Breastfeeding Disparities between Multiples and Singletons by NICU Discharge.

Multiple pregnancy increases the risk of a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, including breastfeeding failure. However, studies on predictive factors of breastfeeding duration in preterm twin infants have a conflicting result. The purpose of this observational study was to compare feeding practices, at hospital discharge, of twin and singleton very low birth weight infants. The study is part of a prospective survey of a national Spanish cohort of very low birth weight infants (SEN1500) that includes 62 neonatal units. The study population comprised all infants registered in the network from 2002 to 2013. They were grouped into singletons and multiples. The explanatory variables were first analyzed using univariate models; subsequently, significant variables were analyzed simultaneously in a multiple stepwise backward model. During the twelve-year period, 32,770 very low birth weight infants were included in the database, of which 26.957 were discharged alive and included in this analysis. Nine thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight neonates were multiples, and 17,199 were singletons. At discharge, 31% of singleton infants were being exclusively breastfed, 43% were bottle-fed, and 26% were fed a combination of both. In comparison, at discharge, only 24% of multiple infants were exclusively breastfed, 43% were bottle-fed, and 33% were fed a combination of both (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, twin pregnancy had a statistically significant, but small effect, on cessation of breastfeeding before discharge (OR 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.19). Risks of early in-hospital breastfeeding cessation were also independently associated with multiple mother-infant stress factors, such as sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy, necrotizing enterocolitis, intubation, and use of inotropes. Instead, antibiotic treatment at delivery, In vitro fertilization and prenatal steroids were associated with a decreased risk for shorter in-hospital breastfeeding duration. Multiple pregnancy, even in the absence of pathological conditions associated to very low birth weight twin infants, may be an impeding factor for in-hospital breastfeeding.

Influence of perinatal inflammation on the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of perinatal inflammation on neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants. STUDY DESIGN: From a retrospective cohort study of women with preterm labor with intact membranes or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) with an amniocentesis to rule out intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), we evaluated neurodevelopmental outcome of their infants born between 24.0 and 34.0 weeks gestation. Women with clinical chorioamnionitis at admission were excluded. Neurodevelopmental outcome was screened with the Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)-3. We analyzed the relationship between an altered ASQ-3 and antenatal, intra-partum and post-partum factors related to perinatal inflammation. RESULT: Among 98 infants evaluated, 22% had an abnormal score. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels and early-onset sepsis (EOS) were independent factors of an altered ASQ-3 with delivery <26.0 weeks being the strongest predictor. CONCLUSIONS: In premature infants, the presence of IAI, delivery <26.0 weeks and EOS were found to be independent factors of an altered ASQ-3.

Morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight multiples compared with singletons.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies comparing the neonatal outcome of very low birth weight (VLBW) multiples and singletons have suggested a worse outcome for multiples at gestational ages on the limits of viability. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the neonatal mortality and morbidity of VLBW multiples compared to singletons. METHODS: This is a retrospective study including all infants registered in the Spanish network for infants under 1500 g (SEN1500), over a 12-year period (from 2002 to 2013). Mortality and major morbidities were compared between singletons and multiples. RESULTS: About 32,770 infants were included: 21,123 singletons (64.5%) and 11,647 multiples (35.5%), with a mean gestational age of 29.5 weeks (22-38), and mean birth weight of 1115 g (340-1500). When adjusted by other perinatal factors, multiple pregnancy has a significantly higher risk of mortality than singleton pregnancy (odds ratio (OR) 1.15; IC 95% 1.05-1.26, p = .002), but not a higher risk of major morbidity or composite adverse outcome. In the subgroup of infants born before 26 weeks, multiples showed a higher risk of mortality (63.9% versus 51%, OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.47-1.96) and a higher risk of composite adverse outcome (88.9% versus 81.5%, OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.28-2.24). CONCLUSIONS: In preterm infants born with less than 1500 g, multiple pregnancy is a prognostic factor that can slightly increase mortality. Extremely preterm infants born before 26 weeks have a greater risk of mortality and major morbidity if they come from a multiple pregnancy.

A Program Aimed at Reducing Anxiety in Pregnant Women Diagnosed With a Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus: Evaluative Findings From a Spanish Study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of anxiety-reducing techniques including music therapy, sophrology, and creative visualization in pregnant women with a fetus diagnosed as small for gestational age and improved fetal and neonatal weight. This was a quasi-experimental study with a nonrandomized clinical trial design. We compared 2 groups of pregnant women with a fetus diagnosed as small for gestational age with no abnormalities on Doppler studies. The control group (n = 93) received standard care, and the intervention group (n = 65), in addition to standard care, underwent a program of 6 sessions led by a midwife or nurse who taught anxiety-reduction techniques. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) including trait and state subscales were completed by both groups at the start of the study, and only the STAI-State subscale was completed again at the end of the study. Comparisons between the 2 groups regarding fetal weight and centile and maternal STAI scores were performed using the t test and the χ test. There were no significant differences in the STAI-Trait scores between the 2 groups. There were statistically significant differences in the intervention group's STAI-State score percentiles between the start and the end of the study, being lower at the end of the study (P < .001). There were significant differences between the 2 groups in fetal weight trajectory on the basis of fetal weight: the intervention group had a larger weight gain (P < .005). The program designed to reduce anxiety in pregnant women was effective at reducing anxiety in the women in the intervention group, leading to a favorable fetal weight trajectory in this group.

Prediction of neonatal respiratory morbidity by quantitative ultrasound lung texture analysis: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of neonatal respiratory morbidity may be useful to plan delivery in complicated pregnancies. The limited predictive performance of the current diagnostic tests together with the risks of an invasive procedure restricts the use of fetal lung maturity assessment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of quantitative ultrasound texture analysis of the fetal lung (quantusFLM) to predict neonatal respiratory morbidity in preterm and early-term (<39.0 weeks) deliveries. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective multicenter study conducted in 20 centers worldwide. Fetal lung ultrasound images were obtained at 25.0-38.6 weeks of gestation within 48 hours of delivery, stored in Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine format, and analyzed with quantusFLM. Physicians were blinded to the analysis. At delivery, perinatal outcomes and the occurrence of neonatal respiratory morbidity, defined as either respiratory distress syndrome or transient tachypnea of the newborn, were registered. The performance of the ultrasound texture analysis test to predict neonatal respiratory morbidity was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 883 images were collected, but 17.3% were discarded because of poor image quality or exclusion criteria, leaving 730 observations for the final analysis. The prevalence of neonatal respiratory morbidity was 13.8% (101 of 730). The quantusFLM predicted neonatal respiratory morbidity with a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 74.3% (75 of 101), 88.6% (557 of 629), 51.0% (75 of 147), and 95.5% (557 of 583), respectively. Accuracy was 86.5% (632 of 730) and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6.5 and 0.3, respectively. CONCLUSION: The quantusFLM predicted neonatal respiratory morbidity with an accuracy similar to that previously reported for other tests with the advantage of being a noninvasive technique.

Aspiració d'aigua dolça en un nadó nascut en una banyera / Aspiración de agua dulce en un neonato nacido en una bañera / Fresh water aspiration in a newborn after and underwater delivery

Introducció: els últims anys, el nombre de parts a l'aigua ha augmentat com a alternativa als parts medicalitzats, amb la idea que la immersió durant el part aporta diversos beneficis per a la mare i per al nadó. Cas clínic: es presenta el cas d'un nadó nascut en una banyera que desenvolupa insuficiència respiratòria greu i hipertensió pulmonar secundàries a l'aspiració d'aigua dolça. Comentaris: l'aspiració d'aigua és una de les complicacions a les quals s'exposen els nadons que neixen a l'aigua. El reflex de tancament de la glotis al medi aquàtic, que en condicions òptimes permet al nounat evitar l'aspiració, pot quedar abolit per l'anestèsia materna, en situacions d'asfíxia i d'hipotèrmia o hipertèrmia. S'han descrit casos de complicacions neonatals greus en relació amb l'expulsiu a l'aigua i, recentment, diverses societats de ginecologia i de pediatria han publicat la seva opinió respecte al part i l'expulsiu a l'aigua

Introducción. En los últimos años, el número de partos en el agua ha aumentado como alternativa a los partos medicalizados, con la idea de que la inmersión durante el parto aporta varios beneficios para la madre y el recién nacido. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un neonato nacido en una bañera que desarrolla insuficiencia respiratoria severa e hipertensión pulmonar secundarias a la aspiración de agua dulce. Comentarios. La aspiración de agua es una de las complicaciones a las que se exponen los neonatos que nacen en el agua. El reflejo de cierre de la glotis en medio acuático, que en condiciones óptimas permite al recién nacido evitar la aspiración, puede quedar abolido por la anestesia materna, en situaciones de asfixia, de hipotermia o hipertermia. Se han descrito casos de complicaciones neonatales graves en relación al expulsivo en el agua y, recientemente, varias sociedades de ginecología y de pediatría han publicado su opinión respecto al parto y al expulsivo en el agua (AU)

Introduction. In recent years, underwater birth rates have increased as an alternative to medicalized births, due to the perception that water immersion during labor provides several benefits to both mother and baby. Clinical case. We report the case of a baby born in a bathtub who developed respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension secondary to water aspiration. Comments. Water aspiration is one of the complications related to underwater delivery. In optimal situation the baby can prevent water aspiration with the glottis closure reflex. However, this reflex may be abolished by asphyxia, hypothermia, hyperthermia, and maternal anesthesia. There have been reports of severe neonatal complications in relation to underwater delivery, and several gynecology and pediatrics professional societies have recently published their statements about labor and delivery in water (AU)

Vertically transmitted cytomegalovirus infection in newborn preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of congenital and acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in preterm infants and to analyze the efficacy of breast milk freezing in decreasing the vertical transmission rate of CMV. STUDY DESIGN: During 2013 and 2014, preterm newborns who weighed ≤1500 g and were admitted to 22 Spanish neonatal units were included and screened for CMV infection according to the Spanish Neonatology Society recommendations. Each hospital treated the breast milk according to its own protocols. RESULTS: Among the 1236 preterm neonates included, 10 had a congenital infection (0.8%) and 49 had an acquired infection (4.0%) (82% demonstrated positive PCR-CMV in breast milk). The neonates who received only frozen milk presented less frequently with acquired infection (1.2%) than those fed fresh milk (5.5%) (RR=0.22; 95% CI 0.05-0.90; P=0.017). The newborns who received bank milk followed by frozen or fresh breast milk more frequently had an acquired infection (2.1% or 2.2%, respectively) than those fed only frozen breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of congenital CMV infection in our sample is low, as described in the literature. To reduce acquired CMV infection, freezing breast milk might be an advisable procedure for preterm neonates born from seropositive mothers, either from the beginning of lactation or after a period of bank milk administration.

Hospital outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after introduction of donor milk to supplement mother's milk.

AIM: This study evaluated the impact of an exclusive human milk diet to nourish extremely low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter pre-post retrospective study included all inborn infants <1,000 g admitted to four Level IV neonatal intensive care units either before or after implementing a donor human milk policy. The feeding protocol was unchanged in both periods. Collected data included maternal/infant demographics, infant clinical data, and enteral intake as mother's own milk, donor milk, and formula. RESULTS: Two hundred one infants were enrolled. Infant growth and other clinical outcomes were similar in both groups. Exposure to mother's own milk at discharge was not different. Median time in oxygen and duration of mechanical ventilation were significantly higher among formula-fed infants (63 versus 192 hours [p=0.046] and 24 versus 60 hours [p=0.016], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results add evidence supporting the safety of donor milk. This study also found an association between exposure to formula in preterm infants and the requirement for respiratory support, a finding that warrants further investigation.

Evaluación de los resultados del programa «Parto en el hospital, comadrona en casa» / Evaluation of the results of the program 'Birth in hospital, midwife at home'

OBJETIVO: Describir las características y la evolución clínica de las puérperas y los neonatos incluidos en un programa de alta precoz hospitalaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional y descriptivo de la población incluida en el programa «Parto en el hospital, comadrona en casa», del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, desde octubre de 2010 hasta abril de 2013. RESULTADOS: Participaron un total de 150 madres, con una edad (media ± desviación estándar) de 32 ± 4 años. El 70% (n= 105) eran multíparas. Respecto al origen de las participantes, el 57,3% (n= 86) procedían de España, el 24% (n= 36) de Sudamérica y el 13,3% (n= 20) de los países del resto de Europa. Un 95% (n= 137) tenía pareja estable. El 62% (n= 93) tenía estudios superiores. El 55% (n= 82) de los partos fueron con analgesia peridural. El 21% (n= 32) requirió episiotomía o tuvo un desgarro de grado II. El resto no presentó ningún desgarro perineal, o éste fue degrado I. La media de estancia hospitalaria fue de 14 ± 4 horas. El peso de los neonatos al nacer y en el domicilio fue de 3.366 ± 362 y 3.168± 344 g, respectivamente. El 96% (n= 144) de las mujeres eligió lactancia materna al alta. En la visita, el 94% (n= 134) continuaba con lactancia exclusiva y el 7,4% (n= 11) presentaba grietas. El 4% (n= 6) de las mujeres y de los neonatos se visitó en urgencias durante el puerperio, y hubo 2 (1,3%) reingresos neonatales, por crisis cianótica e ictericia, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres que participaron en el programa eran principalmente españolas, multíparas y con estudios superiores, y en la mitad de los casos optaron por un parto con analgesia peridural. Las dificultades encontradas a las 24 horas tras el alta estaban relacionadas con la lactancia materna, y fue necesaria la determinación precoz de la bilirrubina. El programa facilita el empoderamiento de las familias, sin incrementar la morbilidad materna o del neonato

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and clinical course of postpartum women and infants who join a program of early discharge. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, cross-sectional study of the population included in the 'Birth in hospital, midwife at home' program, at the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, from October 2010 to April2013. RESULTS: 150 mothers were included in the program with a maternalage of 32 ± 4 years. The 70% (n= 105) were multiparous. Place of birth: Spain 57.3% (n= 86), South America 24% (n= 36) and Europe 13.3% (n= 20). 95% (n= 137) were married or living together. 62% (n= 93) attended University. 55% (n= 82) of deliveries were under epidural analgesia.21% (n= 32) of deliveries required episiotomy or had a second degree tear. No perineal tear or first-degree tear was observed in the others. The average length of stay at the hospital after delivery was 14 ±4 hours (x ± SD). The birth weight was 3,366 ± 362 g and the neonatal weight at home was 3,168 ± 344 g. 96% (n= 144) of women chose breastfeeding at discharge. At home, 94% (n= 134) continued exclusive breastfeeding and 7.4% (n= 11) had nipple cracks. 4% (n= 6) of the women and newborn had a consultation in the emergency unit during the postpartum period. There were 2 (1.3%) readmissions to the neonatal intensive care unit because of cyanotic crisis and jaundice. CONCLUSIONS: Women who join the program are mainly Spanish, multiparous and highly educated. Half of them chose to have an epidural. The difficulties at 24 h after discharge are mainly related to breastfeeding. Early determination of bilirubin is necessary. The program facilitates the empowerment of families without increasing maternal or neonatal morbidity

Correlation of quantitative texture analysis of cranial ultrasound with later neurobehavior in preterm infants.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the association between a quantitative texture analysis of early neonatal brain ultrasound images and later neurobehavior in preterm infants. A prospective cohort study including 120 preterm (<33 wk of gestational age) infants was performed. Cranial ultrasound images taken early after birth were analyzed in six regions of interest using software based on texture analysis. The resulting texture scores were correlated with the Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) at term-equivalent age. The ability of texture scores, in combination with clinical data and standard ultrasound findings, to predict the NBAS results was evaluated. Texture scores were significantly associated with all but one NBAS domain and better predicted NBAS results than clinical data and standard ultrasound findings. The best predictive value was obtained by combining texture scores with clinical information and ultrasound standard findings (area under the curve = 0.94). We conclude that texture analysis of neonatal cranial ultrasound-extracted quantitative features that correlate with later neurobehavior has a higher predictive value than the combination of clinical data with abnormalities in conventional cranial ultrasound.

Evaluation of an optimal gestational age cut-off for the definition of early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: The terms early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) are commonly used to distinguish two phenotypes characterized by differences in onset, fetoplacental Doppler, association with preeclampsia (PE) and severity. We evaluated the optimal gestational age (GA) cut-off maximizing differences among these two forms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 656 consecutive singleton pregnancies with FGR was created. We used the decision tree analysis to evaluate the GA cut-off that best discriminated perinatal mortality, association with PE and adverse perinatal outcome (fetal demise, early neonatal death, neonatal acidosis at birth, and 5-min Apgar score <7). RESULTS: We identified 32 weeks at diagnosis as the optimal cut-off, resulting in two groups with 7.1 and 0%, p < 0.001 perinatal mortality, 35.1 and 12.1%, p < 0.001 association with PE, and 13.4 and 4.6%, p < 0.001 composite adverse perinatal outcome. Abnormal versus normal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler classified two groups with 10.6 and 0.2%, p < 0.001 perinatal mortality, 50.0 and 11.8%, p < 0.001 association with PE, and 18.2 and 4.2%, p < 0.001 composite adverse perinatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: UA Doppler discriminated better the two forms of FGR with average early- and late-onset presentation, higher association with PE and poorer outcome. In the absence of UA information, a GA cut-off of 32 weeks at diagnosis maximizes differences between early- and late-onset FGR.

Increased fetal brain perfusion and neonatal neurobehavioral performance in normally grown fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between fetal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and frontal brain perfusion at third trimester with neonatal neurobehavioral performance in normally grown fetuses. METHODS: CPR and frontal brain perfusion measured by fractional moving blood volume (FMBV) were assessed in 258 consecutive healthy fetuses at routine third trimester scan (32-35.6 weeks). Neonates were evaluated with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The association between Doppler parameters and neurobehavior was analyzed by MANCOVA (multiple analysis of covariance) and logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, socioeconomic class, mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, postnatal days at examination and gender. RESULTS: Fetuses with increased FMBV (in the upper quartile) had lower neurobehavioral scores in all areas, reaching significance in motor (5.6 vs. 5.8; p = 0.049), social (6 vs. 6.4; p = 0.006) and attention (5.3 vs. 5.9; p = 0.032). Fetuses with increased FMBV had higher risk of abnormal (<10th centile) motor (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.36-8.1), social (OR 2.9; 95 CI% 1.33-6.5) and attention (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.8) scores. Fetuses with lower CPR (in the lower quartile) did not differ in their neurobehavioral scores from those with normal values. CONCLUSIONS: Normally grown fetuses with increased frontal brain perfusion have poorer neurobehavioral competences, suggesting a disrupted neurological maturation. The results support the existence of forms of placental insufficiency not detected by current definitions of growth restriction.

Trends in survival among extremely-low-birth-weight infants (less than 1000 g) without significant bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution from 1997 to 2009 of survival without significant (moderate and severe) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (SWsBPD) in extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants and to determine the influence of changes in resuscitation, nutrition and mechanical ventilation on the survival rate. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, 415 premature infants with birth weights below 1000 g (ELBW) were divided into three chronological subgroups: 1997 to 2000 (n = 65), 2001 to 2005 (n = 178) and 2006 to 2009 (n = 172).Between 1997 and 2000, respiratory resuscitation in the delivery room was performed via a bag and mask (Ambu®, Ballerup, Sweden) with 40-50% oxygen. If this procedure was not effective, oral endotracheal intubation was always performed. Pulse oximetry was never used. Starting on January 1, 2001, a change in the delivery room respiratory policy was established for ELBW infants. Oxygenation and heart rate were monitored using a pulse oximeter (Nellcor®) attached to the newborn's right hand. If resuscitation was required, ventilation was performed using a face mask, and intermittent positive pressure was controlled via a ventilator (Babylog2, Drägger). In 2001, a policy of aggressive nutrition was also initiated with the early provision of parenteral amino acids. We used standardized parenteral nutrition to feed ELBW infants during the first 12-24 hours of life. Lipids were given on the first day. The glucose concentration administered was increased by 1 mg/kg/minute each day until levels reached 8 mg/kg/minute. Enteral nutrition was started with trophic feeding of milk. In 2006, volume guarantee treatment was instituted and administered together with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV + VG). The complications of prematurity were treated similarly throughout the study period. Patent ductus arteriosus was only treated when hemodynamically significant. Surgical closure of the patent ductus arteriosus was performed when two courses of indomethacin or ibuprofen were not sufficient to close it.Mild BPD were defined by a supplemental oxygen requirement at 28 days of life and moderate BPD if breathing room air or a need for <30% oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age or discharge from the NICU, whichever came first. Severe BPD was defined by a supplemental oxygen requirement at 28 days of life and a need for greater than or equal to 30% oxygen use and/or positive pressure support (IPPV or nCPAP) at 36 weeks postmenstrual age or discharge, whichever came first. Moderate and severe BPD have been considered together as "significant BPD". The goal of pulse oximetry was to maintain a hemoglobin saturation of between 88% and 93%. Patients were considered to not need oxygen supplementation when it could be permanently withdrawn. The distribution of the variables was not normal based on a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p < 0.05 in all cases). Therefore, quantitative variables were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th-75th percentile). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using nonparametric techniques (Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test). A chi-square analysis was used to analyze qualitative variables. Potential confounding variables were those possibly related to BPD in survivors (p between 0.05 and 0.3 in univariate analysis). Logistic regression analysis was performed with variables related to BPD in survivors (p < 0.05) and potential confounding variables. The forward stepwise method adjusted for confounding factors was used to select the variables, and the enter method using selected variables was used to obtain the odds ratios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was an increase in the rate of SWsBPD (1997 to 2000: 58.5%; 2001 to 2005: 74.2%; and 2006 to 2009: 75.0%; p = 0.032). In survivors, the occurrence of significant BPD decreased after 2001 (9.5% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.013). The factors associated with improved SWsBPD were delivery by caesarean section, a reduced endotracheal intubation rate and a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation.While the mortality of ELBW infants has not changed since 2001, the frequency of SWsBPD has significantly increased (75.0%) in association with increased caesarean sections and reductions in the endotracheal intubation rate, as well as the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Correlation between a semiautomated method based on ultrasound texture analysis and standard ultrasound diagnosis using white matter damage in preterm neonates as a model.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis of white matter damage by cranial ultrasound imaging is still subject to interobserver variability and has limited sensitivity for predicting abnormal neurodevelopment later in life. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a semiautomated method based on ultrasound texture analysis to identify patterns that correlate with the ultrasound diagnosis of white matter damage. METHODS: The study included 44 very preterm neonates born at a median gestational age of 29 weeks 3 days (range, 26 weeks-31 weeks 6 days). Patients underwent cranial ultrasound scans within 1 week of birth and between 14 and 31 days of life. Periventricular leukomalacia was diagnosed by experienced clinicians on the 14- to 31-day scan according to standard criteria. To perform the texture analysis, 4 regions of interest were delineated in stored images: left and right periventricular areas and choroid plexuses. A classification algorithm was developed on the basis of the best combination of texture coefficients to correlate with the clinical diagnosis, and the ability of this algorithm to predict a later diagnosis of periventricular leukomalacia on the first scan was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS: Periventricular leukomalacia was diagnosed by the standard procedure in 14 of 44 neonates. The texture classification algorithm performed on the first scan could identify cases with a later diagnosis of periventricular leukomalacia with sensitivity of 100% and accuracy of 97.7%. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the notion that semiautomated quantitative ultrasound analysis achieves early identification of changes in subclinical stages and warrant further investigation of the role of ultrasound texture analysis methods to improve early detection of neonatal brain damage.

Evolución de los prematuros alimentados con leche humana de donante / Course of premature infants fed with donor human milk

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio piloto es presentar los resultados preliminares de la evolución clínica dentro de la Unidad Neonatal de los neonatos alimentados con leche humana de donante, en general como complemento de la leche materna, y ocasionalmente como sustituto de la leche materna. Método. La muestra estudiada está formada por 33 neonatos de menos de 1500 gramos de peso de nacimiento, procedentes de tres centros asistenciales y docentes de Barcelona, nacidos entre el uno de Abril de 2009 y el uno de Agosto de 2010. Resultados. Tres prematuros han sido exitus. Entre los superviventes, ha habido una hemorragia intraventricular grave y cuatro leves. Entre los exitus ha habido una hemorragia intraventricular grave y una leucomalacia periventricular. Conclusiones. La principal limitación de este estudio es el pequeño tamaño de la muestra. De todas maneras los resultados son esperanzadores y justifican un estudio más amplio(AU)

Objective. To report the course of premature infants fed with donor human milk as a supplement or, in some cases, as a substitute for maternal milk. Method. Retrospective study of 33 very low weight infants (birth weight less than 1.500 g) attended at 3 maternity hospitals in Barcelona from April 2009 through August 2010. Results. Three babies died, 1 with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and 1 with periventricular leucomalacia (PVLM). Among the 30 survivors, 1 developed severe IVH. Conclusions. Results seem to be encouraging. However, considering the small sample size, further research in needed(AU)

La llet de banc en l’alimentació dels prematurs / No disponible

Fundamento. Cuando no es posible la alimentación del recién nacido prematuro con leche de su propia madre, se recomienda la leche humana procedente de bancos. Objetivo. El propósito de este trabajo es resumir los pasos de selección de donantes y procesamiento de la leche de donantes, así como describir las consecuencias del uso de este producto para la salud del neonato patológico. Método. Se comentan las justificaciones para aceptar el protocolo que garantiza la seguridad y la calidad en los bancos de leche humana. También se comparan las pruebas disponibles del rendimiento de la leche de banco en el tratamiento del prematuro con las de otros tratamientos habituales en la Unidad neonatal. Resultados. La utilización de leche humana de banco se ha mostrado eficaz en la prevención de la enterocolitis necrotizante y en las intolerancias digestivas. Conclusiones. La leche de banco debe ser promocionada como parte del tratamiento estándar en la alimentación del prematuro(AU)

Background. Donor human milk (DHM) is the preferred feeding when the maternal milk is not available. Objective. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the development of standard operating procedures for the screening of donors and for processing of DHM, and to discuss the clinical benefits of DHM in preterm infants. Method. The guidelines for a formal and consistent approach that guarantee safety and quality in human milk banks are reviewed, and available data comparing performance of bank milk versus standard nutrition approaches in the newborn units are discussed. Results. The use of DHM has been shown to be effective in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and in the reduction of feeding intolerance. Conclusions. Banked donor milk should be promoted as a standard component in the care of premature infants(AU)

The impact of clinical maternal chorioamnionitis on neurological and psychological sequelae in very-low-birth weight infants: a case-control study.

AIMS: To assess the relationship between clinically maternal chorioamnionitis and outcome in preterm very-low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: An observational case-control study was conducted in the neonatology departments of 12 acute care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (≤1500 g) infants who were born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. The controls included infants who were born to mothers without chorioamnionitis, matched by gestational age, and immediately born after each index case. At a corrected age of 24 months, a neurological examination and a psychological assessment of the surviving children were performed. RESULTS: Sixty-six of the newborn infants died; therefore, 262 infants from the original sample were available for the study. Follow-up data were obtained at a corrected age of 24 months from a total of 209 children (106 cases and 103 controls, 80% of the original sample size). Seventy children (33.5%) were diagnosed with some type of sequelae. The following conditions were all more prevalent in infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis in comparison to controls: low development quotient (98.3±12.15 vs. 95.9±15.64; P=0.497), cerebral palsy (4.9% vs. 10.4%; P=0.138), seizures (1.0% vs. 3.8%; P=0.369), and other neurological or sensorial sequelae (32.0% vs. 34.9%; P=0.611). CONCLUSIONS: After controlling for gestational age, the study population demonstrated that the neurological outcomes in infants at a corrected age of 24 months was not worsened by chorioamnionitis.

Differential effects of intrauterine growth restriction on brain structure and development in preterm infants: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

Previous evidence suggests that preterm newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have specific neurostructural and neurodevelopmental anomalies, but it is unknown whether these effects persist in early childhood. We studied a sample of 18 preterm IUGR, 15 preterm AGA - born between 26 and 34 weeks of gestational age (GA) - and 15 healthy born-term infants. Infants were scanned at 12 months corrected age (CA), in a 3T scanner, without sedation. Analyses were made by automated lobar volumetry and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). The neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed in all subjects at 18 months CA with the Bayley Scale for Infant and Toddler Development, third edition. IUGR infants had reduced relative volumes for the insular and temporal lobes. According to VBM, IUGR infants had bilateral reduced gray matter (GM) in the temporal, parietal, frontal, and insular regions compared with the other groups. IUGR infants had increased white matter (WM) in temporal regions compared to the AGA group and in frontal, parietal, occipital, and insular regions compared to the term group. They also showed decreased WM in the cerebellum and a non-significant trend in the hippocampus compared to term infants. IUGR infants had reduced neurodevelopmental scores, which were positively correlated with GM in various regions. These data suggest that the IUGR induces a distinct brain pattern of structural changes that persist at 1 year of life and are associated with specific developmental difficulties.

Twelve-month neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants with and without intrauterine growth restriction.

AIM: To evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months' corrected age in preterm infants with and without severe intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS: This prospective follow-up study included 37 infants with severe intrauterine growth restriction and 36 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants born between 26 and 34 weeks. Neonatal and infant data were prospectively recorded. Infants were assessed at 12 ± 2 months' corrected age with the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and the Bayley Scale for Infant Development version-II. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in demographic characteristics and perinatal status. No significant differences in neurodevelopmental performance were found. The mental development index was 98.8 (SD 9.0) vs 98.4 (SD 13.1) (p = 0.9) and the psychomotor development index was 91.7 (SD 9.9) vs 95.5 (SD 13.4) (p = 0.2) for the study and reference groups respectively. Neurological assessment showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Although the study group showed a non-significant trend towards a lower score in the psychomotor development index than the reference group, significant differences at 12 months could not be demonstrated. IUGR infants continued to have significantly lower weight, length and head circumference at 1 year.