Preclinical training of future ocular surgeons: a French opinion-based study.

PURPOSE: To assess ophthalmology residents satisfaction regarding surgical training during residency in France. METHODS: A questionnaire consisting of 28 questions was designed and sent to residents of ophthalmology across the 27 French regions. RESULTS: A total of 30.3% ophthalmology residents in France completed our questionnaire. All French regions participated. They rated 5,27 ± 2.42/10 the global surgical training during residency. They had performed at least one step of any type of ocular surgery for 93.4% of them, while 80.7% had completed at least one full cataract surgery, by the beginning of their second year of residency on average (Paris: 2.59 ± 1.36 semesters; regions: 4.05 ± 1.96 semesters, p < 0.0001). Only 48.9% identified a surgical mentor during their residency, but 82.2% did not clearly identify surgical goals & objectives during their training. Simulation was available for any type of ocular surgery to all residents in the Paris (Île-de-France) region and to 78.1% in other regions (p < 0.005). Residents who accessed drylabs and wetlabs gave a satisfaction score of 7.31 ± 1.89/10 and 6.39 ± 2.15/10 to it respectively. Simulation was a mandatory part of the curriculum for 35.2% of the resident. They commented on on reduced access to subspecialized surgery. They were willing for more access to simulation and surgery on real patients, as well for closer mentoring and clearly defined surgical goals within the curriculum. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmology residents seemed globally satisfied with their surgical training nationwide, although we observed disparities across region. They largely acknowledged a lack of standard procedures nationwide. They acclaimed simulation during the initial phase of residency, progressively switching towards surgery on real patients. An "operating license" during residency could be a viable way for the resident to demonstrate that they have acquired enough surgical abilities to perform surgery on real patients.

Spironolactone Eyedrop Favors Restoration of Corneal Integrity after Wound Healing in the Rat.

Abnormal corneal wound healing can compromise corneal transparency and lead to visual impairment. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) are promising candidates to promote corneal remodeling with anti-inflammatory properties and lack gluococorticoids-associated side effects. In this preclinical study, a new polymer-free hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin-based eyedrop containing 0.1% spironolactone (SPL), a potent but non-water-soluble MRA, was investigated for its ocular surface tolerance and efficacy in a rat model of corneal wound healing. SPL eyedrops were stable for up to 9 months at 4 °C. The formulation was well-tolerated since no morphological changes or inflammatory reactions were observed in the rat cornea after multiple daily instillations over 7 days. SPL eyedrops accelerated rat corneal wound healing, reduced corneal edema and inflammation, enhanced epithelial integrity, and improved nerve regeneration, suggesting restoration of corneal homeostasis, while potassium canrenoate, an active and soluble metabolite of SPL, had no effect. SPL eyedrops could benefit patients with impaired corneal wound healing, including that secondary to glucocorticoid therapy. Repurposing known drugs with known excipients will expedite translation to the clinic.

Evaluation of Ocular and Systemic Oxidative Stress Markers in Ocular Rosacea Patients.

Purpose: To investigate oxidative stress markers in tears and serum of patients with ocular rosacea and to examine their association with both ocular surface parameters and cutaneous rosacea subtypes. Methods: This prospective study includes rosacea patients with ocular involvement and healthy controls. We performed ophthalmological examination of all participants and collected tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer, Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. We quantified the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and arylesterase (ARE) levels from tear and serum samples, and calculated the oxidative stress index (OSI). We also classified patients into phymatous, erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular subtypes. Results: We included 90 ocular rosacea patients and 30 healthy controls. Oxidative stress (TOS, OSI) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) and antioxidant levels (TAS, ARE) were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in both tear and serum samples of ocular rosacea patients as compared to controls. We found a significant positive correlation between the tear and serum values regarding oxidative stress parameters (P < 0.05). Besides, OSI was negatively correlated with TBUT and positively correlated with MGD score (meiboscore) and OSDI (P < 0.05). The Schirmer score was not correlated with OSI. No difference was found between the cutaneous subtypes with respect to TAS, TOS, ARE, and OSI results. Conclusions: In this study, we identified oxidative stress markers in the serum and tears of ocular rosacea patients and showed their correlation with clinical signs of MGD, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to ocular rosacea pathogenesis and that oxidative stress could be an indicator of MGD severity.

Ocular steroidome in human eyes and in eyes with complex central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

The exact link between systemic and ocular endogenous corticoids (steroidome) is unclear and whether the ocular steroidome is altered in CSCR eyes is unknown. The aims of this study were to analyze the human steroidome in the aqueous humor as a function of age, sex and time of the day, to correlate systemic and ocular steroidome and to analyze the ocular steroidome in long lasting complex inactive CSCR. Based on our results, we present two CSCR cases treated by the combination of oral mineralocorticoid antagonist and glucocorticoids drops. In a cross-sectional study, aqueous humor (AH) was collected between 8am and 6 pm from 50 unaffected individuals (25 men and 25 women) and from 14 patients with chronic CSCR, during cataract surgery. In addition, simultaneous serum and AH were collected from 27 individuals undergoing cataract surgery and, simultaneous AH and vitreous were collected from 9 patients undergoing cataract and vitrectomy to estimate corticoids levels in the different compartments. The steroidome was determined using a LC-MS/MS method that quantifies 13 endogenous corticoids from the gluco, mineralocorticoid and androgen pathways. In AH and vitreous, the highest corticoid level is reached by cortisol (F), that represents less than 10% of F serum level. The cortisol levels in the serum did not correlate with ocular cortisol levels. Serum and ocular cortisone (E) levels correlate, although less than 5% of circulating E reaches the eye. The only mineralocorticoids measured in the AH were corticosterone (B) and its inactive form, the 11-desoxycorticosterone (A). There was no influence of circadian rhythm on cortisol ocular levels and there was no correlation between the age or the sex and the level of F, E, A, and B. In eyes with chronic inactive CSCR, the levels of the active glucocorticoid form F was lower than in control eyes and the F/E ratio was reduced by 50% but the B/A ratio was higher indicating imbalance towards active mineralocorticoids. Base on this observation, we propose to combine an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor together with topical glucocorticoids in two CSCR patients, resistant to all other treatments, with favorable outcome. Our results indicate that the ocular psteroidome is highly regulated suggesting a local metabolism of ocular corticoids. In eyes with long-lasting complex inactive CSCR, the steroidome analysis shows lower active glucocorticoids and higher active mineralocorticoids.

An Efficient Technique for the Long-term Preservation of SMILE Lenticules Using Desiccation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a desiccation protocol for the long-term preservation of human small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) lenticules and to study their integration in an in vivo rabbit model. METHODS: Lenticules were retrieved after SMILE procedures in patients, then desiccated according to a novel protocol. Histologic and electron microscopic analyses were performed. Six rabbit eyes received grafts with an inlay technique, which consisted of inserting a desiccated lenticule into a stromal pocket. Rabbits were killed at different times between 6 and 24 weeks. Rabbit corneas were analyzed using optical coherence tomography, histology, and DAPI staining. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis of desiccated lenticules showed a preserved stromal architecture after rehydration. A decellularization of the lenticules after desiccation was observed without any chemical treatment. All rabbit corneas remained clear after grafting human lenticules and no rejection occurred. Optical coherence tomography showed regular lenticular implantation and no decrease in lenticule thickness. Histologic analysis showed no inflammatory infiltration around lenticules and no nuclear material inside lenticules after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: A favorable integration of desiccated human SMILE lenticules in rabbit corneas was observed. The refractive issue of lenticular implantation must be investigated next. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the use of desiccated SMILE lenticules to treat hyperopia or keratoconus in humans. [J Refract Surg. 2023;39(7):491-498.].

Keratoconus and the Impact of Treatment on Patients' Quality of Life: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Keratoconus has a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QoL), from diagnosis to the advanced stages of the disease. The aim of this research was to identify domains of QoL affected by this disease and its treatment. METHODS: Phone interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide, with patients with keratoconus stratified according to their current treatment. A board of keratoconus experts helped identify the guide's main themes. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (rigid contact lenses, n = 9; cross-linking, n = 9; corneal ring implants, n = 8; and corneal transplantation, n = 9) were interviewed by qualitative researchers. Phone interviews revealed several QoL domains affected by the disease and its treatments: "psychological", "social life", "professional life", "financial costs" and "student life". All domains were impacted, independently of the treatment history. Few differences were found between treatment regimens and keratoconus stages. Qualitative analysis enabled the development of a conceptual framework based on Wilson and Cleary's model for patient outcomes common to all patients. This conceptual model describes the relationship between patients' characteristics, their symptoms, their environment, their functional visual impairment and the impact on their QoL. CONCLUSIONS: These qualitative findings supported the generation of a questionnaire to evaluate the impact of keratoconus and its treatment on patients' QoL. Cognitive debriefings confirmed its content validity. The questionnaire is applicable for all stages of keratoconus and treatments and may help tracking change over time in regular clinical settings. Psychometric validation is yet to be performed before its use in research and clinical practices.

Single mRNA detection of Wnt signaling pathway in the human limbus.

Limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LSCs) are adult stem cells located at the limbus, tightly regulated by their close microenvironment. It has been shown that Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for LSCs regulation. Previous differential gene profiling studies confirmed the preferential expression of specific Wnt ligands (WNT2, WNT6, WNT11, WNT16) and Wnt inhibitors (DKK1, SFRP5, WIF1, FRZB) in the limbal region compared to the cornea. Among all frizzled receptors, frizzled7 (Fzd7) was found to be preferentially expressed in the basal limbal epithelium. However, the exact localization of Wnt signaling molecules-producing cells in the limbus remains unknown. The current study aims to evaluate the in situ spatial expression of these 4 Wnt ligands, 4 Wnt inhibitors, and Fzd7. Wnt ligands, DKK1, and Fzd7 expression were scattered within the limbal epithelium, at a higher abundance in the basal layer than the superficial layer. SFRP5 expression was diffuse among the limbal epithelium, whereas WIF1 and FRZB expression was clustered at the basal limbal epithelial layer corresponding to the areas of high levels of Fzd7 expression. Quantitation of the fluorescence intensity showed that all 4 Wnt ligands, 3 Wnt inhibitors (WIF1, DKK1, FRZB), and Fzd7 were highly expressed at the basal layer of the limbus, then in a decreasing gradient toward the superficial layer (P < 0.05). The expression levels of all 4 Wnt ligands, FRZB, and Fzd7 in the basal epithelial layer were higher in the limbus than the central cornea (P < 0.05). All 4 Wnt ligands, 4 Wnt inhibitors, and Fzd7 were also highly expressed in the limbal stroma immediately below the epithelium but not in the corneal stroma (P < 0.05). In addition, Fzd7 had a preferential expression in the superior limbus compared to other limbal quadrants (P < 0.05). Taken together, the unique expression patterns of the Wnt molecules in the limbus suggests the involvement of both paracrine and autocrine effects in LSCs regulation, and a fine balance between Wnt activators and inhibitors to govern LSC fate.

Toll-like receptor-4 expression and oxidative stress in ocular rosacea.

Purpose: To investigate systemic and ocular toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression and its association with oxidative stress markers in ocular rosacea (OR). Methods: This prospective study included 40 patients with rosacea with ocular involvement and 20 healthy volunteers. Tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test, meibomoscore, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were estimated for all participants. TLR-4 expression in conjunctival epithelium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the tears and serum samples of all participants, antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and arylesterase (ARE) activation levels were measured using a fully automated spectrophotometric method, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Results: TLR-4 expression levels and oxidative stress status (TOS and OSI values) were significantly higher (p < 0.01), and antioxidant status (TAS and ARE values) were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in both ocular and blood samples of patients with OR compared with those in controls. A significant positive correlation was found between the ocular and blood values in all parameters (p < 0.05). According to the clinical associations of these results, we found negative correlations between TLR-4, OSI, and TBUT and between TLR-4 and Schirmer, whereas a positive correlation was observed between TLR-4, OSI, and meiboscore and between TLR-4, OSI, and OSDI (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between the OSI and Schirmer results (p = 0.92). Conclusions: TLR-4 and oxidative stress both play important roles in OR pathophysiology and are closely related to clinical findings.

Wnt6 plays a complex role in maintaining human limbal stem/progenitor cells.

The corneal epithelium is consistently regenerated by limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs), a very small population of adult stem cells residing in the limbus. Several Wnt ligands, including Wnt6, are preferentially expressed in the limbus. To investigate the role of Wnt6 in regulating proliferation and maintenance of human LSCs in an in vitro LSC expansion setting, we generated NIH-3T3 feeder cells to overexpress different levels of Wnt6. Characterization of LSCs cultured on Wnt6 expressing 3T3 cells showed that high level of Wnt6 increased proliferation of LSCs. Medium and high levels of Wnt6 also increased the percentage of small cells (diameter ≤ 12 µm), a feature of the stem cell population. Additionally, the percentage of cells expressing the differentiation marker K12 was significantly reduced in the presence of medium and high Wnt6 levels. Although Wnt6 is mostly known as a canonical Wnt ligand, our data showed that canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways were activated in the Wnt6-supplemented LSC cultures, a finding suggesting that interrelationships between both pathways are required for LSC regulation.

POSTOPERATIVE POSTERIOR SEGMENT COMPLICATIONS AFTER BOSTON TYPE 1 KERATOPROSTHESIS: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Intermediate-Term Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To identify the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes of posterior segment complications (PSC) after Boston Type 1 keratoprosthesis (KPro) implantation. METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive case series of KPro procedures at the Stein Eye Institute. Data regarding ocular history, intraoperative details, postoperative management, and outcomes were collected. Eyes with at least one PSC (PSC group) were compared with eyes without PSC (No PSC group), and risk factors for PSC were determined. RESULTS: Ninety-five PSC occurred in 69/169 eyes (40.8%), at a mean of 20.1 months after KPro implantation (0.01 complications/eye month). The median follow-up after KPro implantation was 44.0 months (range 3.0-174.4). The most common PSC were epiretinal membrane (16.6%), cystoid macular edema (12.4%), vitritis (11.2%), and retinal detachment (9.5%). Previous retinal detachment repair, concomitant intraocular lens removal, postoperative aphakia, and vitritis were risk factors for retinal detachment. Postoperative infectious keratitis was a risk factor for epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema, and vitritis. The posterior segment complication group had a significantly higher rate of eyes failing to maintain visual acuity ≥20/200 (HR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.35-3.85) and KPro retention failure rate (HR = 1.66; 95% CI = 0.95-2.91). CONCLUSION: Posterior segment complications occur in approximately 40% of eyes after KPro implantation, resulting in reduced visual outcomes and KPro retention.

Cutaneous and ocular rosacea: Common and specific physiopathogenic mechanisms and study models.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the face skin. It is clinically classified into the following four subgroups depending on its location and severity: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Rosacea is a multifactorial disease triggered by favoring factors, the pathogenesis of which remains imperfectly understood. Recognized mechanisms include the innate immune system, with the implication of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cathelicidins; neurovascular deregulation involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and neuropeptides; and dysfunction of skin sebaceous glands and ocular meibomian glands. Microorganisms, genetic predisposition, corticosteroid treatment, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation are favoring factors. In this paper, we review the common and specific molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and ocular rosacea and discuss laboratory and clinical studies, as well as experimental models.

PCR and culture for diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but sight-threatening infection. Molecular diagnosis of corneal scraping has improved the diagnosis of AK. Different molecular targets and conditions have been used in diagnosis thus far. In this study, we prospectively compared the performance of five PCR assays on corneal samples for the diagnosis of AK. METHODS: 1217 corneal scraping samples were obtained from patients, for whom an AK was suspected. Sample processing involved both molecular diagnostics and culture. Acanthamoeba PCR assays detected different regions of the Acanthamoeba nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene: three final point PCR assays using Nelson, ACARNA and JDP1-JDP2 pairs of primers, and two real-time PCR assays using Acant primer-probe. Human DNA and internal control were co-amplified in the real-time PCR assay to ensure scraping quality and the absence of inhibitors. In the absence of a gold standard, the performance of each test was evaluated using latent class analysis. Genotypes of Acanthamoeba isolates were also characterised. RESULTS: Estimated prevalence of AK was 1.32%. The sensitivity of Acanthamoeba diagnostic PCRs (73.3% to 86.7%) did not differ significantly from that of culture (66.7%), or according to the target sequence or the technology. Sensitivity could be increased to 93.8% or 100% by combining two or three assays, respectively. PCR specificity (99.3% to 100%) differed between the assays. T4 was the predominant Acanthamoeba genotype (84.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Culture and a single PCR assay could lead to misdiagnosing AK. A combination of different PCR assays and improved sample quality could increase diagnosis sensitivity.

[When cataracts lead to a corneal transplant]. / Quand la cataracte conduit à une greffe de la cornée.

The eye has two converging lenses arranged in series: the cornea and the lens. They combine their powers. The image, which is naturally defocused ad infinitum, by crossing them successively, focuses on the retina to be seen clearly. Edema can cause the cornea to lose transparency while the clouding of lens leads to cataract. The loss of transparency of one or both lenses significantly affects the vision. Treating cataracts is a common practice. However, this can lead to the permanent loss of transparency of the cornea. A graft of the latter must then be carried out. How does this sometimes come about?

TITLE: Quand la cataracte conduit à une greffe de la cornée. ABSTRACT: L'œil possède deux lentilles convergentes disposées en série : la cornée et le cristallin. Elles associent leurs puissances. L'image qui est naturellement défocalisée à l'infini, en les traversant successivement, se focalise sur la rétine pour être vue nette (Figure 1). Un œdème peut faire perdre sa transparence à la cornée tandis que le cristallin qui s'opacifie constitue la cataracte. La perte de transparence de l'une ou des deux lentilles affecte la vue significativement. Traiter la cataracte est une pratique banale. Cependant, ceci peut conduire à la perte définitive de transparence de la cornée. Il faut alors réaliser une greffe de cette dernière. Comment en vient-on parfois à cela ?

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography imaging in peripheral ulcerative keratitis, a corneal structural description.

BACKGROUND: Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) is a helpful tool used to diagnose and manage many corneal conditions, but its use has not been reported in case of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK). The aim of this study is to describe AS OCT findings in cases of PUK. METHODS: Retrospective observational case series of six eyes presenting with a PUK and proven systemic vasculitis. Clinical course, slit lamp photographs, and AS OCT findings were the main outcomes. RESULTS: The AS OCT findings were found to correlate with the ocular disease's level of activity. In the acute stage, an absence of corneal epithelium, a scrambled appearance of the anterior stroma and a heterogeneous stromal reflectivity were observed. During the reduction of disease level activity, an irregular hyporeflective epithelium, a smoother anterior stroma, and a homogenous hyperreflective stroma were seen. At the healed stage, a filling of the corneal defect by a hyporeflective thick epithelium, the persistence of the hyperreflective underlying stroma, and a demarcation line were observed. The mean total corneal thickness at last follow-up was significantly thicker (509 ± 147 µm) compared with the mean corneal thickness at onset (408 ± 131 µm; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: AS OCT provides an assessment of structural changes occurring in PUK, useful for its diagnosis and monitoring.

Evaluation of vision-related quality of life in keratoconus patients, and associated impact of keratoconus severity indicators.

PURPOSE: To evaluate vision-related quality of life in keratoconus patients and associated impact of keratoconus severity indicators using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25). METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study carried out from November 1, 2014, to April 30, 2015, in the corneal service of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital, Paris, France. A hundred and one keratoconus patients were consecutively enrolled. Participants completed a French-validated version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25). Manifest refraction, maximum keratometry value, and corneal thinnest point were recorded. Associations between clinical and demographic factors, previous medical or surgical treatment, and NEI-VFQ-25 scale scores were evaluated. RESULTS: Vision-related quality of life was no better in patients managed with rigid gas permeable contact lens, collagen cross-linking, or intracorneal ring segment implantation, compared with untreated patients. In advanced keratoconus (stages II, III, and IV of Amsler-Krumeich classification), rigid gas permeable contact lens wearers had better general vision but more ocular pain. Distance-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40, mean refractive cylinder > 2.5 diopters, and corneal thinnest point < 460 µm in the better eye were associated with a lower vision-related quality of life. In multivariate analysis, only the uncorrected and distance-corrected visual acuity of the better eye remained significantly correlated with vision-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Low distance-corrected visual acuity in the better eye was the strongest predictor of low vision-related quality of life.

Cyclosporine A delivery to the eye: A comprehensive review of academic and industrial efforts.

Local ocular delivery of cyclosporine A (CsA) is the preferred method for CsA delivery as a treatment for ocular inflammatory diseases such as uveitis, corneal healing, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye disease. However, due to the large molecular weight and hydrophobic nature of CsA and the natural protective mechanisms of the eye, achieving therapeutic levels of CsA in ocular tissues can be difficult. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the current products available to clinicians as well as emerging drug delivery solutions that have been developed at both the academic and industry levels.

Comparison of a Supraglottic Gel Device and an Endotracheal Tube in Keratoplasty Performed Under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To assess the safety of a laryngeal mask (i-gel) in keratoplasty performed under general anesthesia. METHODS: Patients with indications for keratoplasty (n = 110) were enrolled in a prospective study and randomly assigned to the i-gel (n = 55; 30 lamellar keratoplasty and 25 penetrating keratoplasty) or tracheal tube group (n = 55; 29 lamellar keratoplasty and 26 penetrating keratoplasty). Perioperative complications and the recovery time were compared between the 2 groups using the t test or χ(2) test. Contraindications to elective use of the laryngeal mask airway (esophageal reflux, extreme obesity, oropharyngeal pathology, or expected difficult intubation) and expected difficult intubation were excluded. RESULTS: No surgical perioperative complications were reported in either group. There was a significantly greater incidence of coughing at extubation and/or after extubation in the tracheal group (40/55; 73%) than in the laryngeal mask group (3/55; 5%) (P < 0.001). The recovery time was shorter in the i-gel group (80 minutes; 95% confidence interval, 75-86) compared with that in the tracheal tube group (88 minutes; 95% confidence interval, 82-95) (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the incidence of sore throat and hoarseness between both devices. CONCLUSIONS: The use of i-gel for keratoplasty under general anesthesia appears to be safe, reduces the risk of potential ocular hypertension during recovery, and saves recovery time.

Consensus on Severity for Ocular Emergency: The BAsic SEverity Score for Common OculaR Emergencies [BaSe SCOrE].

Purpose. To weigh ocular emergency events according to their severity. Methods. A group of ophthalmologists and researchers rated the severity of 86 common ocular emergencies using a Delphi consensus method. The ratings were attributed on a 7-point scale throughout a first-round survey. Then, the experts were provided with the median and quartiles of the ratings of each item to reevaluate the severity levels being aware of the group's first-round responses. The final severity rating for each item corresponded to the median rating provided by the last Delphi round. Results. We invited 398 experts, and 80 (20%) of them, from 18 different countries, agreed to participate. A consensus was reached in the second round, completed by 24 experts (43%). The severity ranged from subconjunctival hemorrhages (median = 1, Q1 = 0; Q3 = 1) to penetrating eye injuries collapsing the eyeball with intraocular foreign body or panophthalmitis with infection following surgery (median = 5, Q1 = 5; Q3 = 6). The ratings did not differ according to the practice of the experts. Conclusion. These ratings could be used to assess the severity of ocular emergency events, to serve in composite algorithms for emergency triage and standardizing research in ocular emergencies.