RESUMO
Glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer functioning as a glucose buffer in animals. Multiple-detector size exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis were used to examine the structure of undegraded native liver glycogen (both whole and enzymatically debranched) as a function of molecular size, isolated from the livers of healthy and db/db mice (the latter a type 2 diabetic model). Both the fully branched and debranched levels of glycogen structure showed fundamental differences between glycogen from healthy and db/db mice. Healthy glycogen had a greater population of large particles, with more α particles (tightly linked assemblages of smaller ß particles) than glycogen from db/db mice. These structural differences suggest a new understanding of type 2 diabetes.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Glicogênio Hepático , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Configuração de Carboidratos , Cromatografia em Gel , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Eletroforese , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Fígado/química , Fígado/metabolismo , Glicogênio Hepático/química , Glicogênio Hepático/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação , Receptores para Leptina/genética , Receptores para Leptina/metabolismoRESUMO
Chloroplast DNA sequence data are a versatile tool for plant identification or barcoding and establishing genetic relationships among plant species. Different chloroplast loci have been utilized for use at close and distant evolutionary distances in plants, and no single locus has been identified that can distinguish between all plant species. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are providing new cost-effective options for genome comparisons on a much larger scale. Universal PCR amplification of chloroplast sequences or isolation of pure chloroplast fractions, however, are non-trivial. We now propose the analysis of chloroplast genome sequences from massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of total DNA as a simple and cost-effective option for plant barcoding, and analysis of plant relationships to guide gene discovery for biotechnology. We present chloroplast genome sequences of five grass species derived from MPS of total DNA. These data accurately established the phylogenetic relationships between the species, correcting an apparent error in the published rice sequence. The chloroplast genome may be the elusive single-locus DNA barcode for plants.