Alpha-II-spectrin after controlled cortical impact in the immature rat brain.

Proteolytic processing plays an important role in regulating a wide range of important cellular functions, including processing of cytoskeletal proteins. Loss of cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin is an important characteristic in a variety of acute central nervous system injuries including ischemia, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The literature contains extensive information on the proteolytic degradation of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the adult brain. By contrast, there is limited knowledge on the characteristics and relevance of these important processes in the immature brain. The present experiments examine TBI-induced proteolytic processing of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the immature rat brain. Distinct proteolytic products resulting from the degradation of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-II-spectrin by calpain and caspase 3 were readily detectable in cortical brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid after TBI in immature rats.

Experiences of families that applied for government-sponsored child health insurance: report of a follow-up study in New York City.

CONTEXT: This study followed up on a summer 1997 advocacy project by the Children's Defense Fund--New York, which assisted families in New York City in enrolling their children in government-sponsored health insurance programs (Medicaid and Child Health Plus). OBJECTIVE: To determine how many participants from the 1997 project acquired insurance, to document their experiences during the application process, and to solicit their suggestions on improving the application process. DESIGN: Guided telephone interviews in summer 1998 with all families from the 1997 program that could be located. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-five families from New York City that, with the assistance of the Children's Defense Fund--New York, applied for Medicaid or Child Health Plus in summer 1997. RESULTS: Of the 55 families, 46 acquired insurance for their children at some point during the year. A number of families changed insurance status several times during the year, and some insured originally through government-sponsored programs later acquired private insurance. The families experienced many difficulties in dealing with the health insurance bureaucracies. CONCLUSION: The process of applying for Medicaid and Child Health Plus is more difficult and time consuming than may be realized, and many families may go through the application repeatedly. Current efforts to decrease the number of uninsured children in the US must take into account the bureaucratic barriers faced by families that are eligible for these programs and must consider ways to make the application process less formidable.