Effect of neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and fluoride on the acid demineralization of enamel.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and acidic phosphate fluoride (APF) on enamel erosion caused by hydrochloric acid. METHODS: Fifty human enamel specimens were distributed according to the following treatments (n = 10): untreated (control), APF (1.23%) 4 min, Nd:YAG laser (100 mJ, 1 W, 10 Hz, 141.5 J/cm2 ), APF + Nd:YAG laser, and Nd:YAG laser + APF. For 14 days the specimens were submitted to erosive challenge: 5 min in 3 mL hydrochloric acid (0.01 M, pH 2.2), rinsed with distilled water, and stored in artificial saliva for 3 h. This cycle was repeated four times per day. The calcium (Ca) loss was determined in demineralizing solution by atomic emission spectroscopy, and superficial roughness (Ra) was measured before and after the erosive challenge. RESULTS: The mean Ca loss was (mg/L, ± standard deviation): control 12.74 ± 3.33, APF 1.71 ± 0.11, laser 1.64 ± 0.08, APF + laser 1.38 ± 0.08, and laser + APF 1.48 ± 0.07. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the control and other groups. APF + laser showed minor loss of Ca. After the erosive challenge, the APF + laser group showed Ra alteration. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in tooth dissolution was observed after fluoride application combined with Nd:YAG irradiation.

The effect of milk ingestion after an orange juice in the superficial microhardness of human enamel: an in vitro study

Patients diet and habits are important factors that can determine the ocurrence of dental erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of milk to reduce the erosion caused by orange juice in enamel. Specimens of human teeth were mbeddedd in acrylic resin, polished and submitted to the initial microhardness measurement (SMH) using a Knoop indenter with 25 g load for 10 seconds. The specimens with similar values of SMH were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n=10) according to the following treatments: C (Control): 30 minutes of immersion in artificial saliva; OJ: 1 minute of immersion in orange juice, followed by 30 minutes in artificial saliva; M: 1 minute of immersion in cow's milk followes by 30 minutes in artificial saliva; OJ + M: 1 minute of immersion in orange juice follwed by 1 minute in milk and 30 minutes of artificial saliva. These treatments were repeated for four times.The final SMH was determined and means of SMH values were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's Test (p menor do que 0.05). The immerison of the specimens in milk after orange juice was able to reduce the surface softening caused by this acidic drink. It was concluded that milk after an erosive challenge may be an alternative to reduce enamel surface softening.

Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods.

Composite resins might be susceptible to degradation and staining when in contact with some foods and drinks. This study evaluated color alteration and changes in microhardness of a microhybrid composite after immersion in different colored foods and determined whether there was a correlation between these two variables. Eighty composite disks were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups (n = 10): kept dry; deionized water; orange juice; passion fruit juice; grape juice; ketchup; mustard and soy sauce. The disks were individually immersed in their respective test substance at 37 ºC, for a period of 28 days. Superficial analysis of the disk specimens was performed by taking microhardness measurements (Vickers, 50 g load for 45 seconds) and color alterations were determined with a spectrophotometer (CINTRA 10- using a CIEL*a*b* system, 400-700 nm wavelength, illuminant d65 and standard observer of 2º) at the following times: baseline (before immersion), 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Both variables were also submitted to Pearson's correlation test (p < 0.05). The passion fruit group underwent the greatest microhardness change, while the mustard group suffered the greatest color alteration. Significant positive correlation was found between the two variables for the groups deionized water, grape juice, soy sauce and ketchup. Not all color alteration could be associated with surface degradation.

Interaction between staining and degradation of a composite resin in contact with colored foods

Composite resins might be susceptible to degradation and staining when in contact with some foods and drinks. This study evaluated color alteration and changes in microhardness of a microhybrid composite after immersion in different colored foods and determined whether there was a correlation between these two variables. Eighty composite disks were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups (n = 10): kept dry; deionized water; orange juice; passion fruit juice; grape juice; ketchup; mustard and soy sauce. The disks were individually immersed in their respective test substance at 37 ºC, for a period of 28 days. Superficial analysis of the disk specimens was performed by taking microhardness measurements (Vickers, 50 g load for 45 seconds) and color alterations were determined with a spectrophotometer (CINTRA 10- using a CIEL*a*b* system, 400-700 nm wavelength, illuminant d65 and standard observer of 2º) at the following times: baseline (before immersion), 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Both variables were also submitted to Pearson's correlation test (p < 0.05). The passion fruit group underwent the greatest microhardness change, while the mustard group suffered the greatest color alteration. Significant positive correlation was found between the two variables for the groups deionized water, grape juice, soy sauce and ketchup. Not all color alteration could be associated with surface degradation.

Abrasion resistance of different resin composites / Resistência à abrasão de diferentes resinas compostas

Objective - This study evaluated the influence of toothbrushing and thermal cycling on surface roughness and weight alterations of four different composite resins. Methods - Five specimens of two nanofilled composites (Filtek Supreme and Esthet X), one submicron composite(spherical filler) (Palfique Estelite) and one microhybrid composite (irregular filler) (Filtek Z250/3M ESPE), were prepared according to the manufacturer's directions. Each specimen was thermal cycled 1,200 times and subjected to 40,000 toothbrushing cycles. At baseline and after thermal cycling and tootbrushing cycles, surface roughness and weight were determined. Results - After thermal cycling and toothbrush abrasion no statistically significant difference in weight was found, however, the Esthet X and Palfique Estelite showed decrease in weight while Filtek Supreme and Z250 showed increase in weight. The surface roughness increased after thermal cycling and toothbrushing (p<0.01). The spherical submicron filler (Palfique Estelite) showed the smoothest surface. Conclusion - According to the methodology applied in this study, all resins studied showed resistance to abrasion, however, Palfique Estelite after the tests showed the smoothest surface.

Objetivo - Este estudo avaliou a influência da escovação e alterações térmicas quanto às alterações superficiais de rugosidade e peso de quatro diferentes resinas compostas. Métodos - Foram empregadas duas resinas de nanopartículas (Filtek Supreme e Esthet X), uma microparticulada de partículas esféricas (Palfique Estelite) e uma microhíbrida de partículas irregulares (Filtek Z250). Foram preparados cinco corpos de prova para cada material de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Cada corpo de prova foi ciclado 1.200 vezes e submetido a 40.000 ciclos de escovação. O peso e rugosidade da superfície foram determinados antes e após os ciclos térmicos e de escovação. Resultados - Esthet X e Palfique Estelite mostraram diminuição do peso enquanto que Filtek Supreme e Z250 apresentaram aumento, no entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa após ciclagem térmica e de escovação. A rugosidade superficial aumentou em todas as resinas compostas testadas após a ciclagem térmica e de escovação, sendo que a resina microparticulada de partículas esféricas (Palfique Estelite) apresentou ao final dos testes a superfície mais lisa (p<0.01). Conclusão - De acordo com a metodologia aplicada nesta pesquisa, todas as resinas compostas estudadas apresentaram resistência à abrasão, no entanto, a Palfique Estelite apresentou ao final dos testes a maior lisura superficial.

Morphological and mineral analysis of dental enamel after erosive challenge in gastric juice and orange juice.

This study evaluated and compared in vitro the morphology and mineral composition of dental enamel after erosive challenge in gastric juice and orange juice. Human enamel specimens were submitted to erosive challenge using gastric juice (from endoscopy exam) (n = 10), and orange juice (commercially-available) (n = 10), as follows: 5 min in 3 mL of demineralization solution, rinse with distilled water, and store in artificial saliva for 3 h. This cycle was repeated four times a day for 14 days. Calcium (Ca) loss after acid exposure was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy. The presence of carbonate (CO) and phosphate (PO) in the specimens was evaluated before and after the erosive challenge by FT-Raman spectroscopy. Data were tested using t-tests (P < 0.05). Morphology of enamel was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean loss of Ca was: 12.74 ± 3.33 mg/L Ca (gastric juice) and 7.07 ± 1.44 mg/L Ca (orange juice). The analysis by atomic emission spectroscopy showed statistically significant difference between erosive potential of juices (P = 0.0003). FT-Raman spectroscopy found no statistically significant difference in the ratio CO/PO after the erosive challenge. The CO/PO ratios values before and after the challenge were: 0.16/0.17 (gastric juice) (P = 0.37) and 0.18/0.14 (orange juice) (P = 0.16). Qualitative analysis by SEM showed intense alterations of enamel surface. The gastric juice caused more changes in morphology and mineral composition of dental enamel than orange juice. The atomic emission spectroscopy showed to be more suitable to analyze small mineral loss after erosive challenge than FT-Raman.

Degradação dos materiais restauradores utilizados em lesões cervicais não cariosas / Degradation of the restorative materials used in non-carious cervical lesions

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de bebidas ácidas e da escovação em materiais utilizados em lesões cervicais não cariosas. MÉTODOS: Três resinas compostas, um compômero e um cimento de ionômero resino-modificado foram testados. Para cada material, cinco espécimes foram imersos em uma das soluções teste (suco de laranja, coca-cola, uísque ou água destilada) por 10 dias a 37ºC. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos à escovação (20000 ciclos, 200g de carga). O peso e a rugosidade superficial foram avaliados antes e após a imersão nas soluções e escovação. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA/Teste Tukey (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: As imersões em suco de laranja e coca-cola seguida de escovação causaram significativamente maior perda de peso para o compômero e cimento de ionômero de vidro resino-modificado comparado às resinas compostas. O maior aumento de rugosidade superficial foi observado no cimento de ionômero de vidro resino-modificado após imersão em suco de laranja seguida de escovação. CONCLUSÃO: A imersão em bebidas ácidas seguida de escovação causou degradação nos materiais restauradores avaliados, com perda de material e aumento na rugosidade superficial.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of acidic beverages and brushing on the restorative materials used in non-carious cervical lesions. METHODS: Three composite resins, one compomer and one resin-modified glass ionomer were tested. Five specimens of each material were immersed in each of the test solutions (orange juice, Coca-Cola, whisky and distilled water) for a 10-day period at 37ºC. Next, the specimens were brushed (20000 cycles with a load of 200g). Weight and surface roughness were measured before and after immersion and brushing. The data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey Test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The compomer and resin-modified glass ionomer lost significantly more weight after immersion in orange juice and Coca-Cola followed by brushing than the composite resins. The resin-modified glass-ionomer presented the highest increase in surface roughness after orange juice immersion and brushing. CONCLUSION: Immersion in acidic beverages followed by brushing degraded the restorative materials tested, causing loss of material and increased surface roughness.

Effect of Nd:YAG laser and acidulated phosphate fluoride on bovine and human enamel submitted to erosion/abrasion or erosion only: an in vitro preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate, using two different methodologies, the effectiveness of pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation associated with topical acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) for preventing enamel erosion and structure loss under regimes of erosion and abrasion or erosion only. BACKGROUND DATA: An increased incidence of noncarious lesions (erosion and abrasion) has been observed, consequently new preventative therapies have been proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two different methodologies were performed. For the first, 100 bovine crowns were submitted to four different treatments (n = 25): no treatment (control), 4 min application of APF, Nd:YAG laser irradiation (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 141.5 J/cm(2)), and Nd:YAG laser irradiation + 4 min of APF. After the specimens were exposed to citric acid (2% w/v; 30 min), they were submitted to 5000 brushing cycles. Specimen mass was measured before and after the treatments. For the second methodology, 20 human crowns were embedded in acrylic resin and cut surfaces were exposed and polished. The specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10): no treatment (control), APF for 4 min, Nd:YAG laser irradiation (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 125 J/cm(2)), and Nd:YAG laser irradiation + APF. The samples were then immersed in citric acid (2% w/v; 90 min). Vickers hardness was obtained before and after the treatments. RESULTS: The Nd:YAG laser irradiation + APF (bovine and human enamel) was more effective and yielded statistically significant results for surface microhardness and enamel wear. CONCLUSION: Nd:YAG laser irradiation associated with APF reduced bovine enamel wear and human enamel softening when samples were submitted to a regime of erosion and abrasion or erosion only in vitro.

Influence of the distance of the curing light source and composite shade on hardness of two composites

This study evaluated the influence of curing tip distance, shade and filler particle size on Vickers microhardness (VHN) of composite resins. Two composites were tested: Filtek Z250 microhybrid (3M ESPE; shades A1 and A3.5) and Filtek Supreme nanofilled (3M ESPE; shades A1B and A3.5B). For each resin, 42 specimens (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm height) were prepared being 21 for each shade. The specimens were exposed using a 20-second exposure to a quartz-tungsten-halogen light source with an irradiance of approximately 560 mW/cm², at the following distances: 0 mm (surface contact), 6 mm and 12 mm from composite surface. Effectiveness of cure of different resins, shades and curing distances was determined by measuring the top and bottom hardness (VHN) of specimens using a digital microhardness tester (load: 50 g; dwell time: 45 seconds) 24 hours following curing. The hardness ratio was calculated by dividing VHN of the bottom surface by VHN of top surface. Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05) revealed statistically significant differences for all analyzed factors. As for top hardness, as microhardness ratio (bottom/top), the factors shade, distance and composite filler particle size exerted influence on resin curing. Lighter shade composites (A1 and A1B) showed higher hardness values. At 6 and 12 mm curing tip distances, hardness was lower when compared to 0 mm. The microhybrid composite resin presented higheer hardness, being its microhardness ratio satisfactory only at 0 mm for both shades and at 6 mm for the lighter shade. The nanofilled composite resin did not present satisfactory microhardness at the bottom while the microhybrid composite resin had higher hardness than the nanofilled. Composite's curing tip distance and shade can influence hardness.

Avaliação in vitro da microdureza de novos compósitos em diferentes espessuras / In vitro microhardness evaluation of new composite resins in different thickness

Introdução - Com o surgimento de novos compósitos, há um grande interesse pelo conhecimento de suas propriedades mecânicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a microdureza Vickers de quatro compósitos (Z 250, Natural Look, Epricord e Clearfil Majesty), em espessuras de 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 mm. Material e Métodos - Vinte corpos de prova para cada compósito foram confeccionados em matrizes circulares de polipropileno pretas e a resina inserida em porção única e fotopolimerizada por 40s. A seguir, foram armazenados por uma semana, a 37°C, a seco, em recipientes escuros. A microdureza Vickers foi avaliada por meio de um microdurômetro digital HMV (Shimatzu, Japão), com auxílio do software CAM-Wins, utilizando carga de 50gf por 45s. Cinco medidas foram obtidas por corpo de prova. A análise estatística utilizou o teste ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados - Após a análise de variância observou-se diferença significante entre as resinas (F = 235,07), entre as espessuras (F = 331,10) e para a interação resina X espessura (F = 14,95). O valor de Tukey foi 12,12. Conclusões - Os valores de microdureza diminuíram com o aumento da espessura da resina composta, para todas as resinas utilizadas. A resina Z 250 possibilitou o seu uso em incrementos de até 3 mm, a Natural Look até 2 mm e as Epricord e a Clearfil Majesty até 1 mm apenas.

Introduction - Due to new dental composite resins are arising, there is a great interest in clarifying their mechanic's properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro microhardness of four composite resins (Z 250, Natural Look, Epricord and Clearfil Majesty) with different thicknesses 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm. Material and Methods - Twenty specimens of each composite resin were made on matrices of black polypropylene with cylindrical holes in which a single portion of the resin was applied and photopolymerized for 40s. Following, they were stored for a week, at 37°C in a dry and dark chamber. Vickers microhardness was measured using a digital microdurometer HMV (Shimatzu, Japan) with the CAM-wins software, using 50gf for 45s.Five measurements were made for each specimen. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results - After the analysis of variance, significant differences were detected among the composite resins (F = 235.07), among their thicknesses (F = 331.10), and between the resin x thickness interaction (F = 14.95). The Tukey value was 12.12. Conclusions - The results revealed that an increase of the resin thickness produced a decrease in microhardness, for all composite resins analyzed. Increments of composite resins should not exceed 3 mm for Z 250, 2 mm for Natural Look, and only 1 mm for Epricord and Clearfil Majesty.

The measurement in vitro of dentine abrasion by toothpastes.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the in vitro dentine wear after tooth brushing with a range of nine toothpastes. METHODS: 70 bovine dentine blocks (aproximately 1 cm long) were used. Specimens were brushed in vitro with toothpastes with a range of abrasive. All the specimens were submitted to 10,000 brushing cycles with a 200g load. Initial and final weight and profile data were obtained using an analytical scale and a profile projector respectively. RESULTS: Significant differences between the test products were found (p < 0.05). The mean dentine wear ranged from 0.039 to 0.006g and 0.502 to 0.185mm, with the highest wear for the whitening toothpastes. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the type of toothpaste abrasive can contribute to dentine wear.

Reasons for placement and replacement of direct restorative materials in Brazil.

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to report the reasons for placement and replacement of direct restorations in private general dental practices in Brazil. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-seven practitioners recorded information regarding 16 consecutive direct restorations placed by themselves in a 4-week period. The information recorded reported the patient's age, gender, tooth number, the class of restorations, the restorative material used, and the reasons for placement and replacement of amalgam and tooth-colored restorations. The data were statistically analyzed through chi-square tests. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 37 years, with female patients occurring more frequently. Of all the restorations placed (n = 551), 39.75% were first-time placements, while 60.25% were replacements. For first-time restorations, the primary reason for placement was primary caries, followed by noncarious tooth substance loss. For amalgam restorations, the main reason for replacement was to obtain improved esthetic appearance with a tooth-colored material. For restorations of resin composite, secondary caries was the principal reason of failure. The resin composite was statistically (P <.01) the most indicated material (88.93%) for the placement and replacement of restorations. CONCLUSION: Replacements have been the main reason for performing direct restorations, and the chosen restoration material was resin composite.

Influence of the distance of the curing light source and composite shade on hardness of two composites.

This study evaluated the influence of curing tip distance, shade and filler particle size on Vickers microhardness (VHN) of composite resins. Two composites were tested: Filtek Z250 microhybrid (3M ESPE; shades A1 and A3.5) and Filtek Supreme nanofilled (3M ESPE; shades A1B and A3.5B). For each resin, 42 specimens (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm height) were prepared being 21 for each shade. The specimens were exposed using a 20-second exposure to a quartz-tungsten-halogen light source with an irradiance of approximately 560 mW/cm(2), at the following distances: 0 mm (surface contact), 6 mm and 12 mm from composite surface. Effectiveness of cure of different resins, shades and curing distances was determined by measuring the top and bottom hardness (VHN) of specimens using a digital microhardness tester (load: 50 g; dwell time: 45 seconds) 24 hours following curing. The hardness ratio was calculated by dividing VHN of the bottom surface by VHN of top surface. Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05) revealed statistically significant differences for all analyzed factors. As for top hardness, as microhardness ratio (bottom/top), the factors shade, distance and composite filler particle size exerted influence on resin curing. Lighter shade composites (A1 and A1B) showed higher hardness values. At 6 and 12 mm curing tip distances, hardness was lower when compared to 0 mm. The microhybrid composite resin presented higher hardness, being its microhardness ratio satisfactory only at 0 mm for both shades and at 6 mm for the lighter shade. The nanofilled composite resin did not present satisfactory microhardness at the bottom while the microhybrid composite resin had higher hardness than the nanofilled. Composite's curing tip distance and shade can influence hardness.

Ação dos dentifrícios sobre a estrutura dental após imersão em bebida ácida – Estudo in vitro / Dentifrice effect on dental structure after immersion in acid beverage – In vitro study

O consumo de bebidas ácidas seguido de escovação pode causar grandes perdas de estrutura dental. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o poder abrasivo de diferentes dentifrícios à dentina quando esta é submetida à imersão em suco de laranja. 70 segmentos de raízes bovinas foram divididos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos (n=7) em relação aos dentifrícios utilizados. G1: Sensodyne; G2: Controle (água destilada); G3: Sorriso Dentes Brancos; G4: Colgate Ação Total; G5: Close up Micropartículas; G6: Close up Liqui Fresh; G7: Phillips; G8: Colgate Controle do Tártaro; G9: Confident; G10: Tandy. Todos os grupos foram submetidos a 7.000 ciclos de escovação, sendo que a cada 1.000 ciclos foram imersos em suco de laranja por 90 s. Os dados iniciais e finais de peso e perfil foram obtidos em balança analítica e projetor de perfil respectivamente. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A maior perda de peso ocorreu no grupo G10 e a menor no G4, porém não se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. As maiores perdas de perfil ocorreram nos grupos G3, G6, G7, G10 sendo estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) em relação aos grupos G1, G2, G4, G5, G8, G9. A escovação com os dentifrícios Sorriso, Close up Liqui Fresh, Phillips e Tandy associada à bebida ácida produziram maior perda de estrutura dental.

Desgaste dental causado por diferentes cerdas de escovas dentais / Dental wear caused by different toothbrush stiffness bristles

Introdução - O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desgaste dental produzido por três diferentes durezas de cerdas de escovas dentais, utilizando a dentina bovina como substrato. Métodos - Foram utilizadas 10 escovas, para cada tipo de cerda: Macia (G1), Média (G2) e Dura (G3). Trinta segmentos de raízes bovinas foram devidamente preparados. Os espécimes foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em 3 grupos (n=10). Em seguida, submetidos ao teste de escovação mecânica, empregando-se 20.000 ciclos. Para a análise do desgaste produzido, foram executadas medições do peso inicial e final utilizando uma balança analítica. Além disso, dados encontrados foram analisados por ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados - As médias das diferenças de peso encontradas foram: G1-0,00639a; G2-0,01149b; G3-0,01513c. As médias de perda de perfil foram: G1-0,1282a; G2-0,1789ab; G3-0,2146b. Conclusão - Conclui-se que as escovas dentais com cerdas duras promoveram maior desgaste da superfície dentária bovina.