Boosting Supercapacitor Efficiency with Amorphous Biomass-Derived C@TiO2 Composites.

Carbon materials are readily available and are essential in energy storage. One of the routes used to enhance their surface area and activity is the decoration of carbons with semiconductors, such as amorphous TiO2, for application in energy storage devices. This work reports the preparation of amorphous TiO2 nanopowders, which were obtained through the anodization of titanium in ethaline media. The obtained amorphous TiO2 was used to obtain TiO2-decorated carbon (obtained through the carbonization of glycogen precursor from mussel cooking wastewater, under N2 atmosphere) composites through three different methods: electrochemical in-situ attachment of TiO2 nanopowders to the carbon matrix using ultrasounds and sonication in ethaline. Commercial TiO2 was used as the comparison material. Morphology, composition, and structure analysis were performed, followed by the electrochemical analysis in ethaline electrolyte. The in-situ attachment of amorphous TiO2 to the carbon matrix shows the most promising electrochemical performance of 956 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 for the three-electrode cell setup, with 100%  and 98% capacitance retention after 1000 and 10000 cycles. On a two-electrode symmetric solid-state electrolyte cell, the gravimetric capacitance is 1251 F g-1, at 1 A g-1, with 90% and 78% capacitance retention after 1000 and 10000 cycles, respectively.

Quais são as barreiras e facilitadores para a participação de pessoas com Síndrome de Down? Uma Revisão de Escopo.

OBJETIVO: Determinar as barreiras e facilitadores da participação ativa na comunidade de crianças, adolescentes e adultos com Síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas para identificar estudos originais sobre a participação de crianças, adolescentes (idades <18 anos) e adultos (idades de 18 a 59 anos) com SD. Barreiras e facilitadores para a participação foram categorizados em fatores: pessoais, sociais, ambientais e de políticas e programas. Os achados foram analisados e validados por um jovem adulto com SD e um membro da família, utilizando a estratégia de Envolvimento do Público e Paciente. RESULTADOS: Quatorze estudos foram incluídos, oito com crianças e adolescentes e seis com adultos. Dos 14 estudos, dez eram qualitativos e quatro quantitativos. A maioria dos estudos (n = 9) investigou a participação em atividades físicas, enquanto apenas alguns estudos examinaram a participação em atividades comunitárias/sociais (n = 3), atividades diárias (n = 2) e atividades de lazer (n = 1). As barreiras e facilitadores mais frequentemente citados foram a disponibilidade de programas e profissionais especializados, transporte, bem como atitudes e comportamentos. As características físicas e psicológicas das pessoas com SD e as instalações também foram frequentemente mencionadas como barreiras. Por outro lado, o desejo de se manter ativo e o interesse pessoal na atividade estavam entre os facilitadores mais frequentemente relatados. INTERPRETAÇÃO: A participação de pessoas com SD é principalmente influenciada por fatores físicos ou psicológicos, o apoio e as atitudes dos pais/cuidadores e a disponibilidade de programas especializados. Dada a escassez de pesquisas investigando a participação de pessoas com SD em atividades comunitárias, atividades diárias e lazer, especialmente em adultos, mais estudos ainda são necessários.

What are the barriers and facilitators to participation of people with Down syndrome? A scoping review.

AIM: To determine the barriers and facilitators of active community participation of children, adolescents, and adults with Down syndrome. METHOD: Searches were completed in five electronic databases to identify original studies about participation of children, adolescents (ages < 18 years), and adults (ages 18-59 years) with Down syndrome. Barriers and facilitators to participation were categorized into four factors: personal, social, environmental, and policy and programme. Findings were analysed and validated by a young adult with Down syndrome and a family member, using the public and patient involvement strategy. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included: eight with children and adolescents and six with adults. Of the 14 studies, 10 were qualitative and four quantitative. Most studies (n = 9) investigated participation in physical activities, while only a few examined participation in community/social activities (n = 3), daily activities (n = 2), and leisure activities (n = 1). The most commonly cited barriers and facilitators were the availability of programmes and specialized professionals, transportation, as well as attitudes and behaviours. Physical and psychological characteristics of people with Down syndrome and facilities were also frequently mentioned as barriers. On the other hand, the desire to stay active and personal interest in the activity were among the most frequently reported facilitators. INTERPRETATION: The participation of people with Down syndrome is mainly influenced by physical or psychological factors, the support and attitudes of parents/caregivers, and the availability of specialized programmes. Given the scarcity of research investigating the participation of people with Down syndrome in community activities, daily activities, and leisure, especially in adults, more studies are still needed.

Exploring the transcriptional landscape of phage-host interactions using novel high-throughput approaches.

In the last decade, powerful high-throughput sequencing approaches have emerged to analyse microbial transcriptomes at a global scale. However, to date, applications of these approaches to microbial viruses such as phages remain scarce. Tailoring these techniques to virus-infected bacteria promises to obtain a detailed picture of the underexplored RNA biology and molecular processes during infection. In addition, transcriptome study of stress and perturbations induced by phages in their infected bacterial hosts is likely to reveal new fundamental mechanisms of bacterial metabolism and gene regulation. Here, we provide references and blueprints to implement emerging transcriptomic approaches towards addressing transcriptome architecture, RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions, RNA modifications, structures and heterogeneity of transcription profiles in infected cells that will provide guides for future directions in phage-centric therapeutic applications and microbial synthetic biology.

Electrochemical immunosensor for point-of-care detection of soybean Gly m TI allergen in foods.

Soybean is a legume with high technological functionality, commonly used by the food industry as an ingredient in different products. However, soybean is an allergenic food whose undeclared presence in processed foods may represent a public health risk. In this work, it was developed an efficient electrochemical immunosensor, targeting the soybean trypsin inhibitor (Gly m TI) allergen using commercial anti-Gly m TI IgG, aiming at detecting/quantifying minute amounts of soybean in different food formulations. For this purpose, model mixtures of different foods (sausages, cooked-hams, biscuits) were prepared to contain known amounts of soybean protein isolate (100,000-0.1 mg kg-1) and submitted to specific thermal treatments (autoclaving, oven-cooking, baking). The electrochemical immunosensor allowed quantifying down to 0.1 mg kg-1 of soybean in the three food matrices, raw and processed (0.0012 mg of Gly m TI/kg of matrix). Accordingly, the immunosensor is suitable for detecting traces of soybean in raw, processed, and complex foods, thus protecting 99 % of soybean-allergic patients.

Inseguridad Alimentaria y Emergencia Climática: sindemia global y un desafío de salud pública en américa latina / Food Insecurity and Climate Emergency: Global Syndemic and a Public Health Challenge in Latin America public health challenge in latin america

As interfaces entre a insegurança alimentar e a crise climática são diversas, imbricadas e, cada vez mais, se posicionam na centralidade dos debates e dos desafios para a Saúde Pública global, especialmente por produzirem impactos mais evidentes em países e regiões onde as desigualdades históricas e estruturais são mais evidentes, como na América Latina. Uma complexa situação que pode ser melhor compreendida através do conceito de sindemia, que se refere à interação entre múltiplas epidemias que afetam uma população, ao mesmo tempo e no mesmo local, alimentando-se, agravando-se e criando um cenário desafiador para os serviços, programas e sistemas de saúde nos níveis local, regional e/ou global. Compreender as interfaces entre as crises alimentar e climática em um quadro sindêmico global centra a atenção na escala e na urgência de enfrentar estes desafios, de forma abrangente e articulada, enfatizando a necessidade de organizar esforços em torno de soluções comuns, contribuindo para o fortalecimento de capacidades locais, comprometidas com a garantia da segurança e da soberania alimentar e regidas pelos princípios inegociáveis da dignidade humana e do respeito às pessoas e a sua sabedoria. Motivados pela necessidade de gerar evidências dessa "crise de crises", com o objetivo de subsidiar estratégias de enfrentamento de suas consequências junto a setores de governo e da sociedade civil organizada, um grupo de aproximadamente 80 destacados pesquisadores, vinculados a 24 instituições acadêmicas com sede em 11 países da América Latina, decidiu se unir para criar o Grupo de Estudos sobre Sistemas Alimentares Latino-americanos no marco da Mudança Global ­ SALA Global, cuja primeira iniciativa foi elaborar um panorama das crises alimentar e climática na região, resultando no presente livro.

Mapping of public health courses and training programs in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To map public health courses and training programs in Brazil and identify, in their curricula and study plans, the level of linkage between the skills and competencies developed by them and the essential public health functions. METHODS: Descriptive, exploratory study based on collection and analysis of information available on the websites of educational institutions that offer public health courses and training programs in Brazil. Data was collected within the scope of the I Mapeo de Cursos y Programas de Formación en Salud Pública de América Latina. RESULTS: A total of 1,222 public health courses and training programs offered in the country were identified, with unequal territorial distribution but taking place in all federation units. Results revealed a set of challenges to public health professionals' training, including lack of linkage both between training offer and demand in public health (unequal distribution of courses, concentration of training capacity in capitals and in certain regions, among others), and between theories and training practices (low levels of connection of developed skills and competencies with the essential public health functions, predominance of disciplinary method guided by professional competence centers, among others). CONCLUSIONS: Overcoming these challenges requires structural, political, and technological efforts, narrowing the gaps between public health training programs' availability and the demands of health services and programs in the country.

Systematization of Nursing Care: how did the concept mature?

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the Systematization of Nursing Care conceptual maturation from the perspective of pragmatic utility. METHODS: a concept analysis study. The stages were: select the concept; elaborate analytical questions; comprehensively review the literature; and determine concept structural components. Sixty-one documents were analyzed after a search carried out until October 2019. RESULTS: four temporal periods of contextual changes have occurred since the emergence of ideas of a systematization in the 1960s. This first lasted until 1990. It was followed by those from 1990 to 2002, from 2002 to 2009 and from 2009 onwards. Partial conceptual maturity was identified, operationalization over the years, based on multiple definitions, and, currently, a concept of Systematization of Nursing Care with managerial and organizational attributes. CONCLUSIONS: the concept of Systematization of Nursing Care is partially mature, presents multiple definitions, being operationalized in uncertain connections with other concepts.

A systematic review of the use of bacteriophages for in vitro biofilm control.

Bacteriophages (phages) are very promising biological agents for the prevention and control of bacterial biofilms. However, little is known about the parameters that can influence the efficacy of phages on biofilms. This systematic review provides a summary and analysis of the published data about the use of phages to control pre-formed biofilms in vitro, suggesting recommendations for future experiments in this area. A total of 68 articles, containing data on 605 experiments addressing the efficacy of phages to control biofilms in vitro were included, after a search conducted in Web of Science, Embase, and Medline (PubMed). The data collected from each experiment included information about biofilm growth conditions, phage characteristics, treatment conditions and biofilm reduction. In most cases, biofilms were formed in the surface of microtiter plates (82.5%); the median time for biofilm formation was 24 h, as is the median treatment duration. Quantification of biofilm biomass (52.6%), viable cells (25.5%) and metabolic activity (17.9%) were the most common biofilm assessment methods. Correlation analysis revealed that some phage parameters can influence the treatment outcome: higher phage concentrations were strongly associated with improved biofilm control, leading to higher levels of biofilm reduction, and phages with higher burst sizes and shorter latent periods seem to be the best candidates to control biofilms in vitro. However, the great variability of the methodologies used prompts the need for the development of standardized in vitro methodologies to characterize phage/biofilm interactions and to assess the efficacy of phages to control biofilms.

Renewable Carbon Materials as Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors: From Marine Biowaste to High Specific Surface Area Porous Biocarbons.

Waste, in particular, biowaste, can be a valuable source of novel carbon materials. Renewable carbon materials, such as biomass-derived carbons, have gained significant attention recently as potential electrode materials for various electrochemical devices, including batteries and supercapacitors. The importance of renewable carbon materials as electrodes can be attributed to their sustainability, low cost, high purity, high surface area, and tailored properties. Fish waste recovered from the fish processing industry can be used for energy applications and prioritizing the circular economy principles. Herein, a method is proposed to prepare a high surface area biocarbon from glycogen extracted from mussel cooking wastewater. The biocarbon materials were characterized using a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analyzer to determine the specific surface area and pore size and by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Raman analysis, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical characterization was performed using a three-electrode system, utilizing a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as an eco-friendly and sustainable electrolyte. Optimal time and temperature allowed the preparation of glycogen-based carbon materials, with a specific surface area of 1526 m2 g-1, a pore volume of 0.38 cm3 g-1, and an associated specific capacitance of 657 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, at 30 °C. The optimal material was scaled up to a two-electrode supercapacitor using a DES-based solid-state electrolyte (SSE@DES). This prototype delivered a maximum capacitance of 703 F g-1 at a 1 A g-1 of current density, showing 75% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles, delivering the highest energy density of 0.335 W h kg-1 and power density of 1341 W kg-1. Marine waste can be a sustainable source for producing nanoporous carbon materials to be incorporated as electrode materials in energy storage devices.

Impact of phage predation on P. aeruginosa adhered to human airway epithelium: major transcriptomic changes in metabolism and virulence-associated genes.

Phage therapy is a promising adjunct therapeutic approach against bacterial multidrug-resistant infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived infections. Nevertheless, the current knowledge about the phage-bacteria interaction within a human environment is limited. In this work, we performed a transcriptome analysis of phage-infected P. aeruginosa adhered to a human epithelium (Nuli-1 ATCC® CRL-4011™). To this end, we performed RNA-sequencing from a complex mixture comprising phage-bacteria-human cells at early, middle, and late infection and compared it to uninfected adhered bacteria. Overall, we demonstrated that phage genome transcription is unaltered by bacterial growth and phage employs a core strategy of predation through upregulation of prophage-associated genes, a shutdown of bacterial surface receptors, and motility inhibition. In addition, specific responses were captured under lung-simulating conditions, with the expression of genes related to spermidine syntheses, sulphate acquisition, biofilm formation (both alginate and polysaccharide syntheses), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification, pyochelin expression, and downregulation of virulence regulators. These responses should be carefully studied in detail to better discern phage-induced changes from bacterial responses against phage. Our results establish the relevance of using complex settings that mimics in vivo conditions to study phage-bacteria interplay, being obvious the phage versatility on bacterial cell invasion.

Aberrant Splicing Caused by a Novel VPS16 Variant Linked to Dystonia Type 30.

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions, causing abnormal postures and/or repetitive movements. In this report, we identified a novel heterozygous splice-site variant in VPS16 (NM_022575.4:c.240+3G>C) in a patient with cervical and upper limb dystonia without other neurological or extra-neurological features. Analysis of patient's blood mRNA showed disruption of exon 3/intron 3 donor splice-site, leading to exon 3 skipping, which predictably results in a frameshift [p.(Ala48Valfs*14)]. Despite the scarcity of splice-affecting variants described in VPS16-related dystonia, our report contributes with the first fully characterized variant at the mRNA level.

Pseudodominance in Friedreich Ataxia-Impact of High Prevalence of Carriers and Intrafamilial Clinical Variation.

Background: Friedreich ataxia (FA) is the most common form of autosomal recessive (AR) ataxia. It is a rare disease, but carriers are frequent (1/100). Pseudodominance in FA has seldomly been reported; it may pose additional challenges for diagnosis. Cases: A family with two consecutive generations affected by FA is described. The proband and two younger siblings had typical FA, characterized by infantile-onset ataxia, hyporeflexia, Babinski sign, cardiomyopathy, and loss of ambulation in the second decade of life. Another female sibling had delayed-onset (>25 years old), with mild cerebellar and sensitive ataxia since her mid-30s. Their father presented very late-onset FA (>40 years old), with sensitive axonal neuropathy. All five patients had biallelic (GAA)n expansion in FXN. The first three had larger expansions (>800 repeats), while the latter two had one shorter expanded allele (~90 repeats). Literature Review: Pseudodominant inheritance has been described in 13 neurological disorders. Seven are movement disorders, of which three were associated with high frequency of carriers (FA, Wilson's disease and PRKN-related parkinsonism). Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of pseudodominance when facing an apparent autosomal dominant pedigree, particularly in disorders with high frequency of carriers and variable expression. Otherwise, genetic diagnoses may be delayed.

Plasmonic genosensor for detecting hazelnut Cor a 14-encoding gene for food allergen monitoring.

A plasmonic nanostructure was constructed as a biorecognition element coupled to an optical sensing platform in sandwich format, targeting the hazelnut Cor a 14 allergen-encoding gene. The analytical performance of the genosensor presented a linear dynamic range between 100 amol L-1 and 1 nmol L-1, a limit of detection (LOD) < 19.9 amol L-1, and a sensitivity of 13.4 ± 0.6 m°. The genosensor was successfully hybridized with hazelnut PCR products, tested with model foods, and further validated by real-time PCR. It reached a LOD <0.001% (10 mg kg-1) of hazelnut in wheat material (corresponding to 1.6 mg kg-1 of protein) and a sensitivity of -17.2 ± 0.5 m° for a linear range of 0.001%-1%. Herein, a new genosensing approach is proposed as a highly sensitive and specific alternative tool with potential application in monitoring hazelnut as an allergenic food, protecting the health of sensitized/allergic individuals.

Chitins from Seafood Waste as Sustainable Porous Carbon Precursors for the Development of Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors.

Carbon materials derived from marine waste have been drawing attention for supercapacitor applications. In this work, chitins from squid and prawn marine wastes were used as carbon precursors for further application as electrodes for energy storage devices. Chitins were obtained through a deproteinization method based on enzymatic hydrolysis as an alternative to chemical hydrolysis as commonly presented in the literature. The obtained porous carbons were characterized using a BET surface area analyzer to determine the specific surface area and pore size, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to characterize their morphology, composition, and structure. The electrochemical characterization was performed using a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with marine waste-based porous carbons as the working electrode through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge using ethaline, a choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), as an eco-friendly and sustainable electrolyte. Squid and prawn chitin-based carbons presented a surface area of 149.3 m2 g-1 and 85.0 m2 g-1, pore volume of 0.053 cm3 g-1 and 0.029 cm3 g-1, and an associated specific capacitance of 20 and 15 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, respectively. Preliminary studies were performed to understand the effect of -OH groups on the chitin-based carbon surface with DES as an electrolyte, as well as the effect of aqueous electrolytes (1 mol L-1 sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 1 mol L-1 potassium hydroxide (KOH)) on the capacitance and retention of the half-cell set up. It is provided, for the first time, the use of chitin-based carbon materials obtained through a one-step carbonization process combined with an eco-friendly DES electrolyte for potential application in energy storage devices.

[Mapping public health training in Latin America: perspectives for training institutionsMapeamento da formação em saúde pública na América Latina: perspectivas para as instituições formadoras]. / Mapeo de la formación en salud pública en América Latina: perspectivas para las instituciones formadoras.

Objective: Map the public health training courses and programs offered in Latin America, and identify regional training strategies and competencies developed in health workers. Methods: An internet search was conducted to identify public health training courses and programs offered by Latin American institutions. The following data were collected: name, country, and province/state of the training institution; course name; type of institution; educational level; modality; accreditation; year first offered; periodicity; and contact information. The programs and curricula on offer were analyzed by training level using descriptive content analysis, and the main competencies developed were identified. Results: The mapping identified 2 296 public health training opportunities in all Latin American subregions, distributed across 29 of the Region's 33 countries; these were fairly heterogeneous, both conceptually and programmatically, with uneven geographical distribution within and between countries. In the analysis of curricula and programmatic contents, a need for greater linkage with essential public health functions was detected. Conclusion: It is necessary to adapt the competencies and skills developed by the courses and programs to the demands of users of the regional health services, programs, and systems in order to achieve programs aimed at tackling the socio-environmental determinants of health and the production and reproduction of inequalities.

Objetivo: Mapear os cursos e programas de formação em saúde pública oferecidos na América Latina e identificar estratégias de formação e competências desenvolvidas na formação regional de profissionais de saúde pública. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca na internet para identificar cursos e programas de formação em saúde pública oferecidos por instituições latino-americanas. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: nome, país e estado ou província da instituição formadora; nome do curso; característica da instituição; nível de formação; modalidade; acreditação; ano da primeira turma; regularidade e detalhes de contato. Em seguida, os programas e currículos oferecidos foram analisados por nível de formação, por meio da técnica descritiva de análise de conteúdo, e foram identificadas as principais competências desenvolvidas. Resultados: O mapeamento permitiu identificar 2 296 ofertas de formação em saúde pública em todas as sub-regiões da América Latina, distribuídas em 29 dos 33 países da Região. As ofertas identificadas foram bastante heterogêneas, tanto do ponto de vista conceitual como programático, e com uma distribuição geográfica desproporcional nos países e entre as sub-regiões. A análise dos currículos e conteúdos programáticos detectou a necessidade de um maior vínculo com as funções essenciais da saúde pública. Conclusão: Observou-se a necessidade de adequar as competências e habilidades desenvolvidas pelos cursos e programas às demandas dos usuários dos serviços, programas e sistemas regionais de saúde, a fim de concretizar programas voltados para o enfrentamento dos processos de determinação socioambiental da saúde e de produção e reprodução de desigualdades.

+Literacia emocional: competências emocionais dos enfermeiros / +Emotional Literacy: Nurses Emotional Skills

O interesse pela inteligência emocional e desenvolvimento das competências emocionais tem vindo a aumentar. A iliteracia emocional gera problemas socio emocionais e conflitos (Goleman, 2010). O desenvolvimento das competências emocionais dá lugar à educação emocional e representa um dos objetivos primordiais– promover a Literacia Emocional dos Enfermeiros e consequentemente uma Saúde Mental Positiva.No âmbito da Promoção da Saúde Mental, pretende-se elaborar um Módulo “+Literacia Emocional: Competências Emocionais dos Enfermeiros” de acordo com as 5 dimensões, identificadas por Xavier e Nunes (2016): Conhecimento emocional; Autonomia emocional; Regulação emocional; Competência social; Habilidades de vida e bem-estar. A intervenção, baseada no modelo multifatorial de Saúde Mental Positiva, pretende ser um recurso para o programa de Promoção de Saúde Mental Positiva “+ por Ti”, recorrendo aos instrumentos de avaliação utilizados neste programa. A metodologia adotada tem como base o método exploratório e descritivo, com revisão sistemática da literatura. (AU)

Interest in emotional intelligence and the development of emotional skills has been increasing. Emotional illiteracy generates socio-emotional problems and conflicts (Goleman, 2010). The development of emotional competencies gives rise to emotional education and represents one of the primary objectives – to promote the Emotional Literacy of Nurses and, consequently, Positive Mental Health. Within the scope of Mental Health Promotion, this study sought to develop a Module “+Emotional Literacy: Emotional Competences of Nurses” according to the five dimensions identified by Xavier and Nunes (2016): Emotional knowledge; Emotional autonomy; Emotional regulation; Social competence; Life skills and well-being. Based on the multifactorial model of Positive Mental Health, the intervention intends to be a resource for the Promotion of Positive Mental Health programme “+ por Ti”, using the evaluation instruments used in this programme. The methodology adopted is based on the exploratory and descriptive method, with a systematic literature review. (AU)

Mapeo de la formación en salud pública en América Latina: perspectivas para las instituciones formadoras

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Cartografiar los cursos y programas de formación en salud pública ofrecidos en América Latina e identificar estrategias formativas y competencias desarrolladas en la formación regional de salubristas. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en internet para identificar cursos y programas de formación en salud pública ofrecidos por instituciones latinoamericanas. Se recopilaron los siguientes datos: nombre, país y pro- vincia de la institución formadora; nombre del curso; característica de la institución; nivel formativo; modalidad; acreditación; año de la primera oferta; regularidad; y datos de contacto. Luego se analizaron los programas y currículos de las ofertas por nivel formativo a través de técnica de análisis de contenido descriptiva y se identificaron las principales competencias desarrolladas. Resultados. El mapeo permitió identificar de 2 296 ofertas formativas en salud pública en todas las subre- giones de América Latina, distribuidas en 29 de los 33 países de la Región. Las ofertas identificadas se presentaban bastante heterogéneas, tanto desde el punto de vista conceptual como programático, y con distribución geográfica desproporcional en los países y entre las subregiones. El análisis de los currículos y contenidos programáticos detectó la necesidad de una mayor vinculación con las funciones esenciales en salud pública. Conclusiones. Se observó la necesidad de adecuar las competencias y habilidades desarrolladas por los cursos y programas a las demandas de los usuarios de los servicios, programas y sistemas de salud regio- nales, para lograr programas orientados al enfrentamiento de los procesos de determinación socioambiental de la salud y de producción y reproducción de desigualdades.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Map the public health training courses and programs offered in Latin America, and identify regional training strategies and competencies developed in health workers. Methods. An internet search was conducted to identify public health training courses and programs offered by Latin American institutions. The following data were collected: name, country, and province/state of the training institution; course name; type of institution; educational level; modality; accreditation; year first offered; periodicity; and contact information. The programs and curricula on offer were analyzed by training level using descriptive content analysis, and the main competencies developed were identified. Results. The mapping identified 2 296 public health training opportunities in all Latin American subregions, distributed across 29 of the Region's 33 countries; these were fairly heterogeneous, both conceptually and programmatically, with uneven geographical distribution within and between countries. In the analysis of curricula and programmatic contents, a need for greater linkage with essential public health functions was detected. Conclusions. It is necessary to adapt the competencies and skills developed by the courses and programs to the demands of users of the regional health services, programs, and systems in order to achieve programs aimed at tackling the socio-environmental determinants of health and the production and reproduction of inequalities.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Mapear os cursos e programas de formação em saúde pública oferecidos na América Latina e identificar estratégias de formação e competências desenvolvidas na formação regional de profissionais de saúde pública. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca na internet para identificar cursos e programas de formação em saúde pública oferecidos por instituições latino-americanas. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: nome, país e estado ou província da instituição formadora; nome do curso; característica da instituição; nível de formação; modalidade; acreditação; ano da primeira turma; regularidade e detalhes de contato. Em seguida, os progra- mas e currículos oferecidos foram analisados por nível de formação, por meio da técnica descritiva de análise de conteúdo, e foram identificadas as principais competências desenvolvidas. Resultados. O mapeamento permitiu identificar 2 296 ofertas de formação em saúde pública em todas as sub-regiões da América Latina, distribuídas em 29 dos 33 países da Região. As ofertas identificadas foram bastante heterogêneas, tanto do ponto de vista conceitual como programático, e com uma distribuição geográfica desproporcional nos países e entre as sub-regiões. A análise dos currículos e conteúdos progra- máticos detectou a necessidade de um maior vínculo com as funções essenciais da saúde pública. Conclusões. Observou-se a necessidade de adequar as competências e habilidades desenvolvidas pelos cursos e programas às demandas dos usuários dos serviços, programas e sistemas regionais de saúde, a fim de concretizar programas voltados para o enfrentamento dos processos de determinação socioambiental da saúde e de produção e reprodução de desigualdades.