Transcatheter embolisation in chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

Chronic musculoskeletal conditions affect millions of patients worldwide resulting in disability, reduced quality of life, and have a profound economic impact on the individual and society. Current treatment strategies fail patients who have not responded to conservative management but are not surgical candidates. Over the last decade, transcatheter embolisation has emerged as a potential treatment for these difficult to treat patients. By exploiting pathological neovascularisation within conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, adhesive capsulitis, and tendinopathy, embolisation has been used to improve patients' pain and function. This review explores the rationale for musculoskeletal transcatheter embolisation, illustrating the technique, and latest evidence for the most common procedures.

Incorporating medical students into school-based asthma education improves asthma knowledge in children.

OBJECTIVES: Asthma affects 1.1 million children in the UK, substantially impacting quality of life and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Effective asthma self-management, education and empowerment can lead to a reduction in asthma related morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that medical students can significantly improve school children's knowledge and awareness of asthma, at least in the short term. We sought to implement a medical student-led educational intervention program tailored to school-aged children, measure immediate improvements in asthma-related knowledge among participants, and determine if any population factors were associated with a difference in knowledge improvement. METHODS: Children were recruited from schools in Greater London. A 20-minute presentation was given by medical students which covered basic physiology of asthma, triggers, treatment, how to recognize a peer who is having an acute asthma attack and common misconceptions about asthma. The children's knowledge was tested using questionnaires completed before and immediately after the presentation. RESULTS: Medical students taught 1711 children aged 5 to 11 both with and without asthma. The average questionnaire score was 4.67/13 (SD 2.82) at baseline and 10.15/13 (SD 2.92) following the program. An improvement in scores was observed in all age groups and was greatest in children aged 10 and 11 (p = 0.016 and 0.049 respectively). CONCLUSION: We successfully implemented a medical student led asthma education program for school aged children in the UK. This novel approach was well received and led to a significant improvement in asthma knowledge amongst participants.

Pre-operative anaemia is associated with total morbidity burden on days 3 and 5 after cardiac surgery: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Pre-operative anaemia is associated with mortality and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirement after cardiac surgery. However, the effect on post-operative total morbidity burden (TMB) is unknown. We explored the effect of pre-operative anaemia on post-operative TMB. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Cardiac Post-Operative Morbidity Score (C-POMS) development study (n = 442). C-POMS describes and quantifies (0-13) TMB after cardiac surgery by noting the presence/absence of 13 morbidity domains on days 3 (D3), 5 (D5), 8 (D8) and 15 (D15). Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin concentration below 130 g/l for men and 120 g/l for women. RESULTS: Most patients were White British (86.1%) and male (79.2%) and underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (67.4%). Participants with pre-operative anaemia (n = 137, 31.5%) were over three times more likely to receive RBC transfusion (OR 3.08, 95%CI 1.88-5.06, p < 0.001), had greater D3 and D5 TMB (5 vs 3, p < 0.0001; 3 vs 2, p < 0.0001, respectively) and remained in hospital 2 days longer (8 vs 6 days, p < 0.0001) than non-anaemic patients. Transfused patients remained in hospital 5 days longer than non-transfused patients (p < 0.0001), had higher TMB on all days (all p < 0.001) and suffered greater pulmonary, renal, GI, neurological, endocrine and ambulation morbidities (p 0.026 to <0.001). Pre-operative anaemia and RBC transfusion were independently associated with increased C-POMS score. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative anaemia and RBC transfusion are independently associated with increased post-operative TMB. Understanding TMB may assist in post-operative patient management to reduce morbidity. We recommend the use of the C-POMS tool as a standard outcome tool in further studies.

Clinical utility of the Covidien Closure Fast™ Endovenous Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter.

The Closure Fast™ Endovenous Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter is the latest version of a minimally invasive system for the treatment of patients with superficial venous disease. The Closure Fast™ catheter heats the vein wall to 120°C, causing denaturation of the collagen of the vein wall and contraction of the vessel such that no blood can flow through it. Nearly one million systems have been sold since the product was launched. Many, if not all, patients can be treated under local anesthesia with the Closure Fast™ catheter. Duplex ultrasound reports occlusion rates for the treated vein of 94%-98% at 1 year and 85%-93% at 3 years. The system produces average postoperative pain scores of less than 2 out of 10 on a visual analog score. In the first postoperative week, 76% of patients do not require analgesia. Some 45% of patients return to normal activity on the first postoperative day. Serious complications appear to be rare following the Closure Fast™ procedure. Transient paresthesia occurs in 0.2% of cases, thrombophlebitis in 1%-10%, and thromboembolic events in up to 1.4%, mainly heat-induced thrombosis. Closure Fast™ adds significant costs to treating superficial venous disease but studies have shown it to be cost-effective when used in an office setting.