RESUMO
The scientific biography of Vasily Dmitrievich Shervinsky, the classic of Russian therapy is described in a number of articles and monographs. However, uncovered materials and results of our studies require to specify certain aspects of his biography and his scientific school.
RESUMO
The articles on the history of Russian pulmonology presented in the historical, medical and therapeutic literature contain materials for this history, but their authors did not solve the problem of its consistent presentation, highlighting the stages of formation and founders. The authors of this study critically reviewed the literary and archival primary sources, for the first time proposed the identification of three stages in the development of Russian pulmonology and indicated eight of its founders at these stages. The abundance of material did not allow us to present it in one article. This article is devoted to the 1st stage of the history of pulmonology - the formation of the doctrine of lung diseases. The second (development of pulmonology as an independent scientific direction in internal diseases) and the third (organizational design of pulmonology as a new independent clinical scientific and educational discipline and medical specialty, i.e. its institutionalization) stages will be discussed in the next articles.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias , Pneumologia , Humanos , Pneumologia/história , História do Século XX , Pneumopatias/história , Pneumopatias/terapia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Federação Russa , História do Século XIXRESUMO
The article considers stages of becoming of Soviet nephrology as independent scientific educational clinical discipline. The role of M. I. Vikhert in becoming of nephrology as independent clinical direction within the framework of the clinic of internal diseases is demonstrated. Also the role of E. M. Tareev as the founder of nephrology in the USSR as institutionalized clinical discipline is revealed.
Assuntos
Nefrologia , Moscou , U.R.S.S.RESUMO
The development of national clinical medicine in Russia in XX century is related not only to evolution of scientific schools, but also to such historical phenomenon as clinical elites. In the article definition of therapeutic elites is proposed. The destiny of therapeutic elites and their role in institutionalization of national clinical disciplines is discussed.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica , Institucionalização , Humanos , Federação Russa , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Despite numerous publications devoted to role of Vasily Shervinsky as public figure, organizer and researcher, information about his private life is almost not described in historical literature. The article presents an attempt, based on archival sources and not numerous testimonies of contemporaries, to draw up portrait of V. D. Shervinsky against the background of his medical, social and universal historical milieu.
Assuntos
História da Medicina , Humanos , Federação Russa , História do Século XIX , História do Século XXRESUMO
Peculiarities and comparative characteristics of three main Moscow schools on the field of internal medicine of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries are discussed: schools of Grigory Zakharyin, Alexey Ostroumov and Vassily Shervinsky - Leonid Golubinin; the legitimacy to acknowledge scientific clinical schools of Mikhail Cherinov and Nikolay Golubov is disputed. The arguments are provided that of the Moscow therapeutic schools, it was the Shervinsky-Golubinin school, and not the Zakharyin or Ostroumov school, that played the most significant role in the formation of the internal medicine in the USSR, in passing the accumulated knowledge and ideas to therapeutic elites in the USSR.
Assuntos
Medicina Interna , Instituições Acadêmicas , Humanos , MoscouRESUMO
On the basis of a critical analysis of numerous literary and archival sources, the authors confirm the idea of the decisive role of the Botkin's direction in the development of the European science-based internal medicine in Russia and revise the canonical position about the three founders of this medicine: according to the authors, the founders of the scientific internal medicine in Russia were Sergey Botkin (Petersburg), Grigory Zakharyin, Alexey Ostroumov (Moscow) and Vassily Obraztsov (Kyiv). The topic is covered in two articles; this article is devoted to S. Botkin and G. Zakharyin.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica , Medicina Interna , Humanos , Federação Russa , MoscouRESUMO
On the basis of a critical analysis of sources and the use of comparative historical research method, the authors reveal the fundamental role of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.A. Kassirsky in the formation of haematology as an independent clinical discipline in the USSR and put forward the thesis of the decisive importance in this process of the unified haematological school of A.N. Kryukov - I.A. Kassirsky.
Assuntos
Hematologia , Humanos , Academias e InstitutosRESUMO
The author, on the grounds of archival documents discovered by S. N. Zatravkin and cited in Chapter I of the new book by S. N. Zatravkin and E. A. Vishlenkova, comes to conclusion that the Soviet history of medicine as scientific discipline did not exist. The history of medicine in the USSR must be written anew, using accumulated factual base after verification with primary sources and observing the rule of source criticism and comparative method.
Assuntos
Medicina , História da Medicina , História do Século XX , Higiene , Atenção à Saúde , Federação Russa , Instalações de SaúdeRESUMO
The article, on the basis of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation, considers personality of prominent Russian physician Vyacheslav Avksentievich Manassein (1841-1901), who held the position of professor of the therapeutic Chairs of the Medical Surgical Academy in 1875-1892. The Manassein's public activity had special character, reaching All-Russian scale owing to the weekly "The Physician" published by him in 1880-1901. The article considers various aspects related to the scientific school of S. P. Botkin. For the first time, it is reported about the facts shedding light on complicated relationship of S. P. Botkin with his student V. A. Manassein.
Assuntos
Médicos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Humanos , História do Século XX , Federação Russa , História do Século XIXRESUMO
Russian nephrology, like most clinical disciplines, has passed through two stages in its historical development: at the first stage, it became isolated as an important area of scientific research within the framework of the Soviet clinic of internal diseases, at the second stage it became an independent scientific and educational clinical discipline and medical specialty. The article shows the role of Kazan internist S.S. Zimnitsky as one of the founders of nephrology in the USSR at the first stage of its formation and as one of the leaders of the functional direction in Soviet clinical medicine.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica , Nefrologia , Humanos , História do Século XX , Federação Russa , U.R.S.S.RESUMO
During the XX century, specialized clinical areas gradually emerged from the general body of internal medicine, among which cardiology became one of the first. The literature has not yet explicitly considered the question of who should be considered the founders of Russian cardiology. Our data suggest that D.D. Pletnev, G.F. Lang, N.D. Strazhesco, V.F. Zelenin, A.L. Myasnikov and E.I. Chazov exhaust the nominal composition of the founders of cardiology in the USSR.
Assuntos
Cardiologia , Humanos , História do Século XX , Medicina Interna , Federação Russa , U.R.S.S.RESUMO
The article reconstructs and describes, considering as a background the social political events that took place in the USSR during 1930s-1950s, the scientific biography and input into clinical medicine of professor V. N. Vinogradov (1882-1964), the prominent Soviet therapist, the Hero of Socialist Labor, the USSR State Prize winner (posthumously), the holder of five Orders of Lenin, the Honored Man of Science, the Head of the Chairs of Faculty Therapy of the I. V. Stalin Second Moscow State Medical Institute (1935-1942) and the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical (1943-1964), the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The facts of participation of V. N. Vinogradov in the political trials on "The case of the Trotskyst block" (1938, on the side of the prosecution) and on "The case of physicians" (1952-1953, as the accused one) are presented. The issues of existence of the scientific clinical school of V. N. Vinogradov (in a sense, the united school of V. N. Vinogradov-V. G. Popov can be considered) and the phenomenon of leadership of V. N. Vinogradov among the therapeutic elite of the USSR are discussed. This phenomenon consists in dedication to the cause he served and in consecutive implementation of the priority directions of the clinic of internal diseases, developed by the teams of the departments and clinics headed by him in different years.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica , Medicina , Academias e Institutos , Pessoal Técnico de Saúde , Medicina Clínica/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , MoscouRESUMO
The first Soviet therapeutic elite took shape in the second half of the 1920s. This process was not limited by few capital cities. So, L. B. BuÑhstab (1868, Odessa - 1934, Odessa), the oldest follower of V. P. Obraztsov, belonged to it and his professional activity in this time occurred in Odessa. For the first time, relying on archive materials, the main milestones of his biography and his contribution into clinic of internal diseases are highlighted. It is established that prof. Bukhshtab entered the history of national clinic of internal diseases, first of all as a classic of cardiology. The results of study permitted to name among many of his followers six leading representatives of his original school of therapy. They are Semyon Azriyevich Grosman (1882-1956), Anton Antonovich Oks (1891-1972), Alexander Markovich Sigal (1887/1888-1968), Vladimir Adolfovich Triger (1898-1990), Yakov Yulianovich Shpirt (1893-1977) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Yasinovsky (1899-1972). The cited materials demonstrate that the now forgotten school of Buchstab was one of the largest Soviet therapeutic schools of that time, yielding only to few generally recognized leaders (schools of M. P. Konchalovsky, A. N. Kryukov, G. F. Lang, D. D. Pletnev).
Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Instituições Acadêmicas , História do Século XXRESUMO
This article completes series of three publications analyzing periodization of the history of the clinical internal medicine in Russia over the past 200 years. The discussion covers the fifth period (the second half of the 1950s - the mid-1970s), when the "landscape of diseases" changed, the differentiation of internal medicine into "narrow" specializations continued and the alterations of the state policy of the USSR in the field of health care was completed. During the sixth period (the second half of the 1970s and 1980s), the successful development of medicine in the USSR slowed down, the economic foundation of health care "failed" and indices of population health deteriorated. Ahead awaited the political and economic upheavals of the 1990s and total redesign of the internal medicine in organizational, economic and substantial aspects.
Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Medicina Clínica , Atenção à Saúde , História do Século XX , Medicina Interna , Federação Russa/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Despite the development of instrumental and laboratory methods, objective examination of a patient is an important diagnostic doctors tool, especially at the first contact with the patient and in outpatient practice. The physician Frantz Glnard (18481920) [France] and russian professors Vasily P. Obraztsov (18511920) and Theodor Georg (Fyodor) Hausmann (18681944) developed methodical abdominal palpation, which entered clinical practice a little more than a hundred years ago. Their brief biographies and scientific achievements are review, and the contribution of each of them to the creation of the abdomens palpation is discussed in the article. For the first time, some aspects of F.O. Hausmanns biography from archival sources are present and clarify.
Assuntos
Palpação , Médicos , Humanos , Abdome , Federação RussaRESUMO
The article is devoted to the biography and scientific contribution of Miron Semyonovich Vovsi, the eminent Soviet internist, organizer of army internal medicine. For the first time, the materials of his personal records from the Yuriev (Tartu) University and verified date of his birth are publicly introduced. Miron Semyonovich (Meer Simonovic) Vovsi was born on May 12 (24) 1897, in the township of Kreslavka (actually Kraslava, Latvia). In 1915, he entered the medical faculty of Yuriev (actually Tartu) University. In 1918 he was transferred to the Moscow University. He, after serving as military doctor, studied and worked under the guidance of D. D. Pletnev, I. M. Wiechert and V. F. Zelenin. In 1934, he moved to the Botkin hospital and after defending his doctoral thesis, became the head of the Department of internal medicine in the Central institute of advanced medical training, where he worked for more than 30 years. During the Second World War, he was the chief internist of the Red Army. He was engaged in the organization and improvement of army internal medicine. In 1952, during the so-called "physicians case", he was arrested and tortured for 5 months. After his release, he returned to teaching, medical and scientific activities. He died in 1960. His major areas of scientific contribution to medicine are nephrology, cardiology and army internal medicine.
Assuntos
Medicina Interna/história , Militares , Docentes de Medicina , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Moscou , II Guerra MundialRESUMO
The article highlights the course of life, scientific, pedagogical and social activities of Nikolai Andreevich Vinogradov, the eminent therapist of the XIX century and the disciple of S. P. Botkin.
Assuntos
História da Medicina , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Federação RussaRESUMO
The publication continues the topic of previous article and develops the theme of periodization of clinical internal medicine in Russia for last 200 years. The discussion covers the fourth stage - the Soviet period of internal medicine in 1920s - 1950s that resulted in crisis. The authors, using historical examples, illustrate the need to take into account historical and social processes in studying the development of medicine.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica , Medicina Interna/história , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Atenção à Saúde , História do Século XX , Federação RussaRESUMO
The main development of the clinical internal medicine in Russia took place over the past 200 years. To understand the pattern of this process, we explored its possible subdivision into phases (periods). This article presents the first part of the proposed periodization describing the characteristics and time frame of the first three stages (from the beginning of the 19th century to the late 1910s).