concentration of 0.5% (in both pH values) improved the effect of F. LPP at 0.5% (native pH) and all associations of LPP with F outperformed the effect of F. Some PVM/MA solutions significantly reduced HA dissolution but PVM/MA could not improve the protection of F. PGA was incapable of reducing HA dissolution or improving F effect. It was concluded that chitosan, LPP, and some PA and PVM/MA solutions used alone were capable of reducing HA dissolution. Only PA, chitosan, and LPP were able to enhance fluoride protection, but for PA and chitosan, this was influenced by the polymer concentration.

Esthetical Properties of Single-Shade and Multishade Composites in Posterior Teeth.

This study aimed to compare the aesthetic properties of posterior composite restorations made with a multishade (MS) or single-shade (SS) material. For that, 23 extracted human molars were used. The shade determination was performed, and the occlusal anatomy was registered by a custom-made stamp. Then, class I preparations were made, and each tooth was restored twice, using two different composites of MS/opacity layering material (Admira Fusion-Voco) and an SS/opacity bulk-fill composite (Admira Fusion X-tra-Voco). After finishing the first restoration with the MS material, a standardized picture was taken, and the restoration was removed. Then, the preparation was restored again with the other composite, obtaining a new picture. The pictures were randomly analyzed by 10 calibrated evaluators regarding color match using the FDI criteria. The evaluators were blinded to the restorative material used. Data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test and Wilcoxon test. The significance level adopted in the study was 5%. As a result, there were nonsignificant differences between the composites evaluated for color match, as well nonsignificant differences were obtained related to which restorative technique produced the best aesthetic results. Only for darker shades (A4, B4, and C4), most of the evaluators considered the restorations made with the MS material more aesthetic than with the SS, while for the other shades, nonsignificant differences were observed. Therefore, the choice of the SS and the MS/opacity composites does not influence the aesthetic outcome of posterior restorations for the lighter shades. However, the use of bulk fill material for dark shades is less favorable than the MS layering ones.

Optical properties of esthetic temporary cements and final restoration color.

BACKGROUND: Opaque cements can be esthetically unfavorable and alternative translucent materials have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color interference of a new translucent cement compared with conventional materials, in association with interim restoration with different thickness and shades. METHODS: Bis-acryl composite disks were prepared in 2 thicknesses (1.2 mm, 0.6 mm) and 3 shades (A3.5, A2, bleached) to simulate the restorations. Cementation over dentin disks was performed with 1 translucent cement (Provicol QM Aesthetic; VOCO), 2 conventional cements (Provicol; VOCO, Temp-Bond NE; Kerr Dental), and 1 transparent liquid (polyethylene glycol 400). The difference between the color of the specimens cemented with the transparent liquid and that of the specimens cemented with each cement was calculated (ΔEab). The data were analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (5%). RESULTS: Significant differences were observed for all factors and some interactions (P < .05). For Provicol QM Aesthetic, the shade and thickness did not influence the ΔEab. For Provicol and Temp-Bond NE, the lighter and thinner the specimen, the higher the ΔEab. Only Provicol QM Aesthetic had smaller means than the perceptibility threshold. Temp-Bond NE and Provicol had higher values than the acceptability threshold for some combinations. CONCLUSIONS: The highly translucent cement had less color interference than the conventional materials. The thickness and resin shade only affected the results for the opaque cements. The thinner specimens and the lighter shades had higher color interference. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The use of a more translucent cement can produce a smaller color interference on the esthetic outcome of interim restorations.

Tooth color change promoted by different whitening toothpastes under alternate cycles of staining and brushing.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of whitening toothpastes with different mechanisms of action on discolored teeth subjected to additional staining/or not. METHODS: One hundred twenty tooth specimens were stained for 14 days (staining broth under constant agitation and pH=7) and then allocated into the groups of toothpastes with different whitening ingredients (n=10): 1. Regular - Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint; 2. CLWI - Colgate Luminous White Instant (blue pigment); 3. CLWA - Colgate Luminous White Advanced Expert (hydrogen peroxide); 4. CLWAC - Colgate Luminous White Activated Charcoal (activated charcoal); 5. OB3D - Oral-B 3D WHITE Brilliant Fresh (abrasive); 6. TW - Teeth Whitening (charcoal powder). Specimens were submitted to two experimental models: A. Daily staining-toothbrush cycling: staining solution (5min), toothbrushing (45 strokes) and artificial saliva (3h), 2x/day, for 5 days; B. Only toothbrushing (30.000 brushing strokes). Color change was determined with a spectrophotometer (CIEDE2000 and Whiteness Index for Dentistry - WID) and statistically analyzed (α=0.05). RESULTS: For both models, ΔE00 and Δa did not differ significantly between the whitening toothpastes and the regular. All groups showed a decrease in tooth yellowness (-Δb) and an increase in WID. Group Teeth Whitening exhibited a decrease in luminosity (-ΔL). In model A, Groups did not differ significantly from the Regular in terms of ΔL (p=0.35) and Δb (p=0.74). Groups CLWI and OB3D exhibited a decrease in luminosity. Reduced redness (-Δa) occurred only in Group CLWI. In Model B, Groups OB3D (p=0.021) and CLWA (p=0.001) exhibited higher change in luminosity than in Group Teeth Whitening. All exhibited increased redness (+Δa) and lightness (+ΔL), except the Regular, CLWAC, and Teeth Whitening. Group OB3D had a significantly higher change in Δb than the Regular (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the mechanism of action, all toothpastes reduced tooth yellowness and promoted similar overall color change. Exposure of the teeth to additional staining during the toothbrushing cycles did not influence the effect of the whitening toothpastes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Whitening toothpastes should be tested in conditions that more closely simulate their use in a clinical scenario, in which alternate cycles of staining and brushing occur on a daily basis. However, even in such conditions, they were unable to promote a color change that differed from that of a regular toothpaste.

Chemical behavior of 20%-22% carbamide peroxide gels in at-home bleaching: Randomized crossover in situ trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if distinct 20%-22% carbamide peroxide bleaching gels present similar decomposition pattern and pH during the clinical use in both arches, as well as gels viscosity. METHODS: Participants randomly received treatments with carbamide peroxide gels (n = 10): OPF (OpalescencePF-20%); PNT (Polanight-22%); and WPC (Whiteness Perfect-22%) in three different days, with 2-day washout. Decomposition pattern was assessed by peroxide concentration. Both PC and pH of bleaching gels were measured in different time points in upper and lower trays during a total of 120 min of clinical use. Viscosity of bleaching gels was measured in triplicate. ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Regarding decomposition pattern, no significant differences were observed for the interaction between gel, time, and tray position factors. The peroxide concentration progressively reduced until 120 min of trays use (p < 0.001), being overall more notable in lower trays (p < 0.001). Regarding pH, the lowest values were verified in WPC within time. At 120 min, an increase of pH was observed for both WPC and OPF (p < 0.001) compared to baseline means. PNT exhibited constant pH values over time. The values of viscosity were: OPF (1.682.000 ± 19 cP)a, WPC (1.388.667 ± 172.63 cP)ab, PNT (579.567 ± 0.98 cP)b. CONCLUSIONS: The bleaching gels presented overall decomposition pattern clinically equivalent, being more notable in lower trays over time. Nevertheless, distinct pH and viscosities were observed among the products. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although the manufacturers recommend different times of use for bleaching gels with similar peroxide concentrations, the commercial products tested did not exhibit clinically relevant difference in the decomposition pattern during the 120 min of clinical procedure.

The ability of different formulations of artificial saliva to protect dentin from erosive wear / Ação protetora de diferentes formulações de saliva artificial no desgaste erosivo

Objective: Evaluate the protective effect of artificial saliva formulations associated or not with mucin on dentin. Materials and Methods: Bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated to 10 groups (n = 20) according to the artificial saliva tested and the presence or absence of mucin: Amaechi et al. (1998); Klimek et al. (1982); Vieira et al. (2005) and Eisenburger et al. (2001) and deionized water (control). Samples were submitted to an erosive cycle consisting of two immersions of 120 min in the saliva, followed by 1 min in hydrochloric acid solution, and new storage in saliva for 120 min. Surface loss (µm) was measured before and after the cycle. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: A significant difference was observed for the saliva formulation but not for the presence of mucin. The deionized water provided the highest surface loss and the Eisenburger's saliva formulation the lowest. The groups testing the Amaechi, Klimek, and Vieira saliva did not present significant differences. Conclusion: Eisenburger's saliva formulation provides a higher protective effect against dentin erosion. The presence of mucin did not increase the erosion-preventive effect of artificial saliva formulations. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito protetor de formulações de saliva artificial associadas ou não à mucina sobre a dentina submetida a erosão. Material e Métodos: Espécimes de dentina bovina foram alocados em 10 grupos (n = 20) de acordo com a saliva testada e a presença ou ausência de mucina: . Amaechi et al. (1998); Klimek et al. (1982); Vieira e cols. (2005), Eisenburger et al (2001) e agua deionizada (controle). As amostras foram submetidas a um ciclo erosivo composto por duas imersões de 120 min na saliva, seguidas de 1 min em solução de ácido clorídrico e novo armazenamento na saliva por 120 min. A perda de superfície (µm) foi medida antes e depois do ciclo. Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA 2 fatores e teste de Tukey (p <0,05). Resultados: Foi observada diferença significativa para a formulação de saliva, mas não para a presença de mucina. A água deionizada proporcionou a maior perda de superfície e a formulação de saliva de Eisenburger a menor. Os grupos que testaram a saliva Amaechi, Klimek e Vieira não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. Conclusão: A formulação de saliva de Eisenburger fornece o maior efeito protetor contra a erosão dentinária e a presença de mucina não aumentou o efeito preventivo de erosão de formulações de saliva artificial (AU).

Antimicrobial efficacy of S-PRG containing toothpastes on S. mutans biofilm development / Eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios contendo S-PRG sobre o desenvolvimento de biofilme de S. mutans

Objective: to investigate the antimicrobial effects of toothpastes containing bioactive surface pre-reacted glass particles (S-PRG) on S. mutans biofilms adherence, initial colonization and maturation. Material and Methods: a reference UA 159 and a clinical S. mutans (SM6) strain were used. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated into the groups (n=5): toothpastes containing 0%; 1%; 5%; 20%; 30% S-PRG; positive control dentifrice (NaF+triclosan); and negative control (distilled water). For biofilm development, samples were placed in a 24-well plate containing artificial saliva (4h), followed by adding 1mL of artificial saliva, BHI broth and 225µL of S. mutans suspension. Treatments with toothpastes were applied previously or after 4h and 24h of biofilm formation. Samples were incubated for 48h at 37°C in 5%CO2 and biofilm was detached and seeded in Petri dishes for determining the number of viable cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Results: significantly lower microorganisms' adherence (p<0.05) was obtained for all S-PRG toothpastes, with similar results to NaF+triclosan for SM6 and 20 and 30%S-PRG groups exhibiting higher inhibition effect than the NaF+Triclosan for UA159. Antibacterial effect on the early-stage biofilm was also observed for the S-PRG groups, but was not superior to the NaF+Triclosan toothpaste. For the mature biofilm, the effective antimicrobial potential of S-PRG toothpastes was observed only for the SM6 clinical strain, but was not higher than the positive control. Conclusion: experimental S-PRG toothpastes were effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm growth by exhibiting antimicrobial activity, being promising agents to prevent cariogenic biofilm development (AU)

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de dentifrícios contendo S-PRG sobre a colonização inicial e maturação de biofilmes de S. mutans. Material e Métodos: uma cepa de referência (UA 159) e uma cepa clínica de S. mutans (SM6) foram utilizadas. Espécimes de esmalte bovino foram alocados nos grupos (n=5): dentifrícios contendo 0%; 1%; 5%; 20% e 30%S-PRG; controle positivo (NaF+triclosan); e controle negativo (água destilada). Os espécimes foram inseridos em uma placa de 24 poços contendo saliva artificial (4h), seguido por adição de 1mL de saliva artificial, BHI, 225µL de suspensão de S. mutans e foram tratados com suspensões de dentifrícios antes ou depois de 4 e 24h da formação do biofilme. Os espécimes foram incubados por 48h e o biofilme foi removido dos espécimes e semeado em placas de Petri para contagem de UFC/mL. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (5%). Resultados: houve diminuição na adesão de microrganismos para os grupos tratados com S-PRG (p<0.05). Para SM6, os dentifrícios contendo S-PRG apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao NaF+triclosan e para a cepa UA159 o dentifrício com 30%S-PRG apresentou efeito superior. Efeito antimicrobiano no biofilme recém-formado (4h) foi observado para os grupos contendo S-PRG, mas não foi observado efeito superior ao NaF+Triclosan. Para o biofilme maduro, efeito antimicrobiano do S-PRG foi observado apenas para a cepa clínica, mas não superior ao efeito do NaF+Triclosan. Conclusão: dentifrícios contendo S-PRG foram eficazes na inibição do desenvolvimento de biofilmes de S. mutans, sendo promissores agentes para prevenir o desenvolvimento de biofilme cariogênico. (AU)

Efficacy of Bracket Adhesive Remnant Removal by a Fluorescence-Aided Identification Technique with a UV Light Handpiece: In Vitro Study.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the fluorescence-aided identification technique efficacy on adhesive remnant removal from the enamel surface after orthodontic bracket debonding. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human upper central incisors were divided into 3 groups (n = 15) according to the kind of adhesive for bracket bonding and the use or absence of near UV light for remnant removal: BF/UV- fluorescent adhesive/UV light, BF/0-fluorescent adhesive/no UV light, and TB/0-nonfluorescent adhesive/no UV light. For all teeth, 100% of the adhesive used remained on the enamel surface after debonding. Fifteen dentists performed adhesive removal on the enamel surface using a carbide bur. The specimens were analyzed by a stereomicroscope, and the adhesive remnant percentage from each specimen was calculated. The time used by each dentist to perform the removal was recorded. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: Significant differences were observed among groups for adhesive remnant (p=0.0008) and for time (p=0.0001). The means of adhesive remnant were BF/UV (5.84), BF/0 (34.37), and TB/0 (37.02). The mean times necessary to remove adhesive were BF/UV (1 min 40 s), BF/0 (3 min 03 s), and TB/0 (2 min 46 s). For the BF/UV group, significantly lower values of adhesive remnants and time for debonding were found (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The fluorescence-aided identification technique significantly reduced the amount of adhesive remnant, and the time necessary to perform this clinical procedure.

Film-Forming Polymers for Tooth Erosion Prevention.

Different agents have been proposed to prevent the progression of acid induced dental substance losses, which are called erosive tooth wear (ETW), such as fluorides, calcium, and phosphate-based products; however, there is a need for a further increase in efficacy. Recently, the ability of polymers to interact with the tooth surface, forming acid resistant films, has come into the focus of research; nevertheless, there is still the need for a better understanding of their mode of action. Thus, this article provides an overview of the chemical structure of polymers, their mode of action, as well as the effect of their incorporation into oral care products, acid beverages, and antacid formulations, targeting the prevention of ETW. Recent evidence indicates that this may be a promising approach, however, additional studies are needed to confirm their efficacy under more relevant clinical conditions that consider salivary parameters such as flow rate, composition, and clearance. The standardization of methodological procedures such as acid challenge, treatment duration, and combination with fluorides is necessary to allow further comparisons between studies. In conclusion, film-forming polymers may be a promising cost-effective approach to prevent and control erosive demineralization of the dental hard tissue.

Analysis of immunization time, amplitude, and adverse events of seven different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 across four different countries.

Background: Scarce information exists in relation to the comparison of seroconversion and adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Our aim was to correlate the magnitude of the antibody response to vaccination with previous clinical conditions and AEFI. Methods: A multicentric comparative study where SARS-CoV-2 spike 1-2 IgG antibodies IgG titers were measured at baseline, 21-28 days after the first and second dose (when applicable) of the following vaccines: BNT162b2 mRNA, mRNA-1273, Gam-COVID-Vac, Coronavac, ChAdOx1-S, Ad5-nCoV and Ad26.COV2. Mixed model and Poisson generalized linear models were performed. Results: We recruited 1867 individuals [52 (SD 16.8) years old, 52% men]. All vaccines enhanced anti-S1 and anti-S2 IgG antibodies over time (p<0.01). The highest increase after the first and second dose was observed in mRNA-1273 (p<0.001). There was an effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection; and an interaction of age with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, Gam-COVID-Vac and ChAdOx1-S (p<0.01). There was a negative correlation of Severe or Systemic AEFI (AEs) of naïve SARS-CoV-2 subjects with age and sex (p<0.001); a positive interaction between the delta of antibodies with Gam-COVID-Vac (p=0.002). Coronavac, Gam-COVID-Vac and ChAdOx1-S had less AEs compared to BNT162b (p<0.01). mRNA-1273 had the highest number of AEFIs. The delta of the antibodies showed an association with AEFIs in previously infected individuals (p<0.001). Conclusions: The magnitude of seroconversion is predicted by age, vaccine type and SARS-CoV-2 exposure. AEs are correlated with age, sex, and vaccine type. The delta of the antibody response only correlates with AEs in patients previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05228912.

Mayaro Virus: The State-of-the-Art for Antiviral Drug Development.

Mayaro virus is an emerging arbovirus that causes nonspecific febrile illness or arthralgia syndromes similar to the Chikungunya virus, a virus closely related from the Togaviridae family. MAYV outbreaks occur more frequently in the northern and central-western states of Brazil; however, in recent years, virus circulation has been spreading to other regions. Due to the undifferentiated initial clinical symptoms between MAYV and other endemic pathogenic arboviruses with geographic overlapping, identification of patients infected by MAYV might be underreported. Additionally, the lack of specific prophylactic approaches or antiviral drugs limits the pharmacological management of patients to treat symptoms like pain and inflammation, as is the case with most pathogenic alphaviruses. In this context, this review aims to present the state-of-the-art regarding the screening and development of compounds/molecules which may present anti-MAYV activity and infection inhibition.

Development of a sodium fluoride and stannous chloride-containing gel for treatment of dental erosion.

This study synthesized and tested experimental gels containing fluoride (F-) and stannous (Sn2+) ions for the control of dental erosion. Enamel and dentin polished specimens were eroded (1% citric acid solution, 10 min) and randomly allocated into 5 groups (n=10): Placebo - Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HMC) gel; F+Sn+HMC - 7,500 ppm F- / 15,000 ppm Sn2+; F+HMC - 7,500 ppm F-; Commercial acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (12,300 ppm F-); and Control - no treatment. After treatment (applied for 60 s), specimens underwent an erosion-remineralization cycling (5 min in 0.3% citric acid solution, 60 min in artificial saliva, 4×/day, 20 days). Surface loss (SL, in µm) was determined after the 5th, 10th and 20th days of cycling (α=0.05). For enamel, after 5 and 10 days, F+Sn+HMC presented the lowest SL, which did not differ from the commercial gel. After 20 days, no differences were found between commercial, F+HMC, and F+Sn+HMC groups. Placebo did not differ from the control at any time points, and both groups presented the highest SL when compared to the other groups. For dentin, on the 5th day, F+Sn+HMC, F+HMC and commercial did not differ significantly, showing lower SL than the control and the placebo. On the 10th day, F+Sn+HMC and commercial presented the lowest SL compared to control and placebo. After 20 days, only the commercial gel showed lower SL than the control and placebo. Thus, the experimental F+Sn+HMC gel was able to control the progression of tooth erosion.

Este estudo desenvolveu e testou géis experimentais contendo íons fluoreto (F-) e estanho (Sn2+) para o controle da erosão dentária. Os espécimes polidos, de esmalte e dentina, foram previamente erodidos (solução de ácido cítrico a 1%, 10 min) e alocados aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n = 10): Placebo - gel de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HMC); F + Sn + HMC - 7.500 ppm F- / 15.000 ppm Sn2+; F + HMC - 7.500 ppm F-; Gel de flúor fosfato acidulado comercial (12.300 ppm F-); e Controle - sem tratamento. Após o tratamento (aplicado por 60 s), os espécimes foram submetidos a uma ciclagem de erosão-remineralização (5 min em solução de ácido cítrico a 0,3%, 60 min em saliva artificial, 4 × / dia, 20 dias). A perda de superfície (SL, em µm) foi determinada após o 5º, 10º e 20º dias de ciclagem (α = 0,05). Para o esmalte, após 5 e 10 dias, o F + Sn + HMC apresentou a menor PS, não diferindo do gel comercial. Após 20 dias, não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos comercial, F + HMC e F + Sn + HMC. O placebo não diferiu do controle em nenhum momento, e ambos os grupos apresentaram a maior PS, comparado aos demais grupos. Para dentina, no 5º dia , F + Sn + HMC, F + HMC e comercial não diferiram significativamente, apresentando menor PS que o grupo controle e placebo. No 10º dia, F+Sn+HMC e comercial apresentaram a menor PS comparado ao grupo controle e placebo. No 20º dia, apenas o gel comercial apresentou PS menor que o controle e o placebo. Assim, o gel experimental F + Sn + HMC foi capaz de controlar a progressão da erosão dentária.

Development of a sodium fluoride and stannous chloride-containing gel for treatment of dental erosion

Resumo Este estudo desenvolveu e testou géis experimentais contendo íons fluoreto (F-) e estanho (Sn2+) para o controle da erosão dentária. Os espécimes polidos, de esmalte e dentina, foram previamente erodidos (solução de ácido cítrico a 1%, 10 min) e alocados aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n = 10): Placebo - gel de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HMC); F + Sn + HMC - 7.500 ppm F- / 15.000 ppm Sn2+; F + HMC - 7.500 ppm F-; Gel de flúor fosfato acidulado comercial (12.300 ppm F-); e Controle - sem tratamento. Após o tratamento (aplicado por 60 s), os espécimes foram submetidos a uma ciclagem de erosão-remineralização (5 min em solução de ácido cítrico a 0,3%, 60 min em saliva artificial, 4 × / dia, 20 dias). A perda de superfície (SL, em µm) foi determinada após o 5º, 10º e 20º dias de ciclagem (α = 0,05). Para o esmalte, após 5 e 10 dias, o F + Sn + HMC apresentou a menor PS, não diferindo do gel comercial. Após 20 dias, não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos comercial, F + HMC e F + Sn + HMC. O placebo não diferiu do controle em nenhum momento, e ambos os grupos apresentaram a maior PS, comparado aos demais grupos. Para dentina, no 5º dia , F + Sn + HMC, F + HMC e comercial não diferiram significativamente, apresentando menor PS que o grupo controle e placebo. No 10º dia, F+Sn+HMC e comercial apresentaram a menor PS comparado ao grupo controle e placebo. No 20º dia, apenas o gel comercial apresentou PS menor que o controle e o placebo. Assim, o gel experimental F + Sn + HMC foi capaz de controlar a progressão da erosão dentária.

Abstract: This study synthesized and tested experimental gels containing fluoride (F-) and stannous (Sn2+) ions for the control of dental erosion. Enamel and dentin polished specimens were eroded (1% citric acid solution, 10 min) and randomly allocated into 5 groups (n=10): Placebo - Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HMC) gel; F+Sn+HMC - 7,500 ppm F- / 15,000 ppm Sn2+; F+HMC - 7,500 ppm F-; Commercial acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (12,300 ppm F-); and Control - no treatment. After treatment (applied for 60 s), specimens underwent an erosion-remineralization cycling (5 min in 0.3% citric acid solution, 60 min in artificial saliva, 4×/day, 20 days). Surface loss (SL, in µm) was determined after the 5th, 10th and 20th days of cycling (α=0.05). For enamel, after 5 and 10 days, F+Sn+HMC presented the lowest SL, which did not differ from the commercial gel. After 20 days, no differences were found between commercial, F+HMC, and F+Sn+HMC groups. Placebo did not differ from the control at any time points, and both groups presented the highest SL when compared to the other groups. For dentin, on the 5th day, F+Sn+HMC, F+HMC and commercial did not differ significantly, showing lower SL than the control and the placebo. On the 10th day, F+Sn+HMC and commercial presented the lowest SL compared to control and placebo. After 20 days, only the commercial gel showed lower SL than the control and placebo. Thus, the experimental F+Sn+HMC gel was able to control the progression of tooth erosion.

Pellicle modification with natural bioproducts: Influence on tooth color under erosive conditions.

Salivary pellicle was modified with bioproducts and we assessed the change in tooth color and the protection of enamel to erosion. Human enamel specimens were assigned to one of three solutions: grape seed extract or black tea (bioproducts), or deionized water (negative control); after which one half the specimens underwent erosive challenges. The specimens underwent 15 cycles involving salivary pellicle formation (10 min, 37°C), incubation in solution (2 min, 25°C), subsequent pellicle formation (90 min, 37°C). Half of the specimens was kept in a humid chamber and the other half was submitted to erosion (2 min, 1% citric acid). After 15 such cycles, the pellicle was removed. Tooth color and the surface reflection intensity were assessed after every five cycles and after pellicle removal. For non-eroded specimens, the exposure to bioproducts promoted significantly greater color change than the deionized water, with increases in yellow appearance. After pellicle removal, the color was similar in all non-eroded specimens. The bioproducts increased the surface reflection intensity over cycles. For the erosion-exposed specimens, erosion itself resulted in color change. Black tea and deionized water resulted in increased yellow appearance. Exposure to the bioproducts resulted in higher relative surface reflection intensity values over time, but only grape seed extract resulted in higher relative surface reflection intensity value at the time of pellicle removal. The bioproducts caused transient staining effect, which was reduced after pellicle removal. For enamel submitted to erosion, grape seed extract resulted in less color change and better protection of enamel against erosion than black tea or water.

S-PRG-based toothpastes compared to NaF toothpaste and NaF varnish on dentin permeability in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effect of 5 toothpastes containing different percentages of S-PRG fillers compared to NaF toothpaste and NaF varnish on the dentin hydraulic conductance (Lp). METHODOLOGY: Dentin disks (1.0±0.2 mm thickness) were cut from third molars, and their Lp values were evaluated using Flodec. The specimens were allocated into 7 groups (n=8). The minimum (smear layer) and the maximum (after acid etching) Lp values were recorded. Lp was also assessed after treatment with either a 0wt.%, 1wt.%, 5wt.%, 20wt.%, or 30wt.% S-PRG toothpaste, a NaF toothpaste, or a NaF varnish. Toothpastes were applied by brushing for 15 s, allowing it to settle for 1 min, and rinsing with deionized water. The NaF varnish was applied for 4 min and was removed with a probe. Specimens were exposed to citric acid (6%, pH 2.1, 1 min) and their final Lp was recorded. The pH of all products was recorded (n=3) and specimens from each group were analyzed by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM). Data were subjected to 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni (a=0.05). RESULTS: The highest Lp reduction was noticed for the 5wt.% S-PRG toothpaste, NaF toothpaste, and NaF varnish. However, the toothpastes containing 5wt.%, 20wt.%, and 30wt.% of S-PRG were similar to all toothpastes but differed from the NaF varnish. After erosion, all groups retrieved their maximum Lp values, except for the NaF varnish. The LSCM evidenced deposits on the surface of specimens treated with 5%, 20%, and 30% S-PRG-based toothpastes and NaF toothpaste. Even more deposits were observed for the NaF varnish. After the erosive challenge, the deposits were diminished in all groups. CONCLUSION: Toothpastes containing 5wt.%, 20wt.%, and 30wt.% of S-PRG fillers behaved similarly to a conventional NaF toothpaste, even after an erosive challenge. The NaF varnish promoted better reduction of the Lp, but its effect was also diminished after erosion.