[Characteristics of lipid composition of blood serum lipoproteins in insulin resistance].

The purpose of this investigation was to study lipid composition of apoB- and apoA-containing lipoproteines in conditions of insulin resistance pathology. It was shown that hypertriglycerolemia and hypercholesterolemia were determined by triglycerole and cholesterol surplus in the composition of both apoB- and apoA-containing lipoproteins. Phospholipid deficiency in the composition of all lipoproteins fractions were established. Possible mechanisms of formation and metabolism in circulation of blood lipoproteins with altered lipid composition in the blood flow at insulin resistance is discussed.

[The lipoprotein metabolism in arterial hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome].

The apoA- and apoB-containing lipoprotein (LP) fractions, activity of free and linked forms of lipoprotein lipases (LPL) of liver and extrahepatic tissues, and also activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) were examined in the blood serum of patients with arterial hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus (DM-II), and metabolic syndrome (MS). Patients with DM-II had the most pronounced changes of all investigated LP fractions compared with healthy persons and patients of other groups examined. Decrease of LCAT activity corresponded to declining level of apoA-containing LP in DM-II and MS. Based on these data obtained we suppose, that one of peculiarities of LP metabolic disorders in the patients is a releasing of a part of lipolitic enzymes, located on the capillary endothelium, into blood flow. Heparin may have an important role in LPL redistribution, as its concentration in blood cells was declined in all the patients.

[Changes in the lipoprotein metabolism in alcoholism do not recover during of prolonged remission].

Contents of lipoproteins (LP), activity of lipoprotein lipase (LP-lipase) and cholesterol esterification activity of blood serum were examined in patients with alcoholism at the periods of intoxication, alcohol abstinence and under conditions of prolonged remission. During remission a general pattern of apoB-containing LP was similar to the period of intoxication. Processes of transformation of this class LP significantly delayed in isolated blood serum in vitro. The magnitude of these changes almost corresponded to the period of intoxication. However activity of free and membrane-bound forms of LP-lipase. A high level of LPHD2a was characteristic for the conditions of intoxication and alcohol abstinence. In the remission the level of all the apoA-containing LP fractions was significantly lower than in the control. Besides, processes of their transformations in vitro were slowed down. Intensity of these changes resembled the period of intoxication. Thus, disorders of LP metabolism pointed out during the period of intoxication and alcohol abstinence do not recovered under conditions of a prolonged remission.

[Depression of serum esterase and lipoprotein lipase activities in acute and longitudinal actions of ethanol].

Esterase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities of blood serum, and a range of blood serum lipoproteins (LP) in acute and chronic ethanol intoxication were examined in healthy persons and patients with alcohol abuse. Ethanol inhibited LCAT and LPL activities, and increased apoA-containing LP in blood serum. These changes are considered as a basis for depression of a direct and reverse transportation of cholesterol in blood circulation under the action of ethanol.

[A short-term effect of lovastatin on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with cerebrovascular lesions concomitant with diabetes mellitus II type].

Changes of lipoprotein (LP) metabolism after lovastatin therapy (20 mg/day for 2 months) have been studied in patients with cerebrovascular lesions (CBL) concomitant with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) and in CBL patients without DM-2. Initial effect of lovastatin appeared in decreasing chilomicrone content in both groups of patients. A distinct trend towards restoration of processes converting apoA-containing LP being accompanied by normalization of function of the peripheral lipoprotein lipase bound form was observed. The data obtained support an opinion about rationality of lovastatin treatment of dyslipidemias in CBL concomitant with DM-2 as well as of cardiovascular pathology.

[Lipoprotein metabolism in patients with diabetes of type II].

Changes in contents of blood serum lipoproteins (LP) and activity of enzymes of their transformation were investigated in patients with diabetes mellitus of type II. It was found out that mechanisms of increasing of apoB-containing LP in these patients were on the one hand in enhancing of the processes of their new-formation in the liver. On the other hand, retardation of their arrival to peripheral tissues might be observed, that as a whole resulted in continuous LPLD circulation in blood. Above-mentioned processes were associated with a reciprocal decreasing of the amount of all the apoA-containing LP fractions examined. To a certain extent mechanisms of disturbance of LP metabolism in the circulation bed were stipulated by changes of function of the enzyme catalyzing their transformation.

[Role of heparin in the formation of food lipemia].

Influence of endogenic and exogenic heparin in vivo on the basic forms of serum lipids content: cholesterol ethers, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids; as well as that glycosaminoglycan effect in vivo and in vitro on total lipoproteine lipase (LPL) activity and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity of human blood serum were investigated on food lipidemia model. The decrease of intercell reserve heparin content and increase of the background and post-heparin levels of blood serum LPL activity were indicated after two hours food load. The role of two factors, endogenic heparin being one of them, in the increase of postprandial LPL activity of blood serum were discussed. At the same time, some inhibition of blood serum LCAT activity two hours after food reception (evidently, as a result of endogenic heparin action) and to a considerable extent inhibition of cholesterol etherification under the action of exogenic heparin in vivo were ascertain. Heparin in vitro (50 U/ml of blood serum) did not influence LCAT and total LPL activities. It was summarised that endogenic heparin is a factor, taking part in lipolysis processes regulation.

[Investigation of lipoprotein metabolism in persons with abstinence]. / Issledovanie obmena lipoproteinov u abstinentov.

Lipoprotein (LP) metabolism was investigated in the blood serum of persons with abstinence after ethanol intake in a single dose of (0.7-1.0) g/kg. Content of LP was determined with the method of gradient gel-electrophoresis and use of software for quantitative analysis. A LP-lipase and cholesteroletherificazing activity of blood serum were also examined. It was found out that the patients with abstinence were characterized by the slowing down of LP metabolism as compared with donors, who represented general population. A single action of ethanol causes a short-time inhibition of LP metabolism. After 3 days processes of apoA-containing LP transformation were renewed. In contrast to this, one could observe an increase of the level of apoB-containing fractions accompanied by incompatibility between quantitative LP changes and activities of enzymes, which catalyzed their transformation. This evidences for the impairment of coordination of processes of cholesterol and triacylglyceroles transport by ethanol.

[Dynamics of redistribution of blood serum lipoproteins in patients with alcoholism during alcohol intoxication and its abolition]. / Dinamika pereraspredeleniia lipoproteinov syvorotki krovi bol'nykh alkogolizmom v periody intoksikatsii i otmeny alkogolia.

In the patients with alcoholism at intoxication and different periods of alcohol abolition the blood serum lipoproteins were investigated by a method of gradient gel-electrophoresis using the computer program for qualitative definition. It was found out that change of the total sum of all lipoprotein fractions was approximated to parabolic dependence with maximum in the 3rd day after alcohol abolition. Under intoxication disturbances the individual apoB-containing fractions were minimal as compared with the control, while at the initial stages of alcohol abolition their redistribution was noticed as reflecting the growth of the processes of cholesterol transportation from liver to peripheral tissues. The 14th day after alcohol abolition was characterized by tendency to normalization of these disturbances, but at the 30th day of soberness a recurrence growing the changes of apoA-containing lipoproteins transformation was observed. In the patients under intoxication period and first 3 days after alcohol abolition a significant increase of quantity of all the apoA-containing lipoprotein populations took place which was restored completely in remission. On the base of both the own results and data from literature sources we suppose that these changes are the results of direct influence of ethanol and but they are not a pathogenic indication of a chronic alcoholism.

[The action of high-intensity light on catecholamine excretion in depressive patients]. / Deistvie sveta povyshennoi intensivnosti na ékskretsiiu katekholaminov u bol'nykh depressiei.

The action of bright light (2600-2800 lux) on the catecholamine (CA) excretion was analyzed in patients with anxious (11) and melancholic (12) depressions resultant from manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. The melancholic depressed patients were characterized by decreased noradrenaline (NA) and increased adrenaline (A) levels; in anxious depression NA and A were increased. The light therapy resulted in decrease of A level but NA level remained invariable in melancholic depression. Meanwhile the tendency to normalization of excretion of both CA was observed in anxious patients after light therapy. The contrary alterations in A/NA ratio as well as its considerable individual fluctuations were observed after light therapy. The A/NA ratio after light therapy depended mainly upon the initial A/NA ratio (the higher or lower ratio compared to control value).

[The action of medichronal (glucose-glycine-formate) on the serotonin blood level in alcoholism patients]. / Deistvie medikhronala (gliukozoglitsinformiata) na soderzhanie serotonina v krovi bol'nykh alkogolizmom.

The effects of a novel antialcoholic medication medichronal on the serotonine concentration in blood of patients with second stage alcoholism was investigated. It has been discovered that remission in 75% of the patients was connected with its hyper- and hyposerotoninemic influence, depending on the initial lowered or increased serotonine content. Similarity of medichronal and unithiol effects was observed in the form of palyndromoinversion regulation of serotoninergic activity. In a portion of the patients the increased, compared to healthy persons, serotonine concentration before and after the treatment does not differ from the average values in the whole group.

[Melatonin excretion in patients with depression under the action of light of increased intensity]. / Ekskretsiia melatonina u bol'nykh depressiei pri deistvii sveta povyshennoi intensivnosti.

The effects of 1 and 10 bright light exposures (2600-8000 lux) on melatonin excretion in patients with melancholic and anxious depressions were examined. Before treatment the increased basic levels of melatonin excretion were observed in patients with anxious depression. Melatonin excretion had been gradually normalized after 1 and 10 sessions of light therapy. The basic melatonin excretion in melancholic depressed patients was low and hadn't been changed after light therapy. Long term effects of light therapy depend upon the initial levels of melatonin excretion: low pretreatment levels increased and high pretreatment levels decreased after the therapy. The authors proposed that bright light exposures stimulated the restoration of adaptive function of pineal gland in depressed patients.

[The effect of an increased intensity of light on changes in the serotonin and melatonin content in patients with depression]. / Vliianie sveta povyshennoi intensivnosti na izmenenie soderzhaniia serotonina i melatonina u bol'nykh s depressiei.

Study into the effect of light of increased intensity shows that in patients with anxious depression a high level of melatonin excretion declines to normal, its low level in melancholic depression remaining unchanged. Blood concentrations of serotonin in depressive patients are higher as compared with the healthy persons and do not change with increasing in the brightness of the illumination except for a decrease in a portion of patients showing maximum levels of serotonin and melanin.

[The new anti-alcohol preparation medikhronal: changes in the level of ethanol, acetaldehyde and monoamines during the treatment of alcoholism patients]. / Novyi antialkogol'nyi preparat medikhronal: izmenenie soderzhaniia étanola, atsetal'degida i monoaminov pri lechenii bol'nykh alkogolizmom.

Treating patients with stage-II alcoholism with medichronal and unithiol sharply decreases blood levels of alcohol and acetaldehyde. Medichronal restores the decreased level of norepinephrine excretion in 25% of patients and the increased level of epinephrine in 43%. The high baseline concentration of serotonin dropped in 41%, however, its level remained higher than in the controls. There was a negative correlation between the changes of ethanol concentrations and the excretion of norepinephrine. There was a direct dependence between the changes in the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio and the serotonin concentration.

[The action of medikhronal (glucose-glycine-formate) on catecholamine excretion in alcoholics]. / Deistvie medikhronala (gliuzkozo-glitsin-formiata) na ékskretsiiu katekholaminov u bol'nykh alkogolizmom.

The application of the novel antialcoholic drug Medichronal mainly results in normalization of dyscatecholaminemias, by lowering or elevating noradrenaline or adrenaline levels. This effect is similar to that produced by unitiol that is conventionally used in nacrological care. The changes in catecholamine levels occur in various dyscatecholaminemias characterized by a high or low excretion of biogenic monoamines. Before and after therapy, in some patients, the concentrations of catecholamines do not differ from those in healthy persons.

[Redistribution of rabbit blood serum lipoproteins, caused by a one-time administration of cholesterol]. / Pereraspredelenie lipoproteinov syvorotki krovi krolikov, vyzvannoe odnokratnym vvedeniem kholesterina.

The redistribution of rabbit blood serum lipoproteins following 24-hr incubation of the sera at 37 degrees C and after a single injection of cholesterol (0.2 g/kg) was studied. In both cases there was an increase in the intermediate density (IDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) and a sharp decrease in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The proportion of the total fraction of high density lipoproteins (HDL) decreased also. The redistribution of the HDL subpopulations against the background of the HDL decline after a single cholesterol dose seems to be due to a relative increase in HDL3 and a decrease in HDL2. The HDL transformation during heat incubation of control sera was accompanied by HDL3 conversion into HDL2. These data suggest that a single cholesterol dose and heat incubation of blood sera stimulate the direct and reverse cholesterol transport. In isolated sera these processes subside gradually. The inhibition mechanism entails the depletion of the lipoprotein system for chylomicrons and VLDL and exhaustion of HDL2. The restoration of the functional potential of the blood lipid-transporting system needs the exchange between lipoproteins and tissues.

[The effect of protamine on cholesterol, triglycerides and blood serum proteins during the dynamics of experimental hypercholesterolemia]. / Deistvie protamina na kholesterin, triglitseridy i belki syvorotki krovi v dinamike éksperimental'noi giperkholesterinemii.

Content of total proteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides was studied in the blood serum and lipoprotein fractions of rabbits after administration of protamine within 1, 3 and 7 months of hypercholesterolemia development. The protamine effect was accompanied by "equalization" of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, as compared with their alteration in hypercholesterolemia, by stabilization of their content in various periods of the disease, but at the higher level than that of intact animals. The phenomenon observed occurred mainly in lipid components of LDL and VLDL subfractions. Analysis of alterations in the content of cholesterol and proteins in HDL and apo B-containing fractions showed that administration of protamine during long-term hypercholesterolemia led to development of antiatherogenic symptoms. Proatherogenic alterations in lipoprotein composition, developed during hypercholesterolemia, appear to be inhibited by protamine.

[Effect of ethanol on cholesterol restoration in tissues of the heart and aorta]. / Obnovlenie kholesterina v tkaniakh serdtsa i aorty pri deistvii étanola.

The time course (0.5-24 hours) of incorporation of labelled cholesterol in the tissues of guinea pig hearts, aortas, livers, and brains was examined on acute and chronic (3 months) administration of ethanol (3 g/kg). It was found that at the onset of the experiments, the hearts from control and experimental animals displayed higher radioactivity that did the other tissue under study. Within the first 24 hours, there was a linear increase in specific radioactivity of [3H]-cholesterol in the sera of intact animals. Acute and chronic ethanol caused enhanced incorporation of [3H]-cholesterol and its delayed release in all tissues, except the liver tissue. The latter showed unchanged relative specific radioactivity two hours after [3H]-cholesterol incorporation.

[The dynamics of [3H]-cholesterol incorporation into the liver and aortic tissue of guinea pigs on long-term ethanol administration]. / Dinamika vkliucheniia [3H]-kholesterina v tkani pecheni i aorty morskikh svinok pri dlitel'nom vvedeniia étanola.

The effect of ethanol administration to guinea pigs (4 g/kg, per os) on the dynamics of [3H]-cholesterol incorporation into the liver and aorta tissues was studied for 3 months. It has been discovered that specific radioactivity of the control animals linearly increased during 24 hours in the blood serum. Ethanol reduced it as compared with the control only 0.5 h after a label has been introduced. Cholesterol renovation in the liver remained unchanged under the prolonged effect of ethanol. In the aorta the ethanol effect was characterized by a decrease of [3H]-cholesterol specific radioactivity 0.5 h after its administration. However, in this case the ratio of aorta/blood serum radioactivity increased. A day after the labelled cholesterol administration to alcoholized animals the radioactivity calculated per 1 mg of cholesterol and per unit of tissue weight and referred to the blood serum radioactivity was lower as compared to the control level.

[Alcohol and atherogenesis: effect of low and high doses of ethanol on rat blood cholesterol]. / Alkogol' i aterogenez: vliianie nizkikh i vysokikh doz étanola na kholesterin krovi krys.

Alterations in content of cholesterol and specific radio-activity of erythrocyte lipoproteins were studied in rats after administration of labelled sterol under conditions of acute and chronic influence of low 0.6 g/kg and high 4.0 g/kg doses of ethanol. Both these doses caused a decrease in content of high density lipoproteins (HDL) after single ethanol administration, while content of apoB containing lipoproteins as well as binding of labelled sterol with erythrocytes were elevated after long-term ethanol treatment. Atherogenicity index was increased after single and chronic administration of either low or high doses of ethanol. In chronic administration of low doses of ethanol specific radioactivity of HDL was decreased, thus suggesting that cholesterol acceptor function of these particles was lowered.