Tumor miofibroblástico de maxilar superior. Estadificación inicial y evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento con PET/TC con 18F-FDG / Upper maxilla myofibroblastic tumour. Initial staging and treatment response evaluation with 18F-FDG PET/CT

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PET/TC con 18F-FDG en la recaída extramedular de una leucemia aguda de linaje ambiguo / 18F-FDG PET/CT for extramedullary relapse of acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage

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Utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en el linfoma cerebral primario / Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in primary brain lymphoma

Objetivo: Estudiar la utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en la evaluación inicial y valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento en el linfoma cerebral primario. Material y métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 18 pacientes diagnosticados de linfoma cerebral primario, subtipo histológico linfoma difuso de células grandes B, habiéndose realizado en todos ellos un estudio con 18F-FDG PET/TC y RM inicial y, en 7 casos, también tras la realización de tratamiento con el fin de valorar la respuesta. Resultados: La 18F-FDG PET/TC inicial detectó un total de 26 depósitos hipermetabólicos frente a un total de 46 lesiones de la RM. La media del SUV máximo de las lesiones fue de 17,56 y del T/N, de 3,55. La concordancia de ambas pruebas para identificar el mismo número de lesiones fue moderada, obteniendo un índice kappa de 0,395 (p<0,001). En la valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento la RM identificó 16 lesiones frente a los 7 acúmulos patológicos de la 18F-FDG PET/TC. La concordancia de ambas pruebas para valorar el tipo de respuesta al tratamiento fue moderada (índice kappa 0,41) (p=0,04). Tanto en la evaluación inicial como en la valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento la PET/TC facilitó un cambio de estrategia en un 22% de los pacientes que presentaron lesiones fuera del parénquima cerebral. Conclusiones: La RM parece ser la técnica de elección en la valoración de la enfermedad cerebral en pacientes con linfoma cerebral primario, mientras que la PET/TC ha demostrado tener un papel importante en la valoración de la enfermedad extracerebral (AU)

Objective: To study the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the initial evaluation and in the response assessment in primary brain lymphoma. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 18 patients diagnosed with primary brain lymphoma, a histological subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, on whom an initial 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI was performed, with 7 of the cases being analysed after the completion of treatment in order to assess response and clinical follow up. Results: Initial 18F-FDG PET/CT showed 26 hypermetabolic foci, whereas 46 lesions were detected by MRI. The average SUV maximum of the lesions was 17.56 with T/N 3.55. The concordance of both tests for identifying the same number of lesions was moderate, obtaining a kappa index of 0.395 (P<.001). In the evaluation of treatment, MRI identified 16 lesions compared to 7 pathological accumulations observed by 18F-FDG PET/CT. The concordance of both tests to assess type of response to treatment was moderate (kappa index 0.41) (P=.04). In both the initial evaluation and the assessment of the response to treatment, PET/CT led to a change strategy in 22% of patients who had lesions outside the cerebral parenchyma. Conclusions: MRI appears to be the method of choice for detecting brain disease in patients with primary brain lymphoma, whereas 18F-FDG PET/CT seems to play a relevant role in the assessment of extra-cerebral disease (AU)

Carcinoma epidermoide primario de tiroides. Valoración inicial y control evolutivo mediante 18F-FDG PET/TC / Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Initial assessment and follow-up using 18F-FDG PET/CT

El carcinoma epidermoide primario de tiroides es una neoplasia muy poco frecuente, con comportamiento agresivo, de mal pronóstico, con pobre respuesta al tratamiento quimioterápico y radioterápico, y cuyo tratamiento de elección es la cirugía. Suele presentarse al diagnóstico como enfermedad extendida, como una tumefacción cervical que causa la mayoría de sus síntomas por invasión o metástasis locales. Su diagnóstico requiere excluir infiltración desde un tumor adyacente, afectación metastásica a distancia desde otro carcinoma epidermoide primario y realizar estudio inmunohistoquímico, el cual refleje el patrón característico de expresión de citoqueratinas. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 53 años con antecedentes oncológicos de hepatocarcinoma, en el que durante el seguimiento se detecta una lesión cervical, caracterizada como hipermetabólica al realizar el estudio de extensión mediante tomografía por emisión de positrones con 18F-FDG (18F-FDG PET/TC). También presentamos el control evolutivo de dicha lesión mediante esta técnica y la utilidad de esta última (AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid is an uncommon, very aggressive neoplasm, having a poor prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery is the initial treatment of choice, although it often presents as a widespread disease at the time of diagnosis, usually with cervical swelling that causes most of the symptoms due to local infiltration or metastasis. Local infiltration from adjacent tumour and metastatic disease needs to be excluded from other primary epidermoid carcinomas, in order to make a correct diagnosis. This also requires the typical cytokeratin pattern seen in histological studies. The case is presented of a 53 year-old man with a medical history of hepatocarcinoma, with a cervical hypermetabolic lesion detected in an 18F-FDG PET/CT performed to exclude widespread disease. The follow-up of this lesion with this technique and its usefulness is also described (AU)

Utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en un caso de sospecha de infección de injerto vascular / Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in a case of suspected vascular graft infection

La infección del injerto vascular protésico (VPGI) se asocia a una gran morbimortalidad. Es esencial un diagnóstico precoz y preciso para llevar a cabo el tratamiento más adecuado. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 74 años intervenido de by-pass aorto-bifemoral con sospecha clínica de infección de la prótesis vascular y pruebas complementarias no concluyentes, en el que se realiza un estudio PET/TC con 18F-FDG que muestra una captación patológica a nivel periprotésico sugestiva de infección, así como lesión incidental pulmonar sugestiva de neoplasia primaria. Una 18F-FDG PET/TC de control tras tratamiento antibiótico prolongado demostró una mejoría significativa en la captación en el injerto vascular. La 18F-FDG es un trazador prometedor para detectar VPGI, ya que los leucocitos activados tienen una gran demanda de la 18F-FDG y se acumulan en el lugar de la infección, y podría ayudar a definir la respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico (AU)

Vascular prosthetic graft infection (VPGI) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. An early and accurate diagnosis is essential in order to give the most appropriate treatment. The case is presented of a 74 year old male subjected to an aortobifemoral bypass graft, with clinical suspicion of VPGI with inconclusive tests. Later on an 18F-FDG PET/CT study showed a pathological uptake, suggestive of periprosthetic infection, as well as an incidental pulmonary lesion, suggestive of a primary neoplasm. A new 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a significant improvement in the uptake by the vascular graft after prolonged antibiotic treatment. 18F-FDG is a promising tracer for detecting VPGI as the accumulated activated white cells at the infection site have a high demand for 18F-FDG, and could help define the response to antibiotic treatment (AU)

Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in primary brain lymphoma. / Utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en el linfoma cerebral primario.

OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the initial evaluation and in the response assessment in primary brain lymphoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 18 patients diagnosed with primary brain lymphoma, a histological subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, on whom an initial 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI was performed, with 7 of the cases being analysed after the completion of treatment in order to assess response and clinical follow up. RESULTS: Initial 18F-FDG PET/CT showed 26 hypermetabolic foci, whereas 46 lesions were detected by MRI. The average SUV maximum of the lesions was 17.56 with T/N 3.55. The concordance of both tests for identifying the same number of lesions was moderate, obtaining a kappa index of 0.395 (P<.001). In the evaluation of treatment, MRI identified 16 lesions compared to 7 pathological accumulations observed by 18F-FDG PET/CT. The concordance of both tests to assess type of response to treatment was moderate (kappa index 0.41) (P=.04). In both the initial evaluation and the assessment of the response to treatment, PET/CT led to a change strategy in 22% of patients who had lesions outside the cerebral parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS: MRI appears to be the method of choice for detecting brain disease in patients with primary brain lymphoma, whereas 18F-FDG PET/CT seems to play a relevant role in the assessment of extra-cerebral disease.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Initial assessment and follow-up using 18F-FDG PET/CT. / Carcinoma epidermoide primario de tiroides. Valoración inicial y control evolutivo mediante 18F-FDG PET/TC.

Squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid is an uncommon, very aggressive neoplasm, having a poor prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery is the initial treatment of choice, although it often presents as a widespread disease at the time of diagnosis, usually with cervical swelling that causes most of the symptoms due to local infiltration or metastasis. Local infiltration from adjacent tumour and metastatic disease needs to be excluded from other primary epidermoid carcinomas, in order to make a correct diagnosis. This also requires the typical cytokeratin pattern seen in histological studies. The case is presented of a 53 year-old man with a medical history of hepatocarcinoma, with a cervical hypermetabolic lesion detected in an 18F-FDG PET/CT performed to exclude widespread disease. The follow-up of this lesion with this technique and its usefulness is also described.

Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in a case of suspected vascular graft infection. / Utilidad de la 18F-FDG PET/TC en un caso de sospecha de infección de injerto vascular.

Vascular prosthetic graft infection (VPGI) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. An early and accurate diagnosis is essential in order to give the most appropriate treatment. The case is presented of a 74 year old male subjected to an aortobifemoral bypass graft, with clinical suspicion of VPGI with inconclusive tests. Later on an 18F-FDG PET/CT study showed a pathological uptake, suggestive of periprosthetic infection, as well as an incidental pulmonary lesion, suggestive of a primary neoplasm. A new 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a significant improvement in the uptake by the vascular graft after prolonged antibiotic treatment. 18F-FDG is a promising tracer for detecting VPGI as the accumulated activated white cells at the infection site have a high demand for 18F-FDG, and could help define the response to antibiotic treatment.

Mediastinal schwannoma mimicking lymph node metastasis from locally advanced breast cancer in a 18F-FDG PET/CT study / Schwannoma mediastínico imitando metástasis linfática de cáncer de mama localmente avanzado en un estudio PET/TC con 18F-FDG

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Paediatric grade-II lymphomatoid granulomatosis: 18F-FDG PET/CT monitoring of disease activity / Granulomatosis linfomatoide grado-II pediátrica: monitorización de la actividad de la enfermedad mediante 18F-FDG PET/TC

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Sinoviortesis radioisotópica en pacientes en edad pediátrica y adolescentes con hemofilia / Radioisotope synoviorthesis in paediatric and adolescent patients with haemophilia

Objetivo. Valorar la eficacia terapéutica y las complicaciones de la sinoviortesis radioisotópica observadas en pacientes en edad pediátrica y adolescentes con hemofilia. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de cohorte histórica en el que se incluyó, de forma consecutiva, a 20 pacientes varones con hemofilia (edad media 13,1 años, rango: 4-17 años). El diagnóstico de sinovitis se estableció clínicamente y se confirmó por radiología simple o RMN). Evaluación mediante la clasificación de Fernández-Palazzi. Criterios de inclusión: menores de 18 años de edad con hemofilia y más de un hemartros en menos de 3 meses, manteniéndose una sinovitis crónica a pesar de intensificar el tratamiento profiláctico. Criterios de exclusión: cualquier contraindicación para la realización de la sinoviortesis. Se realizaron 27 sinoviortesis radioisotópicas con citrato de 90Y colidal o sulfuro 186Re coloidal. La eficacia del procedimiento se evaluó a los 6 meses mediante comparación clínica pre- y postratamiento. Tiempo medio de seguimiento: 64,9 meses (rango 18-109 meses). Resultados. En 19 de las 27 sinoviortesis (70,3%) hubo una respuesta buena o excelente y en 8 articulaciones (29,7%), respuesta parcial. Se repitió el procedimiento en 3 articulaciones de 3 pacientes diferentes debido a la aparición de nuevo hemartros, obteniendo en todos los casos una respuesta buena o excelente. Apareció reacción inflamatoria postratamiento en 4 casos (14,8%), que mejoraron con tratamiento médico. No se observaron lesiones malignas ni premalignas durante el seguimiento. Conclusión. La sinoviortesis radioisotópica es un procedimiento efectivo, en pacientes en edad pediátrica y adolescentes con hemofilia, mínimamente invasivo, fácil de realizar, seguro y con complicaciones mínimas (AU)

Objective. To assess the outcome and adverse-effects of the radioisotope synoviorthesis in paediatric and adolescent patients with haemophilia. Material and Methods. Prospective study of historical cohort was conducted. A total of 20 consecutive haemophiliacs with a mean age of 13.1 years (range 4-17) were included with a mean follow-up of 64.9 months (range 18-109). The diagnosis of synovitis was established on the basis of clinical follow-up including radiological images (radiography and/or MRI). For evaluation, the classification proposed by Fernandez-Palazzi was used. Inclusion criteria: Patients aged less than 18 years old with haemophilia and more than one haemarthrosis in less than 3 months remaining a chronic synovitis despite prophylactic therapy intensification. Exclusion criteria: Any contraindication for radionuclide synoviorthesis. Twenty-seven radioisotope synoviorthesis with 90Y-citrate-colloid and/or 186Re-sulphide-colloid were done. The effectiveness of the procedure was assessed through pre and posttreatment clinical comparison at 6 months after radioisotope synoviorthesis. Results. Nineteen of the 27 synoviorthesis (70.3%) had a good or excellent response and 8 joints (29.7%) had partial response. It was necessary to repeat the procedure in 3 joints in 3 different patients, obtaining in all cases a good or excellent response. We appreciated inflammatory reaction after procedure in 4 cases (14.8%), which improved with analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs. None of the patients presented malignant or premalignant lesions during the follow-up. Conclusion. The radionuclide synoviorthesis is a very effective procedure in paediatric and adolescent patients with hemophilia, being a minimally invasive procedure, easy to perform, safe and with minimal side effects (AU)

Aportación de la tomografia por emisión de fotón Simple/tomografía computadorizada a la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela en pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma de cabeza y cuello / Role of SPECT-CT in sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients diagnosed with head and neck melanoma

Objetivo. Valorar la aportación de la SPECT-TC a la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (GC) en la correcta localización anatómica de este, en pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo de cabeza y cuello. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo entre febrero de 2010 y junio de 2013 que incluyó 22 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo de cabeza y cuello (9 mujeres y 13 hombres), con una edad media de 55 años y criterios de inclusión de biopsia selectiva del GC. A todos ellos se les realizó una linfogammagrafía preoperatoria tras la inyección pericicatricial de nanocoloides de albúmina marcados con 99mTc, y posteriormente se obtuvieron imágenes planares sectoriales del lugar de inyección y de cuerpo completo, así como SPECT-TC. Resultados. La tasa de detección del GC fue del 91% (20 de 22 pacientes) para la linfogammagrafía planar y del 95,4% (21 de 22 pacientes) para SPECT-TC. En 14 de 22 pacientes la SPECT-TC mostró información relevante sobre la localización del GC modificando la vía de abordaje quirúrgica, siendo el impacto clínico de un 63,6%. En un 9,1% de los pacientes el GC fue positivo para metástasis de melanoma. Conclusión. La SPECT-TC proporciona información anatómica relevante sobre la localización del GC y detecta un mayor número de ganglios linfáticos que la linfogammagrafía. Se recomienda el uso rutinario de SPECT-TC en la linfogammagrafía del melanoma de cabeza y cuello para optimizar la localización y el número de GC en esta área (AU)

Objective. Assess the role of SPECT-CT in sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in the accurate anatomical location of the SNL in patients with cutaneous head and neck melanoma. Material and methods. A retrospective study was conducted from February 2010 to June 2013 on 22 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous head and neck melanoma (9 female, 13 male), with a mean age of 55 years old and who met the inclusion criteria for SLN biopsy. Patients underwent preoperative scanning after peri-scar injection of 99mTc-labeled-nanocolloid. Planar images of the injection-site, whole-body, and SPECT-CT scanning were acquired. Results. Detection rate of SLN reached up to 91% (20/22 patients) by planar lymphoscintigraphy and 95.4% (21/22 patients) by SPECT-CT. SPECT-CT provided an accurate location of SLN in 14/22 patients, enabling to improve the surgical approach (clinical impact: 63.6%). SLN was positive for metastatic cells in 9.1% patients. Conclusion. SPECT-CT provides detailed anatomical SLN location and allows detecting a higher number of SLN than planar lymphoscintigraphy. Routine use of SPECT-CT is recommended in order to optimise the SLN detection and location in patients with head and neck melanoma (AU)

Radioisotope synoviorthesis in paediatric and adolescent patients with haemophilia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome and adverse-effects of the radioisotope synoviorthesis in paediatric and adolescent patients with haemophilia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of historical cohort was conducted. A total of 20 consecutive haemophiliacs with a mean age of 13.1 years (range 4-17) were included with a mean follow-up of 64.9 months (range 18-109). The diagnosis of synovitis was established on the basis of clinical follow-up including radiological images (radiography and/or MRI). For evaluation, the classification proposed by Fernandez-Palazzi was used. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients aged less than 18 years old with haemophilia and more than one haemarthrosis in less than 3 months remaining a chronic synovitis despite prophylactic therapy intensification. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Any contraindication for radionuclide synoviorthesis. Twenty-seven radioisotope synoviorthesis with (90)Y-citrate-colloid and/or (186)Re-sulphide-colloid were done. The effectiveness of the procedure was assessed through pre and posttreatment clinical comparison at 6 months after radioisotope synoviorthesis. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 27 synoviorthesis (70.3%) had a good or excellent response and 8 joints (29.7%) had partial response. It was necessary to repeat the procedure in 3 joints in 3 different patients, obtaining in all cases a good or excellent response. We appreciated inflammatory reaction after procedure in 4 cases (14.8%), which improved with analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs. None of the patients presented malignant or premalignant lesions during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The radionuclide synoviorthesis is a very effective procedure in paediatric and adolescent patients with hemophilia, being a minimally invasive procedure, easy to perform, safe and with minimal side effects.