RESUMO
In developing B cells, V(D)J gene recombination is initiated by the RAG1/2 endonuclease complex, introducing double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) in V, D, and J genes and resulting in the formation of the hypervariable parts of immunoglobulins (Ig). Persistent or aberrant RAG1/2 targeting is a potential threat to genome integrity. While RAG1 and RAG2 have been shown to bind various regions genome-wide, the in vivo off-target DNA damage instigated by RAG1/2 endonuclease remains less well understood. In the current study, we identified regions containing RAG1/2-induced DNA breaks in mouse pre-B cells on a genome-wide scale using a global DNA DSB detection strategy. We detected 1489 putative RAG1/2-dependent DSBs, most of which were located outside the Ig loci. DNA sequence motif analysis showed a specific enrichment of RAG1/2-induced DNA DSBs at GA- and CA-repeats and GC-rich motifs. These findings provide further insights into RAG1/2 off-target activity. The ability of RAG1/2 to introduce DSBs on the non-Ig loci during the endogenous V(D)J recombination emphasizes its genotoxic potential in developing lymphocytes.
RESUMO
Using exome sequencing and linkage analysis in a three-generation family with a unique dominant myoclonus-dystonia-like syndrome with cardiac arrhythmias, we identified a mutation in the CACNA1B gene, coding for neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels CaV2.2. This mutation (c.4166G>A;p.Arg1389His) is a disruptive missense mutation in the outer region of the ion pore. The functional consequences of the identified mutation were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch recordings. High-resolution analyses at the single-channel level showed that, when open, R1389H CaV2.2 channels carried less current compared with WT channels. Other biophysical channel properties were unaltered in R1389H channels including ion selectivity, voltage-dependent activation or voltage-dependent inactivation. CaV2.2 channels regulate transmitter release at inhibitory and excitatory synapses. Functional changes could be consistent with a gain-of-function causing the observed hyperexcitability characteristic of this unique myoclonus-dystonia-like syndrome associated with cardiac arrhythmias.
Assuntos
Canais de Cálcio Tipo N/genética , Distúrbios Distônicos/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Mutação , Potenciais de Ação , Canais de Cálcio Tipo N/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Distúrbios Distônicos/diagnóstico , Exoma , Feminino , Ligação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Linhagem , FenótipoRESUMO
Primrose syndrome and 3q13.31 microdeletion syndrome are clinically related disorders characterized by tall stature, macrocephaly, intellectual disability, disturbed behavior and unusual facial features, with diabetes, deafness, progressive muscle wasting and ectopic calcifications specifically occurring in the former. We report that missense mutations in ZBTB20, residing within the 3q13.31 microdeletion syndrome critical region, underlie Primrose syndrome. This finding establishes a genetic link between these disorders and delineates the impact of ZBTB20 dysregulation on development, growth and metabolism.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Calcinose/genética , Otopatias/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Atrofia Muscular/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 3 , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
Small virus-derived interfering RNAs (viRNAs) play an important role in antiviral defence in plants, insects and nematodes by triggering the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The role of RNAi as an antiviral defence mechanism in mammalian cells has been obscure due to the lack of viRNA detection. Although viRNAs from different mammalian viruses have recently been identified, their functions and possible impact on viral replication remain unknown. To identify viRNAs derived from HIV-1, we used the extremely sensitive SOLiD(TM) 3 Plus System to analyse viRNA accumulation in HIV-1-infected T lymphocytes. We detected numerous small RNAs that correspond to the HIV-1 RNA genome. The majority of these sequences have a positive polarity (98.1%) and could be derived from miRNAs encoded by structured segments of the HIV-1 RNA genome (vmiRNAs). A small portion of the viRNAs is of negative polarity and most of them are encoded within the 3'-UTR, which may represent viral siRNAs (vsiRNAs). The identified vsiRNAs can potently repress HIV-1 production, whereas suppression of the vsiRNAs by antagomirs stimulate virus production. These results suggest that HIV-1 triggers the production of vsiRNAs and vmiRNAs to modulate cellular and/or viral gene expression.
Assuntos
HIV-1/genética , MicroRNAs/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , RNA Viral/química , Sequência de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Interferência de RNA , RNA Antissenso/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA de Transferência de Lisina/química , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
Growth factors, such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), have been implicated in neuronal survival and proliferation. About 2% of the human population is homozygous for a polymorphism that induces truncated and biologically inactive CNTF but does not obviously change the phenotype. In a population of patients with hereditary neuropathy, a higher rate of the CNTF null mutation would indicate greater susceptibility for clinically significant disease, and a recent report attributes early onset and rapid deterioration in a case of familial ALS (FALS) to this mutation. We have, therefore, genotyped the CNTF polymorphism in a large group of patients with CMT 1a, HNPP, sporadic ALS, in one pedigree with FALS, and controls. All groups exhibited a similar distribution of the polymorphism. We conclude that absence of CNTF does not increase susceptibility for these disorders and confirm that it does not affect onset and course of familial and sporadic ALS.