Development and application of novel ELISA-based analytical tools for assessing nitroxidative distress biomarkers in ischemic stroke: implications for improved diagnosis and clinical management.

Ischemic cerebrovascular accident (iCVA) is a public health issue, whose subjacent events involve the development of nitroxidative distress. Identifying biomarkers that assist in the diagnosis of this disease has clinically relevant implications. The aim of this study was to develop an analytic tool for measuring nitroxidative distress biomarkers, intended for application in clinical practice to enhance patient healthcare. Three enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed, with different detection objectives. One of them, in a sandwich format, quantifies the amount of fibrinogen in human plasma, an important glycoprotein involved in the blood coagulation process, contributing to thrombus formation and thereby participating in the mechanism of ischemic stroke. Another ELISA, also in a sandwich format, detects the presence of nitrotyrosine residues in fibrinogen from human plasma, a nitroxidative posttranslational modification resulting from the attack of peroxynitrite by-products on tyrosine residues present in proteins. The third one, in inhibition format, determines human plasma nitrotyrosine total content and was used to analyze human plasma samples from control and iCVA patients. Those two groups of plasma samples were analyzed using inhibition ELISA, revealing statistically significant differences in their nitrotyrosine content and molar ratios of nitrotyrosine to fibrinogen, which were higher in the iCVA group. This study provides evidence that nitroxidative distress occurs in ischemic stroke, as indicated by the detection of the biomarker nitrotyrosine. This finding supports other studies that also identified nitrotyrosine in ischemic stroke, through several different methods. This specific ELISA method is applicable for the rapid analysis of clinical samples, making it a potential clinical tool for assessing iCVA patients.

Identification and relative quantification of 3-nitrotyrosine residues in fibrinogen nitrated in vitro and fibrinogen from ischemic stroke patient plasma using LC-MS/MS.

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. This acute vascular event interferes with blood supply to the brain and induces a burst of free radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide, producing peroxynitrite, a precursor of strong nitrating agents. Fibrinogen is one of the most abundant plasma proteins; it plays a role in the hemostatic system, mediating clot formation, which can be affected by nitrotyrosine formation. We hypothesized that nitration of fibrinogen by ONOOH and ONOOCO2- radical products could be one of the early events of the ischemic stroke, and protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and/or prognosis of this condition. A targeted mass spectrometry approach was developed to analyze the nitration of fibrinogen and its association with ischemic stroke. First, a comprehensive mapping of 3-nitrotyrosine locations and their relative quantification was performed by LC-MS/MS, using in vitro nitrated fibrinogen samples. Twenty different 3-nitrotyrosine residues were identified on fibrinogen nitrated in vitro, varying with the peroxynitrite tofibrinogen molar ratio used. Nine tyrosine residues that were consistently modified at different treatment ratios were chosen to perform a targeted LC-MS/MS analysis in clinical samples. Enriched fibrinogen fractions from clinical samples from 24 ischemic stroke and 12 patients with non-inflammatory conditions were analysed with this method. Three of the nine tyrosine residues analysed (ßY452, ßY475 and γY380) showed a significant difference between the ischemic stroke and non-inflammatory disease groups. ROC curve analysis suggested an association of these residues either individually or in combination with ischemic stroke. Different tyrosine nitration patterns were also observed in fibrinogen modified in vitro and in vivo, suggesting differences in the nitration process in these situations. This is the first study showing a putative association between the nitration profile of specific tyrosine residues in human fibrinogen and ischemic stroke.

Genomic analysis of the first isolate of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from Uruguay.

OBJECTIVES: Since KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are associated with successful dissemination of a major clone, defined as sequence type 258 (ST258), the aim of this study was to perform whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the first colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae strain (Kpn666) carrying blaKPC-2 identified in Uruguay in 2011 in order to identify genomic and phylogenetic traits. METHODS: WGS of strain Kpn666 isolated from an asymptomatic urinary tract infection was performed using Illumina MiSeq, and de novo assembly was performed using SPADES v.3.11. Contigs were re-ordered using the ST258 reference genome NJST258_1 (GenBank CP006923) and were oriented with the MAUVE Contig Mover. Twenty complete genomes of K. pneumoniae identified as ST258 using the Pasteur MLST site were downloaded from GenBank (May 2017). A maximum-likelihood tree was created using MEGA7 based on core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole-genome alignment obtained with SNP sites (https://github.com/sanger-pathogens/snp-sites). RESULTS: WGS analysis revealed a genome of 5448179bp (5232 CDS, 108 RNAs). Phylogenetic analysis identified that Kpn666 belonged to clade I lineage of ST258. Further studies also identified IncR, IncFIB(K) and IncFII(K) plasmid replicons and 11 transferable associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) comprising four drug classes. The mgrB gene involved in colistin resistance was shown to be disrupted by insertion of an IS5-like element. CONCLUSIONS: The first isolate of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae detected in Uruguay was sequenced and the results confirm the ability of this bacterium to capture several ARGs. The KPC-2 carbapenemase in Uruguay is likely to have been introduced by the high-risk clone ST258.

Quality assurance for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Latin American and Caribbean countries, 2013-2015.

OBJECTIVES: A Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility quality control comparison programme was re-established in Latin America and the Caribbean to ensure antimicrobial susceptibility data produced from the region are comparable nationally and internationally. METHODS: Three panels, consisting of N. gonorrhoeae isolates comprising reference strains and other characterised isolates were sent to 11 participating laboratories between 2013 and 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibilities for these isolates were determined using agar dilution, Etest or disc diffusion methods. Modal minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each panel isolate/antibiotic combination were calculated. The guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute were used for interpretations of antimicrobial susceptibility. The agreement of MICs with the modal MICs was determined for each of the participating laboratories as well as for each of the antibiotics tested. RESULTS: Five of 11 laboratories that participated in at least one panel had an overall average agreement between participants' MIC results and modal MICs of >90%. For other laboratories, agreements ranged from 60.0% to 82.4%. The proportion of agreement between interpretations for all the antibiotics, except penicillin and tetracycline, was >90%. The percentages of agreement between MIC results and their modes for erythromycin, spectinomycin, cefixime and azithromycin were >90%. Tetracycline, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin agreement ranged from 84.5% to 89.1%, while penicillin had 78.8% agreement between MICs and modal MICs. CONCLUSIONS: The participating laboratories had acceptable results, similar to other international quality assurance programmes. It is important to ensure continuation of the International Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Quality Control Comparison Programme to ensure that participants can identify and correct any problems in antimicrobial susceptibility testing for N. gonorrhoeae as they arise and continue to generate reproducible and reliable data.

Anti-MRSA Activity of Fruiting Body Extracts of Spectacular Rustgill Mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius (Agaricomycetes).

Despite the great advances in chemotherapeutics, infectious diseases are still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Among some of the clinically relevant pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ranks as one of the most difficult bacteria to treat. It is a common cause of skin, soft-tissue, and endovascular infections, as well as pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. The research on Basidiomycota is extensive; many species show a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity. The vast majority of the literature to date generally focuses on screening the antibacterial properties of mushroom extracts. A gap still exists in the identification of the individual compounds responsible for these properties, and few low molecular weight compounds have been described. Gymnopilus junonius, the big laughter mushroom, grows wild in Uruguay, especially on Eucalyptus spp. plantations; it is known as the "eucalyptus fungus." In this work, we report the bioguided isolation, structural elucidation, and antistaphylococcal activity of the main antimicrobial components of fresh basidiocarps of G. junonius.

Resistance to Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates From 7 Countries of South America and the Caribbean: 2010-2011.

Seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean report on (2010 and 2011) the susceptibility of 2235 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to 6 antibiotics. Thirteen isolates had ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.125 to ≥ 0.25 mg/L. The percentage of resistant isolates to the following antibiotics was: azithromycin, 1.0% to 1.7%; ciprofloxacin, 42.1% to 36.2%; penicillin, 31% to 35%; tetracycline, 21.8% to 22.6%.

Synthesis, characterization, microbiological evaluation, genotoxicity and synergism tests of new nano silver complexes with sulfamoxole: X-ray diffraction of [Ag2(SMX)2]·DMSO.

The synthesis and microbiological evaluation of two new Ag(I) complexes with sulfamoxole (SMX), [Ag2(SMX)2]·H2O and [Ag4(SCN)3(SMX)]·H2O are described. Both were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, Raman and experimental and theoretical IR spectroscopies. Their antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated by agar and broth dilution assays, respectively. In addition, synergism tests for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed, and genotoxicity studies were carried out employing the Allium cepa test. Both complexes displayed good activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, and 10 fungi strains, with lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than that of free SMX in all cases. The nanometrical crystallite particle size determined from XRPD, DLS and TEM might explain the good microbiological activity in spite of the low solubility of both complexes. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) calculated from the P. aeruginosa test data indicated that the activity of the complexes is not due to synergism of the free components in the concentration ratios studied. Moreover, none of the complexes displayed cytotoxic effects on onions in the concentration range tested, and chromosome aberrations were not observed.

Antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, and genotoxic properties of two complexes of Ag(I) with sulfachloropyridazine (SCP): X-ray diffraction of [Ag(SCP)]n.

We report the synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities, phytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of two new complexes of silver(I) with sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), one of which is heteroleptic with SCP and SCN(-) ligands (Ag-SCP-SCN), the other of which is homoleptic (Ag-SCP); furthermore, the crystal structure of the homoleptic complex is disclosed. The heterocyclic N atom nearest to the Cl atom and the N(sulfonamide) atom could be coordination sites for the silver ion in the Ag-SCP-SCN complex. The Ag-SCP complex is a polymeric compound with metal-metal bonds, and the heterocyclic and sulfonamide N atoms are points of coordination for Ag(I) . Both complexes showed activity against all the tested bacteria, and in the cases of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the action was better than that of SCP. In all cases, both silver-SCP complexes showed better antifungal activity than SCP, which was inactive against the tested fungi. Notably, the activity against P. aeruginosa, a nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogen, was better than that of the reference antibiotic cefotaxim. Both silver-sulfa complexes displayed moderate activity against the tested yeast, especially for C. neoformans, which is an important fact considering the incidence of cryptococcosis, mainly in immune-deficient patients. No chromosomal aberrations were observed with the Allium cepa test, which is auspicious for further study of these complexes as potential drugs.

Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility trends (2000-2009) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from countries in Latin America and the Caribbean shows evolving resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of resistance and treatment failures to third generation cephalosporins prompted the revitalization of the global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) to ensure that information regarding trends of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates is up-to-date. Accordingly, former and potential GASP participants in Latin America and the Caribbean were contacted to reinitiate the GASP network in the region and to undertake a retrospective analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates between 2000 and 2009. METHODS: Eleven countries participated in this retrospective analysis reporting on the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to up to 6 antibiotics as well as national treatment guidelines over the period. Antimicrobial susceptibility determination was carried out using combination of agar dilution and disk diffusion (Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute) or Etest. Antimicrobial susceptibility data from each country were aggregated and analyzed for antimicrobial resistance trends in the region. RESULTS: More than 11,400 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility: 6 countries tested N. gonorrhoeae over the entire period and 5 countries tested sporadically. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone was reported from 1 country (7 isolates, MICs >0.25 µg/ml) in 2007. No resistance to spectinomycin was reported. From 2000 to 2009, aggregated ciprofloxacin resistance increased from 2% (19/784) to 31% (311/1015) in 9 countries and azithromycin resistance increased from 6% (39/646) to 23% (225/962) in 4/6 reporting countries. Overall, resistance to penicillin and tetracycline decreased from 35% (441/1241) to 26% (258/975) and from 60% (476/792) to 35% (323/931), respectively.In 2009, resistance to gentamicin (3%, 4/122), chloramphenicol (5%, 6/120), and ofloxacin (2%, 6/120) was reported from 1 country. CONCLUSIONS: The report of ceftriaxone-resistant isolates coupled with the emergence and spread of resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 2000s indicates the importance of active surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility to determine antimicrobial resistance emerging trends so as to promptly inform and guide the development of effective treatment options for gonococcal infections.

Detección del gen codificante de la metalo-ß-lactamasa VIM-2 en un integrón de clase 1 asociado con el gen blaCTX-M-2 en un aislamiento clínico de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en el Uruguay: primera comunicación

Con el fin de analizar la presencia de metalo-ß-lactamasas en nuestro medio, se incluyeron en este estudio aislamientos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa causantes de infecciones nosocomiales en un centro hospitalario del Uruguay, en el período comprendido entre abril y setiembre de 2008. En un aislamiento se detectó la presencia del gen codificante de la metalo-ß-lactamasa VIM-2 asociado a un integrón de clase 1 y del gen codificante de una ß-lactamasa de espectro extendido CTX-M-2. Esta es la primera comunicación de la presencia de los genes blaCTX-M-2 y blaVIM-2 en un mismo aislamiento de P. aeruginosa. A pesar de que las carbapenemasas ya han sido ampliamente documentadas en varias partes del mundo, esta es la primera comunicación de una metalo-ß-lactamasa adquirida con actividad carbapenemasa en bacterias patógenas encontradas en el Uruguay.

VIM-2 metallo-ß-lactamase gen detection in a class 1 integron associated to blaCTX-M-2 in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Uruguay: first communication. In order to analyze the presence of metallo-ß-lactamase in our country, we included in this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing nosocomial infections in a hospital from Uruguay. The presence of a metallo-ß-lactamase VIM-2 in a class 1 integron and of an extended spectrum -lactamase CTX-M-2 was detected in one isolate. This is the first report of both genes, blaCTX-M-2 and blaVIM-2,in the same P. aeruginosa isolate. Although carbapenemases have been extensively documented in the world, this is the first report of an acquired metallo-ß-lactamase with carbapenemase activity in pathogenic bacteria in Uruguay.

Dissemination of multiple drug resistance genes by class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from four countries: a comparative study.

A comparative genetic analysis of 42 clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, resistant to two or more antibiotics belonging to the broad-spectrum ß-lactam group, sourced from Sydney, Australia, and three South American countries is presented. The study focuses on the genetic contexts of class 1 integrons, mobilizable genetic elements best known for their role in the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative pathogens. It was found that the class 1 integrons in this cohort were located in a number of different genetic contexts with clear regional differences. In Sydney, IS26-associated Tn21-like transposons on IncL/M plasmids contribute greatly to the dispersal of integron-associated multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) loci. In contrast, in the South American countries, Tn1696-like transposons on an IncA/C plasmid(s) appeared to be disseminating a characteristic MDR region. A range of mobile genetic elements is clearly being recruited by clinically important mobile class 1 integrons, and these elements appear to be becoming more common with time. This in turn is driving the evolution of complex and laterally mobile MDR units and may further complicate antibiotic therapy.

[VIM-2 metallo-ß-lactamase gen detection in a class 1 integron associated to bla(CTX-M-2) in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Uruguay: first communication]. / Detección del gen codificante de la metalo-ß-lactamasa VIM-2 en un integrón de clase 1 asociado con el gen blaCTX-M-2 en un aislamiento clínico de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en el Uruguay: primera comunicación.

In order to analyze the presence of metallo-ß-lactamase in our country, we included in this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing nosocomial infections in a hospital from Uruguay. The presence of a metallo-ß-lactamase VIM-2 in a class 1 integron and of an extended spectrum -lactamase CTX-M-2 was detected in one isolate. This is the first report of both genes, bla(CTX-M-2) and bla(VIM-2),in the same P. aeruginosa isolate. Although carbapenemases have been extensively documented in the world, this is the first report of an acquired metallo-ß-lactamase with carbapenemase activity in pathogenic bacteria in Uruguay.

Recovery of a functional class 2 integron from an Escherichia coli strain mediating a urinary tract infection.

A class 2 integron was found in an Escherichia coli isolate mediating a urinary tract infection. Unlike other class 2 integrons from pathogens, the encoded IntI2 protein was functional. The integron possessed a dfrA14 cassette, and a second novel cassette in which a lipoprotein signal peptidase gene is predicted.

Urinary tract infections in a South American population: dynamic spread of class 1 integrons and multidrug resistance by homologous and site-specific recombination.

One hundred four bacterial strains mediating urinary tract infections in separate individuals from a Uruguayan community were isolated. Forty-six strains conferred a multidrug resistance phenotype. All 104 strains were examined for the presence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons. Class 1 integrons were found in 21 isolates across four distinct bacterial genera. A large class 1 integron in a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was fully sequenced and was 29,093 bp in length. This integron probably arose by homologous recombination since it was embedded in a hybrid Tn21-like transposon backbone which comprised a Tn5036-like tnp transposition module at the IRi integron end and a Tn21 mer module at the IRt integron end. The parent integron/transposon that contributed the Tn5036 module was not related to Tn1696 since the integron insertion points in the transposon backbones were 16 bases apart. Examination of the other 20 class 1 integron-containing strains revealed further evidence of genetic exchange. This included a strain that possessed a Tn5036 module at the IRt end but not at the IRi end and another that possessed a tnp module beyond IRi that was a hybrid of Tn21 and Tn5051 and that is presumed to have arisen by site-specific recombination. This study highlights the ability of different genetic elements to act cooperatively to spread and rearrange antibiotic resistance in a community.

New Ni(II)-sulfonamide complexes: synthesis, structural characterization and antibacterial properties. X-ray diffraction of [Ni(sulfisoxazole)2(H2O)4].2H2O and [Ni(sulfapyridine)2].

The synthesis, structural characterization, voltammetric experiments and antibacterial activity of [Ni(sulfisoxazole)(2)(H(2)O)(4)].2H(2)O and [Ni(sulfapyridine)(2)] were studied and compared with similar previously reported copper complexes. [Ni(sulfisoxazole)(2)(H(2)O)(4)].2H(2)O crystallized in a monoclinic system, space group C2/c where the nickel ion was in a slightly distorted octahedral environment, coordinated with two sulfisoxazole molecules through the heterocyclic nitrogen and four water molecules. [Ni(sulfapyridine)(2)] crystallized in a orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pnab. The nickel ion was in a distorted octahedral environment, coordinated by two aryl amine N from two sulfonamides acting as monodentate ligands and four N atoms (two sulfonamidic N and two heterocyclic N) from two different sulfonamide molecules acting as bidentate ligands. Differential pulse voltammograms were recorded showing irreversible peaks at 1040 and 1070 mV, respectively, attributed to Ni(II)/Ni(III) process. [Ni(sulfisoxazole)(2)(H(2)O)(4)].2H(2)O and [Ni(sulfapyridine)(2)] presented different antibacterial behavior against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from the similar copper complexes and they were inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Challenges in the control of gonorrhea in South America and the Caribbean: monitoring the development of resistance to antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE: : The objective of this study was to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 6 South American and 13 Caribbean countries participating in the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) from 1990 to 1999. STUDY: : A GASP network of laboratories was launched in the Americas and the Caribbean during the 1990s. Standardized methods and interpretative criteria were established for the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae, strain identification, and determination, and quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: : Two countries (Argentina and Uruguay) maintained continuous surveillance during the study period. Some countries gathered data periodically and several others were unable to initiate antimicrobial surveillance as a result of lack of resources. The percentage of penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolated in the region over the decade varied considerably (1.0-11.9% carried chromosomal resistance and 17.9-38.8% produced beta-lactamase) with an overall trend to declining numbers of penicillin-resistant isolates. For tetracycline, 7.4% to 36.3% carried chromosomal resistance, whereas 12.0% to 27.4% carried plasmid-mediated resistance. There were no reports of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, although N. gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin as well as spectinomycin-resistant isolates were identified in some countries.

Detection of a novel Tet M determinant in tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Uruguay, 1996-1999.

BACKGROUND: Determination of the diversity within the tet(M) sequence from N gonorrhoeae is a useful epidemiologic tool for monitoring the movement or importation of strains within a geographic region. Only two distinct tet(M) genes in clinical gonococcal isolates have been described up to now: the Dutch and the American types. GOAL: The study involved surveillance of the tet(M) gene types in high-level-tetracycline-resistant gonococcal isolates from Uruguay during the period 1996 to 1999. STUDY DESIGN: Among 181 gonococcal isolates, those showing MICs >/=16 microg/ml to tetracycline were analyzed for detection and characterization of the tet(M) gene by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and further HpaII restriction fragment polymorphism methods, respectively. The plasmid content and antibiogram were determined. RESULTS: Twenty-two of 181 isolates (12%) exhibited high levels of resistance to tetracycline (MICs >/=16 microg/ml) and harbored a putative 25.2-Mda plasmid that contained the tet(M) gene. A high percentage of isolates (95%; 21/22) presented the Dutch type tet(M) gene. One isolate from 1999 revealed a new restriction pattern. Such a pattern had been previously noted in 1991. This new restriction pattern has not been described previously as occurring in isolates of N gonorrhoeae. The tet(M) amplimer sequence showed 100% identity with a previously described tet(M)-carrying plasmid from N meningitidis. CONCLUSION: A new HpaII restriction pattern of the tet(M) gene is present in low frequency. The tet(M) sequence was different from the gonococcal tet(M) sequences already known and not typable with the use of a differential PCR assay. Accordingly, with the genetic diversity already present within the tet(M) sequence of N gonorrhoeae isolates, we should be aware of the sensitivity of the PCR assays in use for tetracycline-resistant N gonorrhoeae detection.

Aplicación de un programa de computación para la identificación de los distintos géneros y especies de la familia Enterobacteriaceae en bacteriología clínica / Aplication of a computer program for the identification of distincts species of the family Enterobacteriaceae in clinical bacteriology

Se desarrollaron programas de computación para la selección de un conjunto mínimo de pruebas bioquímicas que permitan la identificación de las enterobacterias de mayor importancia clínica. El sistema elegido propone realizar nueve pruebas bioquímicas convencionales cuyo resultado se interpreta con ayuda de un código numérico. En éste aparecen las especies más probables y, si es necesario, ensayos adicionales para confirmar la identificación propuesta. El sistema (SYS9E) se ensayó con 66 cepas de origen hospitalario. Los resultados se comapararon con los sistemas comerciales, mostrando buena correlación

Aplicación de un programa de computación para la identificación de los distintos géneros y especies de la familia Enterobacteriaceae en bacteriología clínica / Aplication of a computer program for the identification of distincts species of the family Enterobacteriaceae in clinical bacteriology

Se desarrollaron programas de computación para la selección de un conjunto mínimo de pruebas bioquímicas que permitan la identificación de las enterobacterias de mayor importancia clínica. El sistema elegido propone realizar nueve pruebas bioquímicas convencionales cuyo resultado se interpreta con ayuda de un código numérico. En éste aparecen las especies más probables y, si es necesario, ensayos adicionales para confirmar la identificación propuesta. El sistema (SYS9E) se ensayó con 66 cepas de origen hospitalario. Los resultados se comapararon con los sistemas comerciales, mostrando buena correlación (AU)