Cervical Cancer Screening with DNA-HPV Testing and Precancerous Lesions Detection: A Brazilian Population-based Demonstration Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rates of precancerous lesions, colposcopy referral, and positive predictive value (PPV) by age groups of a population-based screening with DNA-HPV testing. METHODS: The present demonstration study compared 16,384 HPV tests performed in the first 30 months of the program with 19,992 women tested in the cytology screening. The colposcopy referral rate and PPV for CIN2+ and CIN3+ by age group and screening program were compared. The statistical analysis used the chi-squared test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: The HPV tests were 3.26% positive for HPV16-HPV18 and 9.92% positive for 12 other HPVs with a 3.7 times higher colposcopy referral rate than the cytology program, which had 1.68% abnormalities. Human Papillomavirus testing detected 103 CIN2, 89 CIN3, and one AIS, compared with 24 CIN2 and 54 CIN3 detected by cytology (p < 0.0001). The age group between 25 and 29 years old screened by HPV testing had 2.4 to 3.0 times more positivity, 13.0% colposcopy referral, twice more than women aged 30 to 39 years old (7.7%; p < 0.0001), and detected 20 CIN3 and 3 early-stage cancer versus 9 CIN3 and no cancer by cytology screening (CIN3 OR= 2.10; 95%CI: 0.91-5.25; p = 0.043). The PPV of colposcopy for CIN2+ ranged from 29.5 to 41.0% in the HPV testing program. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in detections of cervix precancerous lesions in a short period of screening with HPV testing. In women < 30 years old, the HPV testing exhibited more positivity, high colposcopy referral rate, similar colposcopy PPV to older women, and more detection of HSIL and early-stage cervical cancer.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as taxas de lesões pré-cancerosas, encaminhamento para colposcopia e valor preditivo positivo (VPP) por faixas etárias de rastreamento populacional com teste DNA-HPV. MéTODOS: O presente estudo de demonstração comparou 16.384 testes de HPV realizados nos primeiros 30 meses do programa com 19.992 mulheres testadas no rastreio citológico. Os programas foram comparados por taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia e VPP para NIC2+ e NIC3+ por faixa etária. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de qui-quadrado e odds ratio (OR, na sigla em inglês) com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. RESULTADOS: Os testes de HPV foram 3,26% positivos para HPV16-HPV18 e 9,92% positivos para 12 outros HPVs, com uma taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia 3,7 vezes maior do que o programa de citologia, que teve 1,68% de anormalidades. O teste de HPV detectou 103 NIC2, 89 NIC3 e um AIS, em comparação com 24 NIC2 e 54 NIC3 detectados por citologia (p < 0,0001). O rastreio por teste de HPV no grupo etário 25 a 29 anos teve 2,4 a 3,0 vezes mais positividade, 13,0% de encaminhamento para colposcopia, 2 vezes mais que mulheres de 30 a 39 anos (7,7%; p < 0,0001), e detectou 20 NIC3 e 3 cânceres em estágio inicial versus nove NIC3 e nenhum câncer pelo rastreio citológico (NIC3 OR= 2,10; 96%CI: 0,91­5,25; p = 0,043). O VPP da colposcopia para NIC2+ variou de 29,5 a 41,0% no programa de teste de HPV. CONCLUSãO: Houve um aumento significativo na detecção de lesões pré-cancerosas do colo do útero em um curto período de rastreamento com teste de HPV. Em mulheres < 30 anos, o teste de HPV exibiu mais positividade, alta taxa de encaminhamento para colposcopia com VPP semelhante a mulheres mais velhas, e mais detecção de HSIL e de câncer cervical em estágio inicial.

Cervical Cancer Screening with DNA-HPV Testing and Precancerous Lesions Detection: A Brazilian Population-based Demonstration Study / Rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero com teste de DNA-HPV e detecção de lesões precursoras: um estudo de demonstração de base populacional brasileiro

Abstract Objective To evaluate the rates of precancerous lesions, colposcopy referral, and positive predictive value (PPV) by age groups of a population-based screening with DNA-HPV testing. Methods The present demonstration study compared 16,384 HPV tests performed in the first 30 months of the program with 19,992 women tested in the cytology screening. The colposcopy referral rate and PPV for CIN2+ and CIN3+ by age group and screening program were compared. The statistical analysis used the chi-squared test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results The HPV tests were 3.26% positive for HPV16-HPV18 and 9.92% positive for 12 other HPVs with a 3.7 times higher colposcopy referral rate than the cytology program, which had 1.68% abnormalities. Human Papillomavirus testing detected 103 CIN2, 89 CIN3, and one AIS, compared with 24 CIN2 and 54 CIN3 detected by cytology (p < 0.0001). The age group between 25 and 29 years old screened by HPV testing had 2.4 to 3.0 times more positivity, 13.0% colposcopy referral, twice more than women aged 30 to 39 years old (7.7%; p < 0.0001), and detected 20 CIN3 and 3 early-stage cancer versus 9 CIN3 and no cancer by cytology screening (CIN3 OR= 2.10; 95%CI: 0.91 -5.25; p = 0.043). The PPV of colposcopy for CIN2+ ranged from 29.5 to 41.0% in the HPV testing program. Conclusion There was a significant increase in detections of cervix precancerous lesions in a short period of screening with HPV testing. In women < 30 years old, the HPV testing exhibited more positivity, high colposcopy referral rate, similar colposcopy PPV to older women, and more detection of HSIL and early-stage cervical cancer.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as taxas de lesões pré-cancerosas, encaminhamento para colposco pia e valor preditivo positivo (VPP) por faixas etárias de rastreamento populacional com teste DNA-HPV. Métodos O presente estudo de demonstração comparou 16.384 testes de HPV realizados nos primeiros 30 meses do programa com 19.992 mulheres testadas no rastreio citológico. Os programas foram comparados por taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia e VPP para NIC2+ e NIC3+ por faixa etária. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de qui-quadrado e odds ratio (OR, na sigla em inglês) com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados Os testes de HPV foram 3,26% positivos para HPV16-HPV18 e 9,92% positivos para 12 outros HPVs, com uma taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia 3,7 vezes maior do que o programa de citologia, que teve 1,68% de anormalidades. O teste de HPV detectou 103 NIC2, 89 NIC3 e um AIS, em comparação com 24 NIC2 e 54 NIC3 detectados por citologia (p < 0,0001 ). O rastreio por teste de HPV no grupo etário 25 a 29 anos teve 2,4 a 3,0 vezes mais positividade, 13,0% de encaminhamento para colposcopia, 2 vezes mais que mulheres de 30 a 39 anos (7,7%; p < 0,0001 ), e detectou 20 NIC3 e 3 cânceres em estágio inicial versus nove NIC3 e nenhum câncer pelo rastreio citológico (NIC3 OR= 2,10; 96%CI: 0,91 -5,25; p = 0,043). O VPP da colposcopia para NIC2+ variou de 29,5 a 41,0% no programa de teste de HPV. Conclusão Houve um aumento significativo na detecção de lesões pré-cancerosas do colo do útero em um curto período de rastreamento com teste de HPV. Em mulheres < 30 anos, o teste de HPV exibiu mais positividade, alta taxa de encaminhamento para colposcopia com VPP semelhante a mulheres mais velhas, e mais detecção de HSIL e de câncer cervical em estágio inicial.

Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology consensus on fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Several controversies remain on conservative management of cervical cancer. Our aim was to develop a consensus recommendation on important and novel topics of fertility-sparing treatment of cervical cancer. METHODS: The consensus was sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (BSSO) from March 2020 to September 2020 and included a multidisciplinary team of 55 specialists. A total of 21 questions were addressed and they were assigned to specialists' groups that reviewed the literature and drafted preliminary recommendations. Further, the coordinators evaluated the recommendations that were classified by the level of evidence, and finally, they were voted by all participants. RESULTS: The questions included controversial topics on tumor assessment, surgical treatment, and surveillance in conservative management of cervical cancer. The two topics with lower agreement rates were the role of minimally invasive approach in radical trachelectomy and parametrial preservation. Additionally, only three recommendations had <90% of agreement (fertility preservation in Stage Ib2, anti-stenosis device, and uterine transposition). CONCLUSIONS: As very few clinical trials have been developed in surgery for cervical cancer, most recommendations were supported by low levels of evidence. We addressed important and novel topics in conservative management of cervical cancer and our study may contribute to literature.

Cervical Cancer Screening with HPV Testing: Updates on the Recommendation / Rastreamento do câncer do colo de útero com teste de HPV: Atualizações na recomendação

Abstract The present update is a reassessment of the 2018 'Guidelines for HPV-DNA Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in Brazil' (Zeferino et al.)9, according to the changes observed in new international guidelines and knowledge updates. The most relevant and recent guidelines were assessed. Questions regarding the clinical practice were formulated, and the answers considered the perspective of the public and private sectors of the Brazilian health system. The review addressed risk-based strategies regarding age to start and stop screening, the use of cytology and colposcopy to support management decisions, treatment, follow-up strategies, and screening in specific groups, including vaccinated women. The update aims to improve the prevention of cervical cancer and to reduce overtreatment and the misuse of HPV testing.

Resumo Esta atualização é uma reavaliação das "Recomendações para o uso de testes de DNAHPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Brasil" (Zeferino et al., 2018),9 de acordo com as mudanças observadas nas novas recomendações internacionais, além das atualizações no conhecimento. As recomendações mais relevantes e recentes foram avaliadas. Questões referentes à prática clínica foram formuladas, e as respostas consideraram a perspectiva do sistema de saúde brasileiro, tanto público quanto privado. Esta revisão abrange estratégias baseadas em risco sobre idade para início e término de rastreamento, o uso da citologia e colposcopia para apoiar as condutas, tratamento, estratégias de seguimento, e rastreamento em grupos específicos, incluindo mulheres vacinadas. Esta atualização tem o objetivo de melhorar as estratégias de prevenção do câncer do colo de útero e reduzir o supertratamento e o uso incorreto dos testes de HPV.

Cervical Cancer Screening with HPV Testing: Updates on the Recommendation.

The present update is a reassessment of the 2018 'Guidelines for HPV-DNA Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in Brazil' (Zeferino et al.)9, according to the changes observed in new international guidelines and knowledge updates. The most relevant and recent guidelines were assessed. Questions regarding the clinical practice were formulated, and the answers considered the perspective of the public and private sectors of the Brazilian health system. The review addressed risk-based strategies regarding age to start and stop screening, the use of cytology and colposcopy to support management decisions, treatment, follow-up strategies, and screening in specific groups, including vaccinated women. The update aims to improve the prevention of cervical cancer and to reduce overtreatment and the misuse of HPV testing.

Esta atualização é uma reavaliação das "Recomendações para o uso de testes de DNA-HPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Brasil" (Zeferino et al., 2018),9 de acordo com as mudanças observadas nas novas recomendações internacionais, além das atualizações no conhecimento. As recomendações mais relevantes e recentes foram avaliadas. Questões referentes à prática clínica foram formuladas, e as respostas consideraram a perspectiva do sistema de saúde brasileiro, tanto público quanto privado. Esta revisão abrange estratégias baseadas em risco sobre idade para início e término de rastreamento, o uso da citologia e colposcopia para apoiar as condutas, tratamento, estratégias de seguimento, e rastreamento em grupos específicos, incluindo mulheres vacinadas. Esta atualização tem o objetivo de melhorar as estratégias de prevenção do câncer do colo de útero e reduzir o supertratamento e o uso incorreto dos testes de HPV.

Organization of cervical cancer screening with DNA-HPV testing impact on early-stage cancer detection: a population-based demonstration study in a Brazilian city.

Background: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and the Brazilian screening is opportunistic and has low impact. The current study evaluated an initiative to organize screening using DNA-HPV testing as a replacement for cytology. Methods: This demonstration study examined information from 16 384 DNA-HPV tests for screening in women aged 25-64 years from Indaiatuba city between October 2017-March 2020. The comparison was 20 284 women screened using cytology between October 2014-March 2017. The flowchart indicates the repetition of a negative test in five years. HPV16- and/or HPV18-positive tests and the 12 pooled high-risk HPV-positive tests with abnormal liquid-based cytology were referred for colposcopy. If cytology was negative, the HPV test was repeated in 12 months. The analyses evaluated coverage, age-group compliance, and cancer detected. Findings: After 30 months, the coverage projection was greater than 80%. The age compliance for the HPV test was 99.25%, compared to 78.0% in the cytology program. The HPV test program showed 86.8% negative tests and 6.3% colposcopy referrals, with 78% colposcopies performed. The HPV testing program detected 21 women with cervical cancer with a mean age of 39.6 years, and 67% of cancers were early-stage compared to 12 cervical cancer cases detected by cytological screening (p=0.0284) with a mean age of 49.3 years (p=0.0158), and one case of early-stage (p=0.0014). Interpretation: Organizing cervical cancer screening using DNA-HPV testing demonstrated high coverage and age compliance in a real-life scenario, and it had an immediate impact on cervical cancer detection at an early-stage. Funding: University of Campinas, Indaiatuba City, and Roche Diagnostics.

Rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero com teste de DNA-HPV: atualizações na recomendação / Cervical cancer screening with DNA-HPV testing: updates on the recommendation

Esta é uma atualização da recomendação de especialistas publicada em 2018 para o uso do teste de detecção do DNA-HPV de alto risco no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Brasil, de acordo com as mudanças observadas nas diretrizes internacionais e atualizações do conhecimento. As recomendações mais relevantes e recentes foram revisadas. Questões referentes à prática clínica foram formuladas, e as respostas consideraram a perspectiva do sistema de saúde brasileiro, tanto público quanto privado. Essa revisão abrange estratégias baseadas em risco sobre idade para início e término de rastreamento, o uso da citologia e colposcopia para apoiar as condutas, tratamento, estratégias de seguimento, e rastreamento em grupos específicos, incluindo mulheres vacinadas. O objetivo é melhorar as estratégias de prevenção do câncer do colo do útero e reduzir o supertratamento e o uso incorreto dos testes de HPV.(AU)

Cervical cancer in women under 25 years of age and outside the screening age: Diagnosis profile and long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pattern of cervical cancer (CC) diagnosis and outcomes in women under 25. METHODS: Thirty-two women younger than 25 years of age treated between 2001 and 2016 were studied and the year, symptom or cytology before diagnosis, time since sexual debut, age group, histology, and stage were considered. Data were compared with older age groups, and survival analysis was performed using a subset of them. RESULTS: Thirty-two CC diagnoses (1.5% of all cases) exhibited a positive linear trend (P = 0.075). Driven by cytology, 18 were asymptomatic and 14 were symptomatic (with vaginal bleeding in 11). The mean time since sexual debut was 6.9 years. Advanced stage (44% vs 29%) and adenosquamous histology (12.5% vs 1.7%-5.0%) were higher in younger women. Five-year overall survival rate was 76%, better for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (86% vs 43% for other histologies; P = 0.018). There were seven deaths, all within 15 months of diagnosis. Age groups of less than 25 years (53%) and 25-29 years (48.5%) had similar proportions of Stage IA1. CONCLUSION: The rate of CC-diagnosed women under 25 years was 1.5% of all cases, exhibiting more advanced stage and non-SCC histology. For asymptomatic women, cytology allowed the diagnosis at an early stage. Being symptomatic and non-SCC was associated with a higher proportion of advanced stages and poor survival.

Post-radiotherapy hysterectomy does not benefit females with cervical adenocarcinoma.

Cervical adenocarcinoma is associated with a poor prognosis, which may be caused by the infiltrative growth pattern and metastasis of tumor cells. There is a lack of consensus on hysterectomy after radiotherapy for the improvement of selected cases. The present study aimed to assess the oncological outcome of post-radiotherapy hysterectomy in females with cervical adenocarcinoma. A total of 39 females with cervical adenocarcinoma at stages IB1 to IIIB, managed primarily with radiotherapy with complete response, and underwent extrafascial hysterectomy as consolidation therapy between 1988 to 2015 were studied. Surgery complications and residual disease were evaluated. A comparison group was constructed, comprising 41 females with cervical adenocarcinoma managed with exclusive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy demonstrating complete response, without surgery. Descriptive and survival analysis was performed. The groups were comparable in terms of age, cancer stage, radiotherapy (dose and duration) and follow-up, although 67% of hysterectomies were performed prior to 2002 and 46% of the radiotherapy group received chemoradiation. Late complications were similar. There were nine recurrences (23%) in the case series and 10 recurrences (24%) in the radiotherapy group. Residual disease was detected in 56% (22/39) of uterine specimens, of which 12 were up to 10 mm. Residual disease was associated with recurrence (31% vs. 6%, P=0.028). The overall survival rate was 75% for the case series vs. 88% for the radiotherapy group (P=0.579), and the disease-free survival rate was 79-80% for both. Removal of residual disease by hysterectomy did not improve the overall survival rate (P=0.283) and disease-free survival rate (P=0.072). Post-radiotherapy hysterectomy in cervical adenocarcinoma is a feasible procedure with acceptable complications, however, it did not bring relevant benefits in recurrences, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates.

Cervical cancer screening program based on primary DNA-HPV testing in a Brazilian city: a cost-effectiveness study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The causal relationship between high-risk (hr) HPV infection and precancerous lesions or cervical cancer has led to the development of strategies to increase screening performance and prevent this cancer. The increased sensitivity of DNA-HPV testing compared to cervical cytology favors DNA-HPV testing as a primary screening test. Cervical cancer screening in Brazil is opportunistic, and this cancer remains a considerable health problem with a high proportion of diagnoses in advanced stages. This paper aims to describe the design and implementation of the Cervical Cancer Screening Program with primary DNA-HPV testing (CCSP-HPV) planned for Indaiatuba City (SP), Brazil; the strategies to achieve higher population coverage; and a study protocol for cost-effectiveness analyses. METHODS: The CCSP-HPV was designed based on successful guidelines that replaced cervical cytology-based screening by the DNA-HPV test performed at 5-year intervals. The screening will be performed for the female population aged 25-64 years cared for by the public health system and aim to reach 80% coverage after completing the first round. The chosen DNA-HPV test detects 14 hr-HPV types and genotypes HPV-16 and 18. All women with a negative test will be reassessed after five years. Women showing a positive test for HPV-16 and/or 18 will be referred for colposcopy. Those showing the other 12 hr-HPV types will be tested by cytology, and if any abnormality is detected, they will also be referred for colposcopy. The histopathologic evaluation will be reviewed by a pathologist panel and aided by p16 immunohistochemistry. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed by a Markov model comparing the cost of the new program and the screening performed by conventional cytology five years prior (2011-2016). DISCUSSION: The new screening program is considered a breakthrough for public health regarding cervical cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer death among Brazilian women. Achieving at least 80% coverage will have the possibility to change this scenario. The proposed program will provide a modern cervical cancer screening method for women, and information about cost-effectiveness will help other similar places support the decision of implementing cervical cancer screening using the DNA-HPV test.

Novos Tempos, Novos Desafios: Estratégias para Equidade de Acesso ao Ensino Remoto Emergencial / New Times, New Challenges: Strategies to Ensure Equal Access to Emergency Remote Education

Resumo: Introdução: Com a suspensão das atividades presenciais e a implementação do ensino remoto do curso de Medicina da Unicamp, foi necessária a elaboração de estratégias para identificar as necessidades dos estudantes para continuidade das aulas nessa nova modalidade. Objetivo: Demonstrar as estratégias desenvolvidas e as soluções encontradas para permitir a equidade de acesso ao ensino remoto no curso de medicina da FCM-Unicamp. Método: São apresentados dados do relatório institucional, elaborado a partir de questionários aplicados para os estudantes do curso de Medicina sobre as dificuldades referentes ao acesso ao ensino remoto emergencial e as ações realizadas para solucionar as principais dificuldades encontradas. Resultados: Constatamos que os anos iniciais do curso apresentam a maior proporção de alunos com dificuldades, embora, em todos os anos, os discentes tenham relatado alguma dificuldade. Os principais problemas identificados foram internet instável e/ou apenas acesso por redes móveis. Verificou-se ainda que os alunos tinham maior dificuldade em acompanhar as atividades síncronas. A maior parte dos alunos mencionou que acompanhava as aulas por computadores e notebooks, mas, muitas vezes, estes eram compartilhados com outros membros da família. Alguns estudantes apontaram também que muitas vezes, não conseguiam acompanhar o curso por falta de aparelhos ou acesso à internet. Nesse caso, computadores e chips de celular e para uso em tablets eram emprestados aos alunos. Houve orientação aos professores para adequação das ferramentas pedagógicas utilizadas. Conclusão: Garantir a equidade de acesso é fundamental para permitir a continuidade dos estudos na transformação do estudo presencial em remoto emergencial. O ato de escutar os alunos sobre as dificuldades em relação ao ensino remoto e a realização de suporte material são ferramentas essenciais para o sucesso dessa estratégia pedagógica. A orientação do corpo docente em relação às dificuldades dos alunos foi importante para adequação do ensino remoto. Essas ações auxiliaram os estudantes na mudança do ensino imposta pelo distanciamento social.

Abstract: Introduction: After the implementation of remote teaching for the academic activities of the Medicine course at UNICAMP, due to the COVID Pandemic, a new strategy was required to identify the needs of students to allow them to keep up with the course in this new pedagogical modality. Objective: To demonstrate the strategies developed and solutions found to allow for equal access to remote education in the medical course at FCM-UNICAMP. Method: We present data from our institutional report based on questionnaires completed by medical students regarding the difficulties related to access to emergency remote education and the actions taken to solve the main difficulties encountered. Results: We identified that the initial years of the course had the highest proportion of students with difficulties, although all students reported some difficulty. The main problems identified were unstable internet and/or only access via mobile networks, and the most significant difficulty was in accessing the synchronous activities. Most students reported attending classes via computer and notebooks, but this device was often shared with other family members, most notably during the pandemic. Thirty-one students reported difficulties that prevented them from following the course adequately due to lack of devices or internet access. One solution was computers and cell phone chips and tablets being loaned out to students. Teachers were instructed to adapt the pedagogical tools used. Conclusion: Ensuring equal access is essential to support studies to continue following the transition from face-to-face classes to emergency remote study. Listening to students about the difficulties concerning remote teaching is an essential tool for the success of this pedagogical strategy. Guidance of the teaching staff in relation to the difficulties encountered by students was important for the adequacy of remote teaching. These actions helped students in the change of teaching imposed by social distancing.

Estimating the public health impact of a national guideline on cervical cancer screening: an audit study of a program in Campinas, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: A Brazilian guideline on cervical cancer screening was released in 2011. The objective was to verify changes in screening indicators around this period. METHODS: An audit study which sample was all screening tests performed by the public health system of Campinas city from 2010 to 2016. Variables were absolute tests numbers, excess tests, intervals and results, by age. For trend analysis was used Cochran-Armitage × 2 and linear regression. RESULTS: Were carried out 62,925 tests in 2010 and 43,523 tests in 2016, a tendency at a reduction (P = 0.001). Excess tests were higher than 50% over the years, with a tendency at a reduction (P < 0.001). Tests performed on women under 25 ranged from 20.2 to 15.4% in the period (P < 0.001), while in the 25-64 years age-group, it ranged from 75.1 to 80.2% (P < 0.001). In 2010 the most frequent interval was annual (47.5%) and in 2016 biennial (34.7%). There was a tendency at a reduction in the proportion of tests performed at the first time and those with an annual interval (P < 0.001), and also a tendency at an increase in tests with intervals equal to or greater than biannual (P < 0.001). We observed a tendency at a reduction in LSIL and HSIL-CIN2 results (P = 0.04 and P = 0.001, respectively), and a tendency at an increase in HSIL-CIN3 result (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The proportion of cervical cancer screening tests performed out of the recommendation showed a significant reduction in the period. This indicates a tendency to align cervical cancer screening in Campinas with the standards recommended.

IA1 microinvasive cervical adenocarcinoma in a young woman: conservative procedure and reproductive outcome / Adenocarcinoma microinvasor IA1 do colo do útero em mulher jovem: conduta conservadora e resultado reprodutivo

Introduction: The expansion of cytological screening programs for cervical cancer leads to an increase in the proportion of both adenocarcinomas and diagnoses in young women with reproductive intention. Conservative treatment is not fully established. Objective: to report the conservative management and follow-up difficulties of a real case of microinvasive cervical adenocarcinoma in a young woman. Case report: This is a case report of a 23-yearold patient with stage IA1 microinvasive cervical adenocarcinoma related to HPV18. The patient was vaccinated against HPV 16/18 at 16 years of age and conservatively treated. She became pregnant during follow-up with a favorable outcome. Conclusion: We discuss the difficulties and uncertainties regarding follow-up and opportunity for hysterectomy, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to make a balanced decision between conservative treatment and oncological safety, as well as mitigate follow-up difficulties in real life.

Introdução: A ampliação dos programas de rastreamento citológico de câncer do colo uterino resulta em aumento na proporção de adenocarcinomas e de diagnósticos em jovens ainda com desejo reprodutivo. O tratamento conservador não está totalmente estabelecido. Objetivo: descrever a condução conservadora e as dificuldades de seguimento em caso real de adenocarcinoma microinvasor do colo em uma jovem. Relato de caso: É relatado o caso de uma paciente de 23 anos com adenocarcinoma microinvasor IA1 do colo uterino relacionado ao HPV 18, mesmo vacinada contra HPV 16/18 aos 16 anos. Foi tratada conservadoramente, com gestação e desfecho favorável. Conclusão: São discutidas as dificuldades e incertezas em relação ao seguimento e à oportunidade para histerectomia, ressaltando a necessidade de abordagem multidisciplinar para decisões equilibradas entre tratamento conservador, segurança oncológica e, ainda, amenizar as dificuldades de seguimento na vida real.

Influência de Políticas de Ação Afirmativa no Perfil Sociodemográfico de Estudantes de Medicina de Universidade Brasileira / Influence of Affirmative Action Policies on Socio Demographic Profile of Medical Students from a Brazilian University

RESUMO A adoção de políticas públicas de inclusão pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) desde o processo seletivo de 2005, atrelada às modificações nos vestibulares de 2014 e, mais recentemente, no de 2016, possivelmente trouxe grandes mudanças no perfil do estudante de Medicina dessa universidade. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico desses acadêmicos, bem como suas pretensões na escolha da carreira médica e da futura especialidade. O estudo de corte transversal foi realizado com 290 acadêmicos do primeiro, terceiro e sexto ano da graduação médica da Unicamp por meio de um questionário anônimo aplicado após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Houve coleta de dados sociodemográficos, além dos fatores de influência para a escolha da profissão e da especialidade médica. A análise dos dados revelou uma amostra com idade média de 20-24 anos, predominantemente composta por mulheres (63,2%), da etnia branca (77,5%), procedentes do Estado de São Paulo (84,8%) e de regiões interioranas (62,3%). Para o primeiro ano, houve presença de negros (6,6%) e diferença estatística para pardos (22,6%), comparativa com o terceiro e sexto ano, egressos de ensino fundamental (42,5%) e médio (73,6%) públicos, com menor escolaridade materna (ensino médio) e renda familiar inferior (p < 0,001). Por sua vez, o terceiro e sexto ano eram compostos majoritariamente por alunos brancos (76,7% e 90,3%, respectivamente), oriundos de escola privada no ensino fundamental e médio, com maior escolaridade materna (ensino superior ou pós-graduação) e renda familiar mais elevada. Ainda, verificou-se variação das opções de especialidade ao longo do curso (p < 0,001). No primeiro ano, as especialidades mais pretendidas foram Cirurgia/Ortopedia (37,7%), Clínica Médica/Neurologia (23,6%) e Psiquiatria (11,3%). Para o terceiro ano, as especialidades mais desejadas foram Clínica Médica/Neurologia (40%), Cirurgia/Ortopedia (13,4%) e Ginecologia/Obstetrícia (13,3%). Entre os alunos do sexto ano, as especialidades mais escolhidas foram Clínica Médica/Neurologia (24,5%), Ginecologia/Obstetrícia (20,2%) e Cirurgia/Ortopedia (17%). Acadêmicos do primeiro ano também apresentaram diferentes aspirações abrangendo o local de trabalho futuro, com mais desejo de atuar somente no SUS ou em programas internacionais. Nesse contexto, os resultados apontam que a política de bonificação da Unicamp e suas alterações ao longo do tempo, em especial no vestibular de 2016, mostraram-se efetivas em democratizar o acesso à graduação médica, com maior pluralidade demográfica, social, econômica e étnica atreladas a variações na escolha da carreira e da especialidade médica ao longo das turmas analisadas.

ABSTRACT Affirmative action policies adopted by University of Campinas (Unicamp) in 2005 entrance exams, added to 2014 modifications, and more recently in 2016, lead to a big profile change of University of Campinas medical students. Therefore, this paper aims to describe academics' sociodemographic profile, as well as their aspirations in choice of medical career and future specialty. The cross-sectional study included 290 undergraduate years 1, 3 and 6 (Y1, Y3 and Y6) medical students from Unicamp who answered an anonymous questionnaire applied after approval by the Institutional Review Board. Socio demographic data and factors potentially influencing decisions on medical career and specialty choices were analyzed. Data analysis showed a sample composed mostly of white (77.5%), female (63.2%), 20-24 years population, from the State of São Paulo (84.8%) and interior (62.3%). For Y1, there was statistically significant difference for 'pardo' (22.6%) - it can be translated as brown - and black (6.6%) - there wasn't black in Y3 and Y6 - ethnic groups, public school provenience - both elementary school (42.5%) and high school (73.6%) -, lower maternal schooling (high school, p < 0.001) and lower family income (p < 0.001). Years 3 and 6 majority was composed of white academics (76.7% and 90.3%, respectively), coming from private schools (basic education and high school), with further maternal education (higher education/post-graduation) and bigger average income. The influence factors leading to choice for medical specialty modified (p < 0,001) among graduation years. Y1 students opted more frequently for 'surgery/orthopedics' (37.7%), 'medical clinic/neurology' (23.6%) and 'psychiatry' (11.3%). To Y3, the most desired specialties were 'medical clinic/neurology' (40%), 'surgery/orthopedics' (13.4%) and 'obstetrician-gynecologist' (13.3%). Amongst Y6 undergraduates, the most chosen specialties were 'medical clinic/neurology' (24.5%), 'obstetrician-gynecologist' (20.2%) and 'surgery/orthopedics' (17%). Y1 academics also revealed different aspirations regarding intended future workplace, with larger desire to practice only on SUS or on international programs. In this context, results indicate that Unicamp inclusion policy and its modifications over the years, particularly in 2016 entrance exams, have been effective in broadening access to medical education, such as greater socio demographic, economic and ethnic plurality coupled with variations in reasons for choice of medical career and specialty among graduation years analyzed.

Surgical treatment of microinvasive cervical cancer: analysis of pathologic features with implications on radicality.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pathologic features with implications on surgical radicality in women treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer stage IA1 with lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) and stage IA2 by correlating findings in conization and hysterectomy specimens. METHODS: Women with cervical cancer stage IA1 with LVSI and stage IA2 diagnosed by loop electrosurgical excisional procedure or cold knife conization were treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy from January 1999 to December 2011 in 2 institutions. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled: 40 with stage IA2 and 10 with stage IA1 with LVSI. Median age was 43 (30-67) years. All patients underwent cervical conization for diagnosis (45 loop electrosurgical excisional procedure, 5 cold knife). Lymph vascular space invasion was detected in 15 patients (30%). Two patients had positive pelvic nodes. No parametrial involvement was detected in the entire cohort. Positive margins were present in 35 patients, and residual disease was detected in 22 patients (44%). Positive margins predicted residual disease at radical hysterectomy (P = 0.02). Medium follow-up time was 51 months. One patient developed a pelvic recurrence, and there were no disease-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with positive margins in cone biopsy specimens have an increased risk of residual disease at radical hysterectomy and require careful evaluation before conservative surgery. Pelvic lymph node evaluation is essential because lymph node metastasis may occur even in early stages. The lack of parametrial invasion in this study reinforces the knowledge that the select group of patients with microinvasive cervical carcinoma stages IA1 LVSI and stage IA2 have a very low risk of parametrial infiltration. Less radical surgery can be carefully considered for these patients.

Usefulness of vaginal cytology tests in women with previous hysterectomy for benign diseases: assessment of 53,891 tests.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of vaginal screening cytology after hysterectomy for benign disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used cytology audit data from 2,512,039 screening tests in the metropolitan region of Campinas from 2000 to 2012; the object was to compare the prevalence of abnormal tests in women who had undergone a hysterectomy for benign diseases (n=53,891) to that of women who had had no hysterectomy. Prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals, 95% CI) were determined, and chi-square analysis, modified by the Cochrane-Armitage test for trend, was used to investigate the effects of age. RESULTS: The prevalence of atypical squamous cells (ASC), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or squamous-cell carcinoma (HSIL/SCC) was 0.13%, 0.04% and 0.03%, respectively, in women who had undergone hysterectomy, and 0.93%, 0.51% and 0.26% in women who had not undergone hysterectomy. The prevalence ratios for ASC, LSIL and HSIL/SCC were 0.14 (0.11-0.17), 0.08 (0.06-0.13) and 0.13 (0.08-0.20), respectively, in women with a hysterectomy versus those without. For HSIL/SCC, the prevalence ratios were 0.09 and 0.29, respectively, for women <50 or ≥50 years. The prevalence rates in women with a previous hysterectomy showed no significant variation with age. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rates of ASC, LSIL and HSIL/SCC were significantly lower in women with a previous hysterectomy for benign disease compared with those observed in women with an intact uterine cervix. This study reinforces the view that there is no evidence that cytological screening is beneficial for women who have had a hysterectomy for benign disease.

Protection against squamous cell carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma afforded by cervical cytology screening: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of cervical cytology screening on the prevalence of cervical cytological results in women, as a function of age and test interval. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of cytology screening data of 2,002,472 tests obtained from previously screened women and 217,826 tests from unscreened women. The central cytopathology laboratory database was analyzed. The tests were collected for screening purposes from Campinas metropolitan region, Brazil. A prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated for the screened women, in relation to the unscreened women, and for different tests intervals. Protection afforded by screening (1-PR) was calculated. RESULTS: For high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, the PR was 0.97 (0.83-1.13) for women aged 20 years or younger and 0.99 (0.86-1.14) for women aged 20 to 24 years, decreasing significantly in women aged 25 to 29 years (PR, 0.63 [0.52-0.76]). The PR for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and invasive adenocarcinoma showed a significant reduction in all age groups older than 30 years. For the age group ranging from 30 to 59 years, protection for squamous cell carcinoma, AIS, and invasive adenocarcinoma was 83% or higher for screening intervals from 1 to 5 years. Protective effect was not demonstrated for screening intervals longer than 5 years for AIS and invasive adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Cytology screening is effective at preventing cytological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, squamous cell carcinoma, AIS, and invasive adenocarcinoma. On the basis of cytological results, protection against AIS and invasive adenocarcinoma was observed with screening intervals shorter than 5 years. Cytological screening in women 25 years or younger should be critically evaluated.

HE4 can help discriminate women with malignant ovarian tumors only if CA125 levels are elevated.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of mesothelin, CA125, HE4 and ROMA index in the detection of malignant ovarian tumors. 
Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study including 199 women with adnexal masses (67 with malignant tumors and 132 with benign tumors) and 150 healthy women (controls). We used a recursive multivariate partitioning algorithm to assess the contribution of each of the serum markers and the ROMA index to the discrimination of women with malignant tumors. Also, the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) for each of the serum markers and for the ROMA index were compared using the Venkatraman's projection-permutation test. 
Results: In the recursive model, CA125 had the best performance in discriminating women with malignant tumors. In women with normal-range CA125 levels, none of the other markers contributed to the discrimination of women with malignant tumors. In women with elevated CA125 levels, elevated HE4 levels were associated with an increased risk of harboring a malignant tumor. The AUC for mesothelin was smaller than that for all the other curves, and both the ROMA index and CA125 had better AUC than HE4. 
 Conclusion: In women with normal CA125 levels, neither mesothelin nor HE4 contributed to discriminate women with malignant ovarian tumors; however, for women with elevated CA125 levels HE4 may help discriminating those who have a malignant ovarian tumor.