Integration of nonchemical treatments for control of postharvest pyralid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in almonds and raisins.

We propose a treatment strategy combining an initial disinfestation treatment with one of three protective treatments as an alternative for chemical fumigation of almonds and raisins for control of postharvest insect populations. Initial disinfestation treatments using low oxygen controlled atmosphere (0.4% O2) were designed to disinfest product of field populations of pyralid moths; navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), in almonds and raisin moth, Cadra figulilella (Gregson), in raisins. The protective treatments were cold storage (10 degrees C), controlled atmosphere (5% O2) storage, and application of the Indianmeal moth granulosis virus, and were designed to prevent establishment of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The initial disinfestation treatment was effective against laboratory populations of navel orangeworm and raisin moth. Efficacy of protective treatments was determined by exposure of commodities to laboratory Indianmeal moth populations at levels far higher than those found in commercial storage facilities. All three protective treatments prevented development of damaging Indianmeal moth populations as measured by pheromone trap catches and evaluation of product samples. Quality analysis by commercial laboratories showed that overall product quality for all protective treatments was maintained at levels acceptable by industry standards.

Optoelectronic implementation of real-time control of an inverted pendulum by fuzzy-logic-control units based on a light-emitting-diode array and a position-sensing device.

We have realized a novel optoelectronic implementation of an analog fuzzy-inference architecture, using the movement of the center of gravity of a far-field pattern. In the inference process Gaussianlike membership functions and a product-sum-gravity method are used. Antecedent membership functions and the grade evaluations are realized by combining light-emitting-diode (LED) arrays for sequential light emission and position-sensing devices for center-of-gravity detection. Consequent and defuzzification operations are realized by a LED array and a position-sensing device. High-speed fuzzy inference of more than several tens of mega fuzzy logical inference per second is possible with these units. The usefulness of the system is demonstrated by the real-time standing control of an inverted pendulum.

[Adults with congenital heart defects--clinical spectrum and surgical management]. / Erwachsene mit angeborenen Herzfehlern--klinisches Spektrum und operative Behandlung.

Two hundred adults who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease at our institution within a four year period were the basis for this report. Clinical data was obtained, i.e. demographic details, past medical history, physical findings, EKGs, echocardiograms, catheterization and angiography material as well as the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Intraoperative findings, perioperative management, complications and morbidity and mortality were assessed. After discharge the patients were followed on an outpatient basis. Again the clinical findings, laboratory results and NYHA class were recorded. Age ranged from 16 to 75 years (mean = 38). There were 114 females and 86 males. 178 patients had primary surgical correction, 18 were reoperated after prior correction and 4 underwent palliation. Eighty-three percent of the patients were symptomatic preoperatively. Seventeen percent were diagnosed per chance, for example by a preemployment physical examination, without a prior history of heart disease. The patients were grouped according to related diagnoses (Table 1). Among the 130 patients with left to right shunts, 112 had an atrial septal defect, 7 a ventricular septal defect, 5 a persistent ductus arteriosus, and 6 partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Atrial flutter or fibrillation occurred in approximately 10% of all patients with atrial septal defects. It was terminated either by rapid overdrive pacing or DC cardioversion. Postoperatively the patients with pulmonary hypertension were monitored invasively with arterial lines and thermodilution catheters. Therapy consisted of alkalization, hyperventilation and sedation. There was only one postoperative death in this patient group due to marked pulmonary hypertension (1/130 = 0.8%). Nineteen adults had obstruction to right or left ventricular outflow. Surgery included valvotomy, infundibulectomy and valve replacement by homograft or mechanical valve. One patient with multiple previous surgeries expired due to bleeding (3%). Thirteen patients had coarctation. All of them were hypertensive, some on medication. Surgery consisted of aortic patchplasty or interposition of a graft. There was no mortality. Perioperative antihypertensive therapy was necessary in most patients and consisted of nifedipin, nitroprussid or propanolol intravenously. Upon follow up 11 patients became normotensive, 8 of these without the need for medication. Fifteen cyanotic patients underwent 11 corrective and 4 shunt procedures (3 with tricuspid atresia, 10 with Tetralogy of Fallot and 2 with complex cyanotic heart disease. Three died due to low cardiac output or dysrhythmias (20%). The survivors improved their clinical status markedly. Seven adults with Ebstein's disease had valve reconstruction and/or ASD closure. Five had recurrent supraventricular tachycardia, 2 paradoxical emboli with neurological symptoms and 4 out of 7 had decreased exercise tolerance. One patient died postoperatively because of dysrhythmias (14%). Sixteen patients had a variety of defects, i.e. status post Rastelli operation and conduit obstruction, status post Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary valvar disease, corrected transposition with left AV valve insufficiency, congenital mitral valve disease and double aortic arch, no deaths. The overall operative mortality was 6/200 = 3%. the late mortality was 4/200 = 2%. The morbidity included 7 reoperations due to bleeding. Five patients needed short-term hemodialysis. One patient developed hemiplegia and two patients had permanent decrease of their left ventricular function. The mean length of follow up was 21 months. The clinical status improved from a NYHA class mean of 2.1 +/- 0.9 to 1.2 +/- 0.45 (p < 0.001). In Germany significant numbers of adults with operated and unoperated congenital heart disease do exist. Detection of these patients can be difficult due to inconspicuous murmurs or stable clinical status.

Repair of coarctation of the aorta in adults: the fate of systolic hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of coarctation repair in adults has been questioned by suggesting that hypertension may not be relieved by the operation and that surgical intervention may have no impact on the natural history of the disease. METHODS: To delineate the impact of surgical intervention on systolic hypertension, we conducted a retrospective review of 26 adults with a mean age of 32 +/- 10 years who underwent coarctation repair between 1987 and 1993. All patients were hypertensive (mean systolic blood pressure, 174 +/- 21 mm Hg; range, 140 to 220 mm Hg), and 18 patients (69%) were on a regimen of at least one hypertensive medication at the time of surgical admission. All patients underwent catheterization, and the mean peak systolic gradient across the coarctation was 61 +/- 25 mm Hg (range, 25 to 120 mm Hg). Operation included resection and end-to-end anastomosis (3 patients), resection with an interposition tube graft (6 patients), a bypass graft (11 patients), and patch angioplasty (6 patients). There was no hospital mortality or late morbidity. RESULTS: Intermediate follow-up was available at a mean of 2.3 +/- 2 years (range, 1 to 7 years). At last follow-up, the peak systolic gradient between the upper and lower body was trivial (< or = 10 mm Hg) in 23 patients (88%) and mild (11 to 20 mm Hg) in 3 (12%). All patients had significant improvement in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) compared to preoperative values, and the majority (23, 88%) were normotensive. More than half of the patients (14, 54%) were still on a regimen of antihypertensive medication at last follow-up, with a trend (p = 0.06) toward older patients requiring medication. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair of coarctation in adults is an effective, low-risk procedure, which results in a significant improvement in systolic hypertension and a decreased requirement of antihypertensive medications.