Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

The care for patients suffering from cardiopulmonary arrest in a context of a COVID-19 pandemic has particularities that should be highlighted. The following recommendations from the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine (AMIB) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), associations and societies official representatives of specialties affiliated to the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), aim to guide the various assistant teams, in a context of little solid evidence, maximizing the protection of teams and patients. It is essential to wear full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for aerosols during the care of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and it is imperative to consider and treat the potential causes in these patients, especially hypoxia and arrhythmias caused by changes in the QT interval or myocarditis. The installation of an advanced invasive airway must be obtained early and the use of High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) filters at the interface with the valve bag is mandatory; situations of occurrence of CPR during mechanical ventilation and in a prone position demand peculiarities that are different from the conventional CPR pattern. Faced with the care of a patient diagnosed or suspected of COVID-19, the care follows the national and international protocols and guidelines 2015 ILCOR (International Alliance of Resuscitation Committees), AHA 2019 Guidelines (American Heart Association) and the Update of the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Care Directive of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology 2019.

A atenção ao paciente vítima de parada cardiorrespiratória em um contexto de pandemia de COVID-19 possui particularidades que devem ser ressaltadas. As seguintes recomendações da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência (ABRAMEDE), Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) e Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), associações e sociedades representantes oficiais de especialidades afiliadas a Associação Medica Brasileira (AMB), têm por objetivo orientar as diversas equipes assistentes, em um contexto de poucas evidências sólidas, maximizando a proteção das equipes e dos pacientes.É fundamental a paramentação completa com Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) para aerossóis durante o atendimento de Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR), e imperativo que se considerem e tratem os potenciais causas nesses pacientes, principalmente hipóxia e arritmias causadas por alterações no intervalo QT ou miocardites. A instalação de via aérea invasiva avançada deve ser obtida precocemente e o uso de filtros High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) na interface com a bolsa-válvula é obrigatório; situações de ocorrência de PCR durante a ventilação mecânica e em posição pronada demandam peculiaridades distintas do padrão convencional de PCR. Frente ao atendimento de um paciente com diagnóstico ou suspeito de COVID-19, o atendimento segue em acordo com os protocolos e diretrizes nacionais e internacionais 2015 ILCOR (Aliança Internacional dos Comitês de Ressuscitação), Diretrizes AHA 2019 (American Heart Association) e a Atualização da Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia 2019.

Position Statement: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19 - 2020. / Posicionamento para Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar de Pacientes com Diagnóstico ou Suspeita de COVID-19 ­ 2020.

Care for patients with cardiac arrest in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has several unique aspects that warrant particular attention. This joint position statement by the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (AMIB), and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), all official societies representing the corresponding medical specialties affiliated with the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), provides recommendations to guide health care workers in the current context of limited robust evidence, aiming to maximize the protection of staff and patients alike. It is essential that full aerosol precautions, which include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, be followed during resuscitation. It is also imperative that potential causes of cardiac arrest of particular interest in this patient population, especially hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation, and myocarditis, be considered and addressed. An advanced invasive airway device should be placed early. Use of HEPA filters at the bag-valve interface is mandatory. Management of cardiac arrest occurring during mechanical ventilation or during prone positioning demands particular ventilator settings and rescuer positioning for chest compressions which deviate from standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Apart from these logistical issues, care should otherwise follow national and international protocols and guidelines, namely the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and 2019 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines and the 2019 Update to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guideline.

Efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio e do uso de estatinas sobre o perfil lipídico de animais com dislipidemia / Effects of physical training and statins therapy in the lipidic profile of animals with dyslipidemia

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio (TFA) e a sua associação com estatinas no controle do perfil lipídico em modelo experimental animal com dislipidemia. Este estudo experimental utilizou ratos machos Wistar submetidos a ração comercial e sedentários (GRS), ração comercial e TFA (GRTAF), á dieta hipercolesterolêmica mantidos sedentários (GDHS) e submetidos ao TFA (GDHTFA), à dieta hipercolesterolêmica, sinvastatina, sedentários (GDHSiS) e submetidos ao TFA (GDHSiTFA), à dieta hipercolesterolêmica, fluvastatina, sedentários (GDHFS) e treinados (GDHFTFA).O TFA foi realizado em esteira rolante durante oito semanas. Foi realizado o teste t-teste de Student pareado, com nível de significância para p < 0,05. Notou-se redução significante no nível sérico CT associado ao TFA, exceto em GDHSiTFA, comparado aos sedentários. Observou-se redução nos níveis séricos de HDLc nos grupos GDHFTA (12,1±2,6mg/dL) e GDHS (15,2±2,9mg/dL), comparado aos demais. Houve aumento da fração não-HDLc em GDHSiTFA, GRS e GDHS (76,8±28,4; 71,4±19,9; 62,9±17,3mg/dL, respectivamente), comparado aos demais (GRTFA=52,8±18 mg/dL; GDHTFA=50,4±7,1 mg/dL; GDHSiS=45,4±15,3mg/dL; GDHFTFA-47,1±21mg/dL; GDHFS (52,3±14,8mg/dL). Notou-se, redução nos níveis séricos de triglicérides nos grupos GDHFTFA (53,3±33mg/dL) e GDHSiS (45,1±20,0) e GDHFS (79,3±23,3mg/dL), exceto em GDHSiTFA (89,6±30,4mg/dL), e GRS (108,2±20,6mg/dL). Conclui-se que o TFA associado à fluvastatina parece potencializar o tratamento da dislipidemia considerando a redução de CT se comparado à simvastatina; no entanto, alterações em HDLc foram resistentes mesmo com o uso de TFA e hipolipemiantes. A variação nos níveis de triglicérides e não-HDLc dificulta avaliar a associação entre TFA e hipolipemiantes, exigindo continuidade dos estudos, especialmente do protocolo de treinamento físico.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical training (TFA) and its association with statins in the control of the lipidic profile in an experimental model for dislipidemic animals. To achieve that, male Wistar rats were submitted to commercial ration diet and sedentaries (GRS), commercial ration diet and TFA (GRTFA), hypercholesterolemic diet and sedentaries (GDHS), hypercholesterolemic diet and TFA (GDHTFA), hypercholesterolemic diet, simvastatin and sedentaries (GDHSiS), hypercholesterolemic diet, simvastatin and TFA (GDHSiTFA), hypercholesterolemic diet, fluvastatin and sedentaries (GDHFS) and hypercholesterolemic diet, fluvastatin and TFA (GDHFTFA). TFA was performed using treadmill during eight weeks. The paired t Student test was performed and the level of significance considered in the comparative statistics was p<0.05. Total cholesterol level (CT) in rats subjected to TFA was lower than in sedentary rats, except in GDHSiTFA. There was a reduction in HDLc level in GDHTFA (12.1±2.6mg/dL) and GDHS (15.2±2.9mg/dL), comparing to the other groups. Increased non-HDL fraction was observed in GDHSiTFA, GRS and GDHS (76.8±28.4; 71.4±19.9; 62.9±17.3mg/dL, respectively) when compared to the others (GRTFA=52.8±18 mg/dL; GDHTFA =50.4±7.1 mg/dL; GDHSiS=45.4±15.3mg/dL; GDHFTFA-47.1±21mg/dL; GDHFS (52.3±14.8mg/dL). There was an reduction in triglycerides levels in GDHFTFA (53.3±33mg/dL), GDHSiS (45.1±20.0) and GDHFS (79.3±23.3mg/dL), except in GDHSiTFA (89.6±30.4mg/dL) and GRS (108.2±20.6mg/dL). In conclusion, dyslipidemia treatment seems to be improved by TFA associated to fluvastatine, considering the reduction of CT, compared to simvastatin. However, HDLc changes are resistant even with TFA and lipid-lowering therapy. Changes in triglycerides levels and non-HDLc make it difficult to evaluate the association between TFA and lipid-lowering therapy. Further studies are necessary to elucidate this, especially the physical training protocol.(AU)

Evaluation of the influence of pulmonary hypertension in ultra-fast-track anesthesia technique in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery / Avaliação da influência da hipertensão pulmonar na técnica anestésica ultra-fast-track em pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the influence of pulmonary hypertension in the ultra-fast-track anesthesia technique in adult cardiac surgery.Methods:A retrospective study. They were included 40 patients divided into two groups: GI (without pulmonary hypertension) and GII (with pulmonary hypertension). Based on data obtained by transthoracic echocardiography. We considered as the absence of pulmonary hypertension: a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (sPAP) <36 mmHg, with tricuspid regurgitation velocity <2.8 m/s and no additional echocardiographic signs of PH, and PH as presence: a sPAP >40 mmHg associated with additional echocardiographic signs of PH. It was established as influence of pulmonary hypertension: the impossibility of extubation in the operating room, the increase in the time interval for extubation and reintubation the first 24 hours postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed when necessary. Considered significant a P value <0.05.Results:The GI was composed of 21 patients and GII for 19. All patients (100%) were extubated in the operating room in a medium time interval of 17.58±8.06 min with a median of 18 min in GII and 17 min in GI. PH did not increase the time interval for extubation (P=0.397). It required reintubation of 2 patients in GII (5% of the total), without statistically significant as compared to GI (P=0.488).Conclusion:In this study, pulmonary hypertension did not influence on ultra-fast-track anesthesia in adult cardiac surgery.

ResumoObjetivo:Avaliar a influência da hipertensão pulmonar na técnica anestésica ultra-fast-track em cirurgia cardíaca de adultos.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo. Foram incluídos 40 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: GI (sem hipertensão pulmonar) e GII (com hipertensão pulmonar). Com base em dados obtidos por ecocardiograma transtorácico, considerou-se como ausência de hipertensão pulmonar: uma pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar 36 mmHg, com velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide <2,8 m/s e ausência de sinais ecocardiográficos adicionais de hipertensão pulmonar; e como presença de hipertensão pulmonar: uma PSAP >40 mmHg associada a sinais ecocardiográficos adicionais de hipertensão pulmonar. Foi estabelecida como influência da HP: a impossibilidade de extubação na sala cirúrgica, o aumento no intervalo de tempo para extubação e a necessidade de reintubação nas primeiras 24h de pós-operatório. Foram realizadas análises univariada e multivariada quando necessário. Foi considerado como significativo um valor de P<0,05.Resultados:O GI foi composto por 21 pacientes e o GII por 19. Todos os pacientes (100%) foram extubados na sala cirúrgica em um intervalo de tempo médio de 17,58±8,06 min, com uma mediana de 18 min no GI e 17 min no GII. A hipertensão pulmonar não aumentou o intervalo de tempo para extubação (P=0,397). Foi necessária a reintubação de 2 pacientes do GII (5% do total), estatisticamente sem significância em relação ao GI (P=0,488). Não houve óbitos durante a internação dos pacientes.Conclusão:Neste estudo a hipertensão pulmonar não teve influência na técnica anestésica ultra-fast-track em cirurgia cardíaca de adultos.

Evaluation of the influence of pulmonary hypertension in ultra-fast-track anesthesia technique in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of pulmonary hypertension in the ultra-fast-track anesthesia technique in adult cardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study. They were included 40 patients divided into two groups: GI (without pulmonary hypertension) and GII (with pulmonary hypertension). Based on data obtained by transthoracic echocardiography. We considered as the absence of pulmonary hypertension: a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (sPAP) <36 mmHg, with tricuspid regurgitation velocity <2.8 m/s and no additional echocardiographic signs of PH, and PH as presence: a sPAP >40 mmHg associated with additional echocardiographic signs of PH. It was established as influence of pulmonary hypertension: the impossibility of extubation in the operating room, the increase in the time interval for extubation and reintubation the first 24 hours postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed when necessary. Considered significant a P value <0.05. RESULTS: The GI was composed of 21 patients and GII for 19. All patients (100%) were extubated in the operating room in a medium time interval of 17.58 ± 8.06 min with a median of 18 min in GII and 17 min in GI. PH did not increase the time interval for extubation (P=0.397). It required reintubation of 2 patients in GII (5% of the total), without statistically significant as compared to GI (P=0.488). CONCLUSION: In this study, pulmonary hypertension did not influence on ultra-fast-track anesthesia in adult cardiac surgery.

LEP -2548G>A Polymorphism of the Leptin Gene and Its Influence on the Lipid Profile in Obese Individuals.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We studied the molecular pathogenesis of obesity, involving complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors, with a focus on the leptin gene. It was our aim to characterize the LEP -2548G>A leptin polymorphism and lipid profile in obese and normal-weight individuals. METHODS: A total of 212 individuals were divided into the study group including 136 obese patients (body mass index, BMI≥30) and the control group with 76 normal-weight individuals (BMI>18.5 and ≤24.9). DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The lipid profile was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric methods. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There was a prevalence of the GA genotype in both groups. However, comparative group analysis showed an association of the recessive model (AA+GA) with increased triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the study group. CONCLUSION: This study did not confirm an association between obesity and the LEP -2548G>A polymorphism. However, AA+GA genotypes, in the presence of obesity, seem to contribute to a reduction in HDL-C and an increase in TG compared with normal-weight individuals. This should be confirmed in further studies.

Effect of statins and aerobic physical exercise on liver function in dyslipidemic rats: morphometric study / Efecto de las estatinas y ejercicio físico aeróbico sobre la función hepática en ratas dislipémicas: estudio morfométrico

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of statins associated with physical exercise (PE) in liver cells in dyslipidemic rats through cariometry. The animals were divided into six groups: animals subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), simvastatin, with (G1) and without (G2) physical exercise (PE); HD submitted (G3) or not (G4) to PE, and commercial food diet (F) with (G5) and without (G6) PE. Histological analysis of the liver was performed by staining the slides with hematoxylin and eosin. The cariometric study included measuring the major and minor diameters of the hepatocytes nuclei. The Shapiro-Wilk test was also performed. To determine the differences among the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis Test with Dunn's post-test were conducted. The significance level was set at 5 percent. No difference was found in the hepatocytes nuclei between G5 and G6. When these groups were related with G3 and G4, reduced nuclei were observed. There was no difference between G1 and G6. The comparison between G6 and G2 showed that the nuclei in G2 were smaller. No difference was detected between G5 and G1. Changes were observed in the nuclei shape in G2 in comparison to G1. Considering G2 and G3, a decrease in the size of nuclei was observed in G3. On the other hand, G2 showed changes in shape in the comparative analysis with G4. The size and shape of G1 nuclei were larger than G3 as well as changes in shape were observed when compared to G4. G4 showed smaller nuclei than G3. Therefore, F, associated or not with the practice of PE, does not alter the size and shape of the hepatocytes nuclei; HD combined with sedentarism influences changes in the morphometric parameters of hepatocytes; and the association of simvastatin and PE seems to protect the hepatocytes nuclei with regard to HD.

El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de las estatinas asociadas con el ejercicio físico (PE) en las células del hígado, en ratas con dislipidemia a través de cariometría. Los animales fueron divididos en seis grupos: animales sometidos a una dieta hipocolesterolemiante (HD), simvastatina, con (G1) y sin (G2) ejercicio físico (PE); HD enviado (G3) o no (G4) para educación física y dieta comercial (F) con (G5) y sin (G6) PE. El análisis histológico del hígado se realizó por tinción de los portaobjetos con hematoxilina y eosina. El estudio cariométrico incluyó la medición de los diámetros mayor y menor de los núcleos de hepatocitos. Se realizó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk. Para determinar las diferencias entre los grupos, se realizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis con Dunn. El nivel de significación se fijó en 5 por ciento. No se encontraron diferencias en los núcleos de hepatocitos entre G5 y G6. Los núcleos fueron observados cuando estos grupos estaban relacionados con G3 y G4. No hubo diferencia entre G1 y G6. La comparación entre G6 y G2 mostró que los núcleos en G2 eran más pequeñas. No se detectaron diferencias entre el G5 y G1. Se observaron cambios en la forma núcleos en G2 en comparación con G1. Considerando G2 y G3, se observó en G3 una disminución en el tamaño de los núcleos. En el análisis comparativo con G4, G2 mostró cambios en la forma . El tamaño y forma de los núcleos G1 eran más grandes que G3, así como cambios en la forma se observaron cuando se compararó con G4. G4 mostraron núcleos menores que G3. Por tanto, F, asociados o no a la práctica de PE, no altera el tamaño y la forma de los núcleos de hepatocitos; HD combinada con influencias sedentarismo cambios en los parámetros morfométricos de los hepatocitos, y la asociación de simvastatina y PE parece proteger a los hepatocitos con respecto a la HD.

Efeito de programa de treinamento resistido sobre perfil lipídico e estresse oxidativo em crianças pré-púberes com obesidade / Effect of resistance training program on lipid profile and oxidative stress in obese pre pubescent children

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de treinamento resistido (TR) sobre o perfil lipídico e estresse oxidativo em crianças com obesidade. Métodos: Foram estudadas sete crianças do sexo masculino, com idade entre 9 e 10 anos (10,2±0,8 anos), classificadas no estágio 1 da escala de Tanner, submetidas a um programa de TR com duração de 10 semanas, intensidade de relativa entre 45% e 65% de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e frequência semanal de três vezes. Foram realizadas avaliações de perfil bioquímico sérico incluindo triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (CT), fração de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa (LDLc) e alta densidade (HDLc), glicemia e estresse oxidativo [malondialdeído (MDA) e defesa total antioxidante (TEAC)] nos períodos pré e pós-programa de treinamento. Admitiu-se nível de significância para valor- P<0,05. Resultados: Foi observada redução significativa nos níveis de TG [(26,6%) pré=93,4±42,76mg/dL; pós=68,57±20,41mg/dL; P=0,01], e glicemia [(6,7%) pré=80,71±4,49mg/dL; pós=75,28±4,42mg/dL; P=0,03]; e aumento significativo nos níveis de HDLc [(10,5%) pré=50,42±12,34 mg/dL; pós=55,71±10,01mg/dL; P=0,01], e TEAC [(1,61%) pré=2,48±0,02ng/dL; pós=2,52±0,03ng/dL; P=0,01]. Conclusões: O programa de TR é efetivo na indução de alterações benéficas nos indicadores de perfil bioquímico, incluindo lipídios e glicemia e melhora da proteção do organismo contra o estresse oxidativo em crianças pré-púberes com obesidade...

Programa de treinamento resistido sobre a composição corporal e na força muscular de crianças com obesidade / Resistance training program on body composition and muscle strength in children with obesity

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de um programa de treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a força muscular e a composição corporal de crianças com obesidade. Nove crianças do sexo masculino, com idade de 10,2 ± 0,8 anos e classificadas no estágio 1 da escala de Tanner, foram submetidas a três sessões semanais de TR, durante 10 semanas com intensidade relativa de treinamento estimada entre 45-65% de 10 RM. Foram realizadas avaliações da força muscular por meio do teste de 10RM e da composição corporal por meio dos métodos de dobras cutâneas e ultrassonografia pré e pós-programa de TR. A força muscular demonstrou aumento médio de 40,25% (p=0,002), com o maior efeito observado no exercício panturrilha na máquina 95% (p=0,001), o menor efeito (11%) foi detectado no exercício tríceps pulley (p=0,05). Houve uma redução de 11% e 6,15% nas dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular (p=0,02) e (p=0,03), respectivamente. Nossos dados demonstram que o TR foi efetivo na indução de alterações positivas da composição corporal, como a redução da adiposidade e também o aumento da força muscular em crianças pré-púberes com obesidade.

The current study evaluated the effect of resistance training (RT) on the muscle strength and the body composition of children with obesity. Nine male children, 10.2 ± 0.8 years old and classified into Tanner stage 1 performed 10-week RT, three times a week with a estimated intensity ranged 45-65% of one-repetition maximum (1RM).The muscle strength was evaluated, through the 10RM test before and after training program. The body fat assessment was performed through skin folds and ultrasound analyzes before and after training program. The 10RM increased 40.25% pre-to post-training (p=0.001). The exercise calf raise machine showed the greatest increase (i.e.95%) (p=0.001). A smallest increase (11%) was detected in the exercise triceps pulley (p=0.05). There were an 11% significant reduction in the thickness of two skin folds, triceps brachiali and subscapular (p=0.02) (p=0.003), respectively. Our findings have shown that RT was effective in the body-fat reduction and produced an increase in the muscle strength in pre pubertal children who area obesity.

Efeito do exercício físico e estatinas na função muscular em animais com dislipidemia / Effect of physical exercise and statins on the muscle function in animals with dyslipidemia

As estatinas são utilizadas no tratamento das dislipidemias, com grande tolerância; no entanto, vários efeitos colaterais podem surgir, destacando-se miopatia. A prática regular do exercício físico (EF) produz modificações favoráveis no perfil lipídico; entretanto, pode gerar lesões musculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da associação entre exercício físico e estatinas na função muscular, pela análise histológica, em modelo experimental animal com dislipidemia. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 80 ratos machos Wistar, distribuídos em oito grupos, incluindo animais submetidos à dieta hipercolesterolêmica (DH), sinvastatina com (G1) e sem (G2) EF; DH e fluvastatina, com (G3) e sem EF (G4); alimentados com ração comercial (RC) na presença (G5) e ausência de (G6) EF; DH submetidos (G7) ou não (G8) a EF. A DH foi administrada por 90 dias, as estatinas e prática de EF em esteira rolante por oito semanas. Os animais foram sacrificados, e o músculo sóleo retirado para análise histológica. Aplicaram-se os testes t de Student pareado e análise multivariada, com nível significante para p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: As principais alterações histológicas encontradas foram fibras de diferentes diâmetros, atróficas, em degeneração, splitting, edema, infiltrado inflamatório. Essas alterações foram observadas em 90% dos animais do grupo G1, 80% do G2, 70% do G3, 30% do G4, 40% do G5 e 30% do G7. Nos grupos G6 e G8 identificaram-se fibras musculares com morfologia preservada. CONCLUSÕES: Na avaliação histológica muscular, a associação entre fluvastatina, sinvastatina e exercício físico acarreta alterações morfológicas com predomínio no uso da sinvastatina, variando de grau leve a grave, no músculo sóleo de ratos, induzidos pelos inibidores da HMG-CoA redutase.

Statins are used in the treatment of dyslipidemias with great tolerance; however, several side effects can arise, mainly myopathies. Regular practice of physical exercises (PE) produces beneficial alteration in the lipid profile, but it can result in muscular lesions. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of the association between physical exercise and statins in the muscular function through histological analysis in an experimental animal model with dyslipidemia. METHODS: 80 male Wistar mice, distributed in 8 groups, namely: animals submitted to a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), symvastatin with (G1) and without PE (G2) ; HD and fluvastatin with (G3) and without PE (G4); fed with commercial food (CR) in the presence (G5) and absence of PE (G6); HD submitted (G7) or not (G8) to PE were used. The HD was administered statins and PE practice on treadmill for 90 days for 8 weeks. The animals were sacrificed, and the soleus muscle was removed for histological analysis. Paired t-tests and multivariate analysis were applied with significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: The most important histological alterations found were fibers with different diameters and atrophic, with degeneration, splitting, edema and inflammatory infiltrate. These alterations were observed in 90% of animals from G1; 80% from G2; 70% from G3; 30% from G4; 40% from G5 and 30% from G7. In the G6 and G8 groups muscular fibers with preserved morphology were identified. CONCLUSION: In the muscular histological evaluation, the association of fluvastatin, symvastatin and physical exercise results in morphological alterations with predominance with the use of simvastatin, varying from a light to a high level, in the soleus muscle of mice, induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos de abdômen superior com anestesia peridural / Analgesia in upper abdomen surgeries with epidural anesthesia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A associação de agentes e técnicas anestésicas tem sido utilizada para diminuir os impulsos nociceptivos no peri e pós-operatório, minimizando a morbidade e a mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia no pós-operatório de cirurgias de colecistectomia por via subcostal. MÉTODO: Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, participaram do estudo aleatorizado e prospectivo, 40 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 50 anos, peso entre 50 e 100 kg, estado físico ASA I e II, submetidos à colecistectomia por via subcostal, sob anestesia geral associada à anestesia peridural. Foram administradas levobupivacaína a 0,5% (100 mg) com adrenalina 1:200.000 (5 ?g.mL-1) ou ropivacaína a 0,75% (150 mg), morfina (3 mg) e clonidina (3 ?g.kg-1) ou dextrocetamina (0,5 mg.kg-1), no espaço intercostal T12-L1. A anestesia geral foi realizada com etomidato (0,2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 ?g.kg-1), rocurônio (0,6 mg.kg-1), oxigênio e isoflurano (0,5vol% a 3,0vol%). A intensidade da dor pós-operatória foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual, 6h, 12h, 18h e 24h após o término do ato operatório. RESULTADOS: O número de pacientes que apresentou dor pós-operatória no grupo ropivacaína, morfina e clonidina foram três até 6h, um entre 6-12h, um entre 12-18h e dois entre 18-24h; no grupo ropivacaína, morfina e dextrocetamina foram um até 6h, três entre 6-12h, dois entre 12-18h e um entre 18-24h; no grupo levobupivacaína, morfina e clonidina, foram de dois até 6h, dois entre 6-12h e um entre 12-18 e no grupo levobupivacaína, morfina e dextrocetamina, foi um até 6h, um entre 6-12h, três entre 12-18h e um entre 18-24h, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre o tempo de observação até 6h e os 12-18h e 18- 24h no grupo ropivacaína, morfina e dextrocetamina e entre o tempo de observação até 6h e o 18-24h no grupo levobupivacaína, morfina e dextrocetamina. CONCLUSÃO: A associação da cetamina ou da clonidina com o anestésico local, por via peridural, produziu analgesia mais longa com menor consumo do tramadol.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The association of anesthetic agents and techniques has been used to decrease peri and postoperative nociceptive impulses, thus minimizing morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at evaluating postoperative analgesia of subcostal cholecystectomy surgeries. METHOD: After the Ethics Committee approval, participated in this randomized and prospective study 40 patients of both genders, with ages varying from 18 to 50 years, weight between 50 and 100 kg, physical status ASA I and II, submitted to subcostal cholecystectomy under general anesthesia associated to epidural anesthesia. Patients received 0,5% levobupivacaine (100 mg) with 1:200000 epinephrine (5 ?g.mL-1) or 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg), morphine (3 mg) and clonidine (3 ?g.kg-1) or dextroketamine (0,5 mg.kg-1), in intercostal space T12-L1. General anesthesia was induced with etomidate (0,2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 ?g.kg-1), rocuronium (0,6 mg.kg-1), oxygen and isoflurane (0.5vol% to 3.0vol%). Postoperative pain intensity was evaluated by the analog visual scale 6h, 12h, 18h and 24h after surgery completion. RESULTS: Number of patients with postoperative pain in the ropivacaine, morphine and clonidine group was three until 6h, one between 6-12h, one between 12-18h and two between 18-24h; in the ropivacaine, morphine and dextroketamine group they were one up to 6h, three between 6-12h, two between 12-18h and one between 18-24h; in the levobupivacaine, morphine and clonidine group they were two up to 6h, two between 6-12h, and one between 12-18h and in the levobupivacaine, morphine and dextroketamine group they were one up to 6h, one between 6-12h, three between 12-18h and one between 18-24h, with statistically significant difference between observation times up to 6h and 12-18h and 18-24h in the ropivacaine, morphine and dextroketamine group and between observation times up to 6h and 18-24h in the levobupivacaine, morphine and dextroketamine group. CONCLUSION: The association of ketamine or clonidine to local epidural anesthetics has induced longer analgesia with lower tramadol consumption.

Analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos de abdômen superior com bloqueio interpleural / Analgesia in upper abdominal surgery with interpleural block

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Pesquisas empregando bloqueio interpleural com anestésico local, opioide e agonista Alfa2-adrenérgico ou bloqueador do receptor N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA), observaram a ocorrência de analgesia pós-operatória em cirurgias de abdômen superior. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de dor no pós-operatório de cirurgias de colecistectomia por via subcostal.MÉTODO: Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, participaram do experimento aleatório e prospectivo, 40 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando de 18 a 50 anos, peso entre 50 e 100 kg, estado físico ASA I e II, submetidos à colecistectomia por via subcostal, sob anestesia geral associada ao bloqueio interpleural. Foram administradas levobupivacaína a 0,5% (100 mg) com adrenalina 1:200.000 (5 µg.mL-1) ou ropivacaína a 0,75% (150 mg), morfina (3 mg) e clonidina (3 µg.kg-1) ou cetamina (0,5 mg.kg-1), ao nível EIC7, na linha axilar média, com agulha de Tuohy 17G, por via interpleural. A indução da anestesia geral foi realizada com a injeção de etomidato (0,2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) e rocurônio (0,6 mg.kg-1) e a manutenção com oxigênio e isoflurano (0,5 vol% a 3,0 vol%). A analgesia pós-operatória, analisada pela escala analógica visual (EAV), foi observada às 6h, 12h, 18h e 24h após o término do ato operatório.RESULTADOS: Apresentaram dor pós-operatória: grupo RMC (ropivacaína, morfina e clonidina), um até 6h, seis entre 6 e 12h e um entre 18 e 24h; grupo RMK (ropivacaína, morfina e cetamina), quatro até 6h, quatro entre 6 e 12h, um entre 12 e 18h e um entre 18 e 24h; grupo LMC (levobupivacaína, morfina e clonidina), quatro até 6h e quatro entre 6 e 12h; grupo LMK (levobupivacaína, morfina e cetamina, cinco até 6h, quatro entre 6 e 12h e um entre 12 e 18h. Aplicando o teste Exato de Fisher observou-se diferença estatística significante entre o tempo de observação até 6h e os demais no grupo RMC; entre o tempo de observação até 6h e os 12-18h e 18-24h nos grupos RMK e LMK. Não ocorreram complicações relacionadas ao bloqueio interpleural.CONCLUSÃO: A necessidade de associar opioide ao analgésico comum para abolir a dor, em cirurgias de colecistectomia por via subcostal, ocorreu em número reduzido de pacientes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Researches using interpleural block with local anesthetics, opioid and alpha2-adrenergic agonist or N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker have shown the presence of postoperative analgesia in upper abdominal surgeries. This study aimed at observing the presence of pain in the postoperative period of subcostal cholecystectomies. METHOD: After The Ethics Committee approval, participated in this randomized, prospective study 40 patients of both genders, aged 18 to 50 years, weighing between 50 and 100 kg, physical status ASA I and II, submitted to subcostal cholecystectomy under general anesthesia associated to interpleural block. The following drugs were administered: 0.5% levobupivacaine (100 mg) with 1:200.000 epinephrine (5 µg.mL-1) or 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg), morphine (3 mg) and clonidine (3 µg.kg-1) or ketamine (0,5 mg.kg-1), at EIC7, in the medium axillary line with 17G Tuohy needle by interpleural route. General anesthesia was induced with etomidate (0.2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) and rocuronium (0.6 mg.kg-1) and was maintained with oxygen and isoflurane (0.5 vol% at 3.0 vol%). Postoperative analgesia, evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), was observed at 6h, 12h, 18h and 24h after surgery completion.RESULTS: Postoperative pain was observed: one patient up to 6h, six between 6 and 12h and one between 18 and 24h in the RMC group (ropivacaine, morphine and clonidine); four patients up to 6h, four between 6 and 12h, one between 12 and 18h and one between 18 and 24h in the RMK group (ropivacaine, morphine and ketamine); four patients up to 6h, and four between 6 and 12h in the LMC group (levobupivacaine, morphine and clonidine); five patients up to 6h, four between 6 and 12h, and one between 12 and 18h in the LMK group (levobupivacaine, morphine and ketamine). Fisher's Exact test has shown statistically significant difference between 6h observation time and the others in the RMC group; between 6h observation time and 12-18h and 18-24h in RMK and LMK groups. There were no interpleural block-related complications.CONCLUSION: Only a small number of patients needed the association of opioid to normal analgesics to abolish pain in subcostal cholecystectomy surgeries.

Analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos de câncer de mama com bloqueio interpleural / Analgesia in breast neoplasm surgery with interpleural block

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia geral é a técnica mais utilizada para a realização dos procedimentos cirúrgicos de tratamento do câncer de mama, sendo também empregadas anestesia regional e a associação de ambas as técnicas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram observar a presença de dor pós-operatória, a necessidade de analgésicos e o tempo de permanência hospitalar.MÉTODO: Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, participaram deste estudo aleatório e prospectivo, 40 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade variando de 25 a 55 anos, peso entre 50 e 100 kg, estado físico ASA I e II, submetidas à mastectomia ou quadrantectomia com axilectomia, sob bloqueio interpleural associado à anestesia geral. As pacientes foram divididas em quatro grupos de 10. LMC: levobupivacaína - morfina - clonidina; RMC: ropivacaína - morfina - clonidina; LMK: levobupivacaína - morfina - cetamina; RMK - ropivacaína - morfina - cetamina. A indução da anestesia geral foi realizada com a administração de etomidato (0,2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) e rocurônio (0,6 mg.kg-1) e a manutenção com oxigênio e isoflurano (0,5 vol% a 3,0 vol%). O bloqueio interpleural foi executado no EIC5, linha axilar média, com agulha de Tuohy 17G, sendo administradas levobupivacaína a 0,5% (100 mg) com adrenalina 1:200.000 (5 µg.mL-1) ou ropivacaína 0,75% (150 mg), morfina (3 mg) e clonidina (150 µg) ou cetamina (0,5 mg.kg-1). A analgesia pós-operatória, analisada pela escala analógica visual (EAV), foi observada às 6h, 12h, 18h e 24h após o término do ato operatório.RESULTADOS: Quinze pacientes apresentaram dor pós-operatória leve, sendo: nos grupos LMC e RMC, uma entre 6 e 12h, uma entre 12 e 18h e duas entre 18 e 24h; no grupo LMK, duas até 6h, duas entre 6 e 12h e uma entre 12 e 18h; no grupo RMK, duas até 6h e quatro entre 6 e 12h. Utilizando o teste do Qui-quadrado observou-se diferença estatística significante entre o grupo LMC e os grupos LMK e RMK, assim como entre o grupo RMC e os grupos LMK e RMK. Aplicando o teste Exato de Fisher observou-se diferença estatística significante entre o tempo de observação até 6h e o tempo de 18-24h nos grupos LMC e RMC. Não ocorreram complicações relacionadas ao bloqueio interpleural. Foi necessário administrar somente dipirona para tratamento da dor pós-operatória.CONCLUSÃO: As pacientes que apresentaram dor pós-operatória necessitaram somente de analgésico comum (dipirona), sendo que todas tiveram alta hospitalar com 24h de pós-operatório.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: General anesthesia is the most widely used technique for breast cancer surgical procedures, being also used regional anesthesia and the association of both techniques. This study aimed at observing the presence of postoperative pain, the need for analgesics and hospital stay length.METHOD: After the Research Ethics Committee approval, participated in this randomized prospective study 40 female patients aged 25 to 55 years, weighing between 50 and 100 kg, physical status ASA I and II, submitted to mastectomy or quadrantectomy with axillectomy, under interpleural block associated to general anesthesia. Patients were distributed in four groups of 10: LMC: levobupivacaine - morphine - clonidine; RMC: ropivacaine - morphine - clonidine; LMK: levobupivacaine - morphine - ketamine; RMK: ropivacaine - morphine - ketamine. General anesthesia was induced with etomidate (0.2 mg.kg-1), alfentanil (30 µg.kg-1) and rocuronium (0.6 mg.kg-1) and was maintained with oxygen and isoflurane (0.5 vol% at 3.0 vol%). Interpleural block was induced in EIC5, median axillary line, with Tuohy 17G needle, with 0.5% levobupivacaine (100 mg) with epinephrine 1:200,000 (5 µg.mL-1) or 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg), morphine (3 mg) and clonidine (150 µg) or ketamine (0,5 mg.kg-1). Postoperative analgesia evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS) was observed at 6h, 12h, 18h and 24h after surgery completion.RESULTS: Fifteen patients referred mild postoperative pain being: in groups LMC and RMC, one between 6 and 12 h, one between 12 and 18 h and two between 18 and 14 h; in group RMK, two up to 6 h and four between 6 and 12 h. Using Chi-square test, there has been statistically significant difference between group LMC and groups LMK and RMK, as well as between group RMC and groups LMK and RMK. Fisher's Exact test has shown statistically significant difference between observation time up to 6 h and time of 18-24 h in groups LMC and RMC. There were no interpleural block-related complications. Only dipirone was needed to treat postoperative pain.CONCLUSION: Patients with postoperative pain only needed common analgesics (dipirone) and all were discharged 24 hours after surgery completion

Effects of statin and aerobic physical exercise association in the cardiomyocytes of the rat: morphometric study / Efectos de la asociación de estatina y del ejercicio aeróbico en los cardiomiocitos de rata: estudio morfométrico

Physical exercise and statins, recommended interventions to dyslipidaemia treatment, are independently related to cardiomyocytes alterations, characterized by miocardic hypertrophy and apoptosis, respectively. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of statin and aerobic physical exercise association in the morphometric parameters of cardiac cell nucleus. 40 male rats adults were divided into four groups: exercised (DE); sedentary (DS), exercised and statin use (DES); sedentary and statin use (DSS). The animals received during the whole experimental period a hiperlipidic diet added 20 percent of coconut oil and 1.25 percent of cholesterol; after 30 days of its ingestión, a blood collection was made to verify the dyslipidaemia. Simvastatin (20 mg) was taken five days a week, during eight weeks. During this period, the animals exercised 60 minutes daily in the treadmill. After the last day of the protocol, the cardiac muscle was collected and maintained in liquid nitrogen (-180°C); the cuts were stained by Hematoxilin-Eosin method, and the cardiac fibers were submitted to the nuclear morphometric analyses. The data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, paired T test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn post hoc test; for all analyses, it was adopted p<0.05. It was verified that the group receiving statin presented values statistically significant in comparison to the other groups, in the tridimensional and linear variables. The exercised and statin group, the values obtained in the morphometric analyses were similar to the control group. It is suggested that statins alone can cause alterations in the nucleus of cardiac cells that can be related to apoptosis occurrence and, when exercise is practiced associated to statin administration, the effects of statin can be reduced, what can be related to beneficial adaptations of cardiac mitochondrial in response to physical exercise, turning them more resistant to apoptotic stimuli.

El ejercicio físico y las estatinas, intervenciones recomendadas para tratamiento de la dislipidemia, están independientemente relacionadas con las alteraciones de los cardiomiocitos, que se caracterizan por hipertrofia miocárdica y apoptosis, respectivamente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos de la asociación de estatinas y el ejercicio físico aeróbico en los parámetros morfométricos del núcleo de células cardíacas. 40 ratas macho adultas se dividieron en cuatro grupos: ejercitadas (DE); sedentarias (DS), ejercitadas y con uso de estatina (DES), sedentarias y con uso de estatina (DSS). Los animales recibieron durante todo el período experimental una dieta hiperlipidemica añadiendo 20 por ciento de aceite de coco y 1,25 por ciento de colesterol. Después de 30 días de su ingestión, se les extrajo sangre para verificar la dislipidemia. Los ejemplares ingirieron Simvastatina (20 mg) cinco días a la semana, durante ocho semanas. Durante este período, los animales ejercitaron 60 minutos diarios en la rueda de andar. Después del último día del protocolo,los animales fueron sacrificados y se les extrajo músculo cardiaco que fue mantenido en nitrógeno líquido (-180°C). De este material se obtuvieron cortes que fueron teñidos por el método de hematoxilina-eosina y las fibras cardiacas fueron sometidas a análisis morfométrico nuclear. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el análisis descriptivo, prueba de la t de Student, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn test post hoc. Para todos los análisis fue aprobado p <0,05. Se comprobó que el grupo que recibió estatinas presentó valores estadísticamente significativos en comparación con los otros grupos, en las variables lineales y tridimensionales. En el grupo ejercitado y estatina, los valores obtenidos de los análisis morfométricos fueron similares a los del grupo control. Se sugiere que las estatinas, por sí solas, pueden causar alteraciones en el núcleo de las células cardiacas ...

Comparative study of anti-emetics and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecologic surgeries.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting has been the subject of several studies. The objective of the present study was to compare anti-emetics, and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Seventy patients, ASA I and II, underwent epidural block associated with general anesthesia for gynecologic surgeries. Patients in the Metochlopramide Group (MG) received 20 mg of the drug; the Dexamethasone Group (DeG) received 8 mg; the Droperidol Group (DrG) received 1.25 mg; the Ondansetron Group (OG) received 8 mg; the Dexamethasone-Ondansetron Group (DeOG) received 8 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DrOG) received 1.25 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Dexamethasone-Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DeDrOG) received 8 mg, 0.625 mg, and 4 mg. The presence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the end of the surgery. RESULTS: The total incidence of episodes of nausea per group is as follows: 4 in DeDrOG, 6 in OG, 6 in DrOG, 11 in DeG, 11 in DeOG, 18 in MG, and 22 in DrG. The Chi-square and Fisher exact tests indicated statistically significant differences between DrG and DeG, DOG, DrOG, DeOG, and DeDrOG; between MG and OG, DrOG, and DeDrOG; and between DeOG and DeDrOG. And the incidence of vomiting was: 3 in OG, 3 in DeDrOG, 6 in DrOG, 7 in DeG, 7 in DeOG, and 10 in DrG, and 13 in G. There was a statistically significant difference between DrG and OG and DeDrOG; and between MG and OG and DeDrOG. CONCLUSIONS: The association dexamethasone-droperidol-ondansetron and ondansetron alone were more effective in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting.

Estudo comparativo de antieméticos e suas associações, na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios, em pacientes submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos ginecológicos / Estudio comparativo de antieméticos y sus asociaciones, en la prevención de náusea y vómito postoperatorios, en pacientes sometidas a procedimientos quirúrgicos ginecológicos / Comparative study of anti-emetics and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecologic surgeries

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A profilaxia de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios foi objeto de muitos estudos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar antieméticos e associações na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios. MÉTODO: Setenta pacientes, ASA I e II, foram submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos ginecológicos, sob bloqueio peridural associado à anestesia geral. No Grupo Metoclopramida (GM), administrou-se 20 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona (GDe), injetou-se 8 mg; no Grupo Droperidol (GDr) administrou-se 1,25 mg; no Grupo Ondansetron (GO) injetou-se 8 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona-Ondansetron (GDeO) administrou-se, respectivamente, 8 mg e 4 mg; no Grupo Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDrO) injetou-se 1,25 mg e 4 mg; no Grupo Dexametasona-Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDeDrO) administrou-se 8 mg, 0,625 mg e 4 mg. A presença de náuseas e vômitos foi observada nos momentos de 6, 12, 24 e 36 horas após o término do ato operatório. RESULTADOS: A incidência total de episódios de náuseas foi de quatro no GDeDrO, seis no GO, seis no GDrO, 11 no GDe, 11 no GDeO, 18 no GM e 22 no GDr. Aplicando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado ou o teste de Fisher, ocorreu diferença estatística significativa entre o GDr e os grupos GDe, GDO, GDrO, GDeO, GDeDrO; entre o GM e os grupos GO, GDrO e GDeDrO; entre o GDeO e o grupo GDeDrO. A incidência total de episódios de vômitos foi de três no GO, três no GDeDrO, seis no GDrO, sete no GDe, sete no GDeO, desz no GDr e 13 no G. Verificou-se diferença estatística significativa entre o GDr e os grupos GO e GDeDrO; entre o GM e os grupos GO e GDeDrO. CONCLUSÕES: A associação dexametasona-droperidol-ondansetron e o ondansetron foram mais eficazes na profilaxia de náuseas e vômitos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting has been the subject of several studies. The objective of the present study was to compare anti-emetics, and their association, in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Seventy patients, ASA I and II, underwent epidural block associated with general anesthesia for gynecologic surgeries. Patients in the Metochlopramide Group (MG) received 20 mg of the drug; the Dexamethasone Group (DeG) received 8 mg; the Droperidol Group (DrG) received 1.25 mg; the Ondansetron Group (OG) received 8 mg; the Dexamethasone-Ondansetron Group (DeOG) received 8 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DrOG) received 1.25 mg and 4 mg, respectively; the Dexamethasone-Droperidol-Ondansetron Group (DeDrOG) received 8 mg, 0.625 mg, and 4 mg. The presence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after the end of the surgery. RESULTS: The total incidence of episodes of nausea per group is as follows: 4 in DeDrOG, 6 in OG, 6 in DrOG, 11 in DeG, 11 in DeOG, 18 in MG, and 22 in DrG. The Chi-square and Fisher exact tests indicated statistically significant differences between DrG and DeG, DOG, DrOG, DeOG, and DeDrOG; between MG and OG, DrOG, and DeDrOG; and between DeOG and DeDrOG. And the incidence of vomiting was: 3 in OG, 3 in DeDrOG, 6 in DrOG, 7 in DeG, 7 in DeOG, and 10 in DrG, and 13 in G. There was a statistically significant difference between DrG and OG and DeDrOG; and between MG and OG and DeDrOG. CONCLUSIONS: The association dexamethasone-droperidol-ondansetron and ondansetron alone were more effective in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La profilaxis de náusea y vómito postoperatorios fue objeto de muchos estudios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar antieméticos y asociaciones en la prevención de náusea y vómito postoperatorios. MÉTODO: Setenta pacientes, ASA I y II, fueron sometidas a procedimientos quirúrgicos ginecológicos, bajo bloqueo epidural asociado a la anestesia general. En el Grupo Metoclopramida (GM), se administró 20 mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona (GDe), se inyectó 8 mg; en el Grupo Droperidol (GDr) se administró 1,25 mg; en el Grupo Ondansetron (GO) se inyectó 8mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona-Ondansetron (GDeO) se administró respectivamente 8 mg y 4mg; en el Grupo Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDrO) se inyectó 1,25 mg y 4 mg; en el Grupo Dexametasona-Droperidol-Ondansetron (GDeDrO) se administró 8mg, 0,625 mg y 4mg. La presencia de náuseas y vómitos fue observada en los momentos de 6, 12, 24 y 36 horas después del término de la operación. RESULTADOS: La incidencia total de episodios de náuseas fue de 4 en el GDeDrO, 6 en el GO, 6 en el GDrO, 11 en el GDe, 11 en el GDeO, 18 en el GM y 22 en el GDr. Al aplicar el test del Chi-cuadrado o el test de Fisher, se comprobó la diferencia estadística significativa entre el GDr y los grupos GDe, GDO, GDrO, GDeO, GDeDrO; entre el GM y los grupos GO, GDrO y GDeDrO; entre el GDeO y el grupo GDeDrO. La incidencia total de episodios de vómitos fue de 3 en el GO, 3 en el GDeDrO, 6 en el GDrO, 7 en el GDe, 7 en el GDeO, 10 en el GDr y 13 en el G. Se comprobó así mismo, la diferencia estadística significativa entre el GDr y los grupos GO y GDeDrO; entre el GM y los grupos GO y GDeDrO. CONCLUSIONES: La asociación dexametasona-droperidol-ondansetron y el ondansetron fueron más eficaces en la profilaxis de náuseas y vómitos.

[Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using NCEP-ATPIII and IDF definitions in Brazilian individuals]. / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em indivíduos brasileiros pelos critérios de NCEP-ATPIII e IDF.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the biochemical profile and to characterize metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with cardiologic medical assistance using NCEP-ATPIII and IDF definitions. METHODS: Two hundred patients and 140 controls were studied, considering total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDLc), LDL-cholesterol (LDLc), VLDL-cholesterol (VLDLc), triglycerides (TG), fasting glycemia, abdominal waist and hypertension. Significance level was defined as P<0.05. RESULTS: Patients showed increased glycemia levels (103+/-31.4 mg/dL) and reduced HDLc levels (48+/-13.4 mg/dL) when compared to controls (88+/-29.7 mg/dL, P<0.0001 and 53+/-15.9 mg/dL, P=0.0075; respectively). Male controls 31-50 years old showed increased TC levels (215+/-40.4 mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol (134+/-34 mg/dL), VLDL-cholesterol (30+/-11.8 mg/dL) and TG (150+/-59.4 mg/dL) when compared to women (185+/-38.2 mg/dL, P=0.0137; 111+/-35.8 mg/dL; P=0.0324; 19+/-9.7 mg/dL; P=0.0009; 93+/-49 mg/dL, P=0.0010; respectively). Women over 50 years of age showed increased TC concentrations (216+/-35.9 mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (54+/-12.8 mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol (138+/-30.8 mg/dL) when compared to men (190+/-44.7 mg/dL, P=0.0103; 47+/-14.5 mg/dL, P=0.0229; 119+/-33.3 mg/dL; P=0.0176; respectively). NCEP-ATPIII and IDF definitions had characterized MS in 35.5% and 46% of patients, respectively, bolding glycemia, TG and hypertension. CONCLUSION: Elevated glycemia levels and reduced HDLc levels were detected in patients. Altered lipid profile observed in men 31-50 years old signals higher risk for cardiovascular diseases in young adults, while a similar profile in aged women can reflect hormonal physiological changes. Both definitions for MS diagnosis discriminate patients from controls, especially IDF, sometimes with lower capacity to determine high risk for cardiovascular complications. The high prevalence of MS in patients, even with cardiologic medical assistance, suggests predisposition for cardiovascular manifestations in Brazilian individuals.