Efficacy of Intravesical Nadofaragene Firadenovec for Patients With Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Unresponsive Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: 5-Year Follow-up From a Phase 3 Trial.

PURPOSE: Nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg is a nonreplicating adenoviral vector-based gene therapy for bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive carcinoma in situ (CIS) with/without high-grade Ta/T1. We report outcomes following 5 years of planned follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This open-label phase 3 trial (NCT02773849) enrolled patients with BCG-unresponsive nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer in 2 cohorts: CIS ± Ta/T1 (CIS; n = 107) and Ta/T1 without CIS (Ta/T1 cohort; n = 50). Patients received 75 mL (3 × 1011 vp/mL) nadofaragene firadenovec intravesically once every 3 months with cystoscopy and cytology assessments, with continued treatment offered to those remaining high grade recurrence-free (HGRF). RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven patients were enrolled from 33 US sites (n = 151 included in efficacy analyses). Median follow-up was 50.8 months (interquartile range 39.1-60.0), with 27% receiving ≥ 5 instillations and 7.6% receiving treatment for ≥ 57 months. Of patients with CIS 5.8% (95% CI 2.2-12.2) were HGRF at month 57, and 15% (95% CI 6.1-27.8) of patients with high-grade Ta/T1 were HGRF at month 57. Kaplan-Meier-estimated HGRF survival at 57 months was 13% (95% CI 6.9-21.5) and 33% (95% CI 19.5-46.6) in the CIS and Ta/T1 cohorts, respectively. Cystectomy-free survival at month 60 was 49% (95% CI 40.0-57.1): 43% (95% CI 32.2-53.7) in the CIS cohort and 59% (95% CI 43.1-71.4) in the Ta/T1 cohort. Overall survival at 60 months was 80% (71.0, 86.0): 76% (64.6-84.5) and 86% (70.9-93.5) in the CIS and Ta/T1 cohorts, respectively. Only 5 patients (4 with CIS and 1 with Ta/T1) experienced clinical progression to muscle-invasive disease. CONCLUSIONS: At 60 months, nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg allowed bladder preservation in nearly half of the patients and proved to be a safe option for BCG-unresponsive nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Multiomics profiling of urothelial carcinoma in situ reveals CIS-specific gene signature and immune characteristics.

Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an aggressive phenotype of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Molecular features unique to CIS compared to high-grade papillary tumors are underexplored. RNA sequencing of CIS, papillary tumors, and normal urothelium showed lower immune marker expression in CIS compared to papillary tumors. We identified a 46-gene expression signature in CIS samples including selectively upregulated known druggable targets MTOR, TYK2, AXIN1, CPT1B, GAK, and PIEZO1 and selectively downregulated BRD2 and NDUFB2. High expression of selected genes was significantly associated with CIS in an independent dataset. Mutation analysis of matched CIS and papillary tumors revealed shared mutations between samples across time points and mutational heterogeneity. CCDC138 was the most frequently mutated gene in CIS. The immunological landscape showed higher levels of PD-1-positive cells in CIS lesions compared to papillary tumors. We identified CIS lesions to have distinct characteristics compared to papillary tumors potentially contributing to the aggressive phenotype.

Whole exome sequencing analysis of canine urothelial carcinomas without BRAF V595E mutation: Short in-frame deletions in BRAF and MAP2K1 suggest alternative mechanisms for MAPK pathway disruption.

Molecular profiling studies have shown that 85% of canine urothelial carcinomas (UC) harbor an activating BRAF V595E mutation, which is orthologous to the V600E variant found in several human cancer subtypes. In dogs, this mutation provides both a powerful diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target; however, due to their relative infrequency, the remaining 15% of cases remain understudied at the molecular level. We performed whole exome sequencing analysis of 28 canine urine sediments exhibiting the characteristic DNA copy number signatures of canine UC, in which the BRAF V595E mutation was undetected (UDV595E specimens). Among these we identified 13 specimens (46%) harboring short in-frame deletions within either BRAF exon 12 (7/28 cases) or MAP2K1 exons 2 or 3 (6/28 cases). Orthologous variants occur in several human cancer subtypes and confer structural changes to the protein product that are predictive of response to different classes of small molecule MAPK pathway inhibitors. DNA damage response and repair genes, and chromatin modifiers were also recurrently mutated in UDV595E specimens, as were genes that are positive predictors of immunotherapy response in human cancers. Our findings suggest that short in-frame deletions within BRAF exon 12 and MAP2K1 exons 2 and 3 in UDV595E cases are alternative MAPK-pathway activating events that may have significant therapeutic implications for selecting first-line treatment for canine UC. We developed a simple, cost-effective capillary electrophoresis genotyping assay for detection of these deletions in parallel with the BRAF V595E mutation. The identification of these deletion events in dogs offers a compelling cross-species platform in which to study the relationship between somatic alteration, protein conformation, and therapeutic sensitivity.

A Phase 1b/2 Study of Atezolizumab with or Without Bacille Calmette-Guérin in Patients with High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard therapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumour for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, post-BCG recurrence/progression occurs frequently, and noncystectomy options are limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and clinical activity of atezolizumab ± BCG in high-risk BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This phase 1b/2 GU-123 study (NCT02792192) treated patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC who had carcinoma in situ with atezolizumab ± BCG. INTERVENTION: Patients in cohorts 1A and 1B received atezolizumab 1200 mg IV q3w for ≤96 wk. Those in cohort 1B also received standard BCG induction (six weekly doses) and maintenance courses (three doses weekly starting at month 3) with optional maintenance at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 mo. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Coprimary endpoints were safety and 6-mo complete response (CR) rate. Secondary endpoints included 3-mo CR rate and duration of CR; 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: At data cut-off (September 29, 2020), 24 patients were enrolled (cohort 1A, n = 12; cohort 1B, n = 12), and the recommended BCG dose was 50 mg in cohort 1B. Four patients (33%) had adverse events (AEs) leading to BCG dose modification/interruption. Three patients (25%) in cohort 1A reported atezolizumab-related grade 3 AEs; cohort 1B had no atezolizumab- or BCG-related grade ≥3 AEs. No grade 4/5 AEs were reported. The 6-mo CR rate was 33% in cohort 1A (median duration of CR, 6.8 mo) and 42% in cohort 1B (median duration of CR, not reached [≥12 mo]). These results are limited by the small sample size of GU-123. CONCLUSIONS: In this first report of the atezolizumab-BCG combination in NMIBC, atezolizumab ± BCG was well tolerated, with no new safety signals or treatment-related deaths. Preliminary results suggested clinically meaningful activity; the combination favoured a longer duration of response. PATIENT SUMMARY: We studied atezolizumab with and without bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to determine whether this combination was safe and had clinical activity in patients with high-risk noninvasive bladder cancer (high-grade bladder tumours that affect the outermost lining of the bladder wall) that has previously been treated with BCG and is still present or occurred again. Our results suggest that atezolizumab with or without BCG was generally safe and could be used to treat patients unresponsive to BCG.

Advanced chronic kidney disease; A comparison between nephroureterectomy and nephron-sparing surgery for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Renal function outcomes between radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients are not well established. We sought to compare the incidence and factors associated with development of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) between RNU and NSS and examine the role of acute kidney injury (AKI) on renal function outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed an institutional database for patients who underwent either RNU or NSS for UTUC. Cumulative incidence of postoperative advanced CKD, defined as eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, was compared between groups. Fine-Gray competing risk regression was used to identify predictors of advanced CKD. Locally weight scatterplot smoothing was used to assess postoperative eGFR trends. AKI events were counted, staged, and assessed for influence of progression to advanced CKD. RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty-six patients were included in analysis, with a median follow up of 6.68 years (IQR 3.4-12.2). Median preoperative eGFR was similar between the groups (NSS: 68 ml/min/1.73 m2, RNU: 65 ml/min/1.73 m2,P = 0.220). Cumulative incidence of advanced CKD was significantly lower in the NSS cohort (P = 0.009). Factors associated with advanced CKD included age, diabetes, recurrent AKI and RNU. Percent of patients with an AKI event differed between the groups (51.5% NSS, 72.7% RNU, P = <0.001), there was no between group difference in percentage of patients with recurrent AKI (25.6% NSS, 25.9% RNU, P =1). CONCLUSION: NSS provides a renal function benefit in UTUC. AKI is common among UTUC patients and recurrent AKI is a risk factor for development of advanced CKD.

Novel genotyping algorithms for rare variants significantly improve the accuracy of Applied Biosystems™ Axiom™ array genotyping calls: Retrospective evaluation of UK Biobank array data.

The UK Biobank genotyped about 500k participants using Applied Biosystems Axiom microarrays. Participants were subsequently sequenced by the UK Biobank Exome Sequencing Consortium. Axiom genotyping was highly accurate in comparison to sequencing results, for almost 100,000 variants both directly genotyped on the UK Biobank Axiom array and via whole exome sequencing. However, in a study using the exome sequencing results of the first 50k individuals as reference (truth), it was observed that the positive predictive value (PPV) decreased along with the number of heterozygous array calls per variant. We developed a novel addition to the genotyping algorithm, Rare Heterozygous Adjusted (RHA), to significantly improve PPV in variants with minor allele frequency below 0.01%. The improvement in PPV was roughly equal when comparing to the exome sequencing of 50k individuals, or to the more recent ~200k individuals. Sensitivity was higher in the 200k data. The improved calling algorithm, along with enhanced quality control of array probesets, significantly improved the positive predictive value and the sensitivity of array data, making it suitable for the detection of ultra-rare variants.

Intravital optical imaging for immune cell tracking after photoimmunotherapy with plasmonic gold nanostars.

Bladder cancer has been ranked as one of the most commonly occurring cancers in men and women with approximately half of the diagnoses being the late stage and/or metastatic diseases. We have developed a novel cancer treatment by combining gold nanostar-mediated photothermal therapy with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy to treat bladder cancer. Experiment results with a murine animal model demonstrated that our developed photoimmunotherapy therapy is more efficacious than any individual studied treatment. In addition, we used intravital optical imaging with a dorsal skinfold window chamber animal model to study immune responses and immune cell accumulation in a distant tumor following our photoimmunotherapy. The mice used have the CX3CR1-GFP receptor on monocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells allowing us to dynamically track their presence by fluorescence imaging. Our proof-of-principle study results showed that the photoimmunotherapy triggered anti-cancer immune responses to generate anti-cancer immune cells which accumulate in metastatic tumors. Our study results illustrate that intravital optical imaging is an efficient and versatile tool to investigate immune responses and mechanisms of photoimmunotherapy in future studies.

Automated versus manual analysis of body composition measures on computed tomography in patients with bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: Manual measurement of body composition on computed tomography (CT) is time-consuming, limiting its clinical use. We validate a software program, Automatic Body composition Analyzer using Computed tomography image Segmentation (ABACS), for the automated measurement of body composition by comparing its performance to manual segmentation in a cohort of patients with bladder cancer. METHOD: We performed a retrospective analysis of 285 patients treated for bladder cancer at the Duke University Health System from 1996 to 2017. Abdominal CT images were manually segmented at L3 using Slice-O-Matic. Automated segmentation was performed with ABACS on the same L3-level images. Measures of interest were skeletal muscle (SM) area, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area. SM index, SAT index, and VAT index were calculated by dividing component areas by patient height2 (m2). Patients were dichotomized as sarcopenic, having excessive subcutaneous fat, or having excessive visceral fat using published cut-off values. Agreement between manual and automated segmentation was assessed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC), the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC3), and the kappa statistic (κ). RESULTS: There was strong agreement between manual and automatic segmentation, with PPMCCs > 0.90 and ICC3s > 0.90 for SM, SAT, and VAT areas. Categorization of patients as sarcopenic (κ = 0.73), having excessive subcutaneous fat (κ = 0.88), or having excessive visceral fat (κ = 0.90) displayed high agreement between methods. CONCLUSIONS: Automated segmentation of body composition measures on CT using ABACS performs similarly to manual analysis and may expedite data collection in body composition research.

Genomic Sequencing Should Not be Part of the Standard of Care for Most Urologic Cancers.

There are currently few situations in which genomic testing is actionable for genitourinary tumors. Without clear indications or treatment paradigms, genomic sequencing cannot be recommended as a standard of care for genitourinary tumors.

Recirculating hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (HIVEC) versus BCG in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of the HIVEC-HR randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to compare the outcomes of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients treated with BCG vs recirculating hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC) with mitomycin C (MMC). METHODS: A pilot phase II randomized clinical trial was conducted including HR-NMIBC patients, excluding carcinoma in situ. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive intravesical BCG for 1 year (once weekly for 6 weeks plus subsequent maintenance) or HIVEC with 40 mg MMC, administered using the Combat BRS system (once weekly instillations were given for 6 weeks, followed by once monthly instillation for 6 months). Total recirculating dwell time for HIVEC was 60 min at a target temperature of 43° ± 0.5 °C. Primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival. Secondary endpoints were time to recurrence, progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival at 24 months. Adverse events were routinely assessed. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled. Mean age was 73.5 years. Median follow-up was 33.7 months. Recurrence-free survival at 24 months was 86.5% for HIVEC and 71.8% for BCG (p = 0.184) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 95.0% for HIVEC and 75.1% for BCG (p = 0.064) in the per protocol analysis. Time to recurrence was 21.5 and 16.1 months for HIVEC and BCG, respectively. Progression-free survival for HIVEC vs BCG was 95.7% vs 71.8% (p = 0.043) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 100% vs 75.1% (p = 0.018) in the per protocol analysis, respectively. Cancer-specific survival at 24 months was 100% for both groups and overall survival was 91.5% for HIVEC vs 81.8% for BCG. CONCLUSION: HIVEC provides comparable safety and efficacy to BCG and is a reasonable alternative during BCG shortages. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT 2016-001186-85. Date of registration: 17 March 2016.

Pre-existing Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer-like Cells in Primary Prostate Cancer Promote Resistance to Hormonal Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Hormonal therapy targeting the androgen receptor inhibits prostate cancer (PCa), but the tumor eventually recurs as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). OBJECTIVE: To understand the mechanisms by which subclones within early PCa develop into CRPC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We isolated epithelial cells from fresh human PCa cases, including primary adenocarcinoma, locally recurrent CRPC, and metastatic CRPC, and utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to identify subpopulations destined to become either CRPC-adeno or small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We revealed dynamic transcriptional reprogramming that promotes disease progression among 23226 epithelial cells using single-cell RNA sequencing, and validated subset-specific progression using immunohistochemistry and large cohorts of publically available genomic data. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We identified a small fraction of highly plastic CRPC-like cells in hormone-naïve early PCa and demonstrated its correlation with biochemical recurrence and distant metastasis, independent of clinical characteristics. We show that progression toward castration resistance was initiated from subtype-specific lineage plasticity and clonal expansion of pre-existing neuroendocrine and CRPC-like cells in early PCa. CONCLUSIONS: CRPC-like cells are present early in the development of PCa and are not exclusively the result of acquired evolutionary selection during androgen deprivation therapy. The lethal CRPC and SCNC phenotypes should be targeted earlier in the disease course of patients with PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY: Here, we report the presence of pre-existing castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)-like cells in primary prostate cancer, which represents a novel castration-resistant mechanism different from the adaptation mechanism after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Patients whose tumors harbor increased pre-existing neuroendocrine and CRPC-like cells may become rapidly resistant to ADT and may require aggressive early intervention.

Characterization of a castrate-resistant prostate cancer xenograft derived from a patient of West African ancestry.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disease, with highest incidence and mortality among men of African ancestry. To date, prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PCPDX) models to study this disease have been difficult to establish because of limited specimen availability and poor uptake rates in immunodeficient mice. Ancestrally diverse PCPDXs are even more rare, and only six PCPDXs from self-identified African American patients from one institution were recently made available. METHODS: In the present study, we established a PCPDX from prostate cancer tissue from a patient of estimated 90% West African ancestry with metastatic castration resistant disease, and characterized this model's pathology, karyotype, hotspot mutations, copy number, gene fusions, gene expression, growth rate in normal and castrated mice, therapeutic response, and experimental metastasis. RESULTS: This PCPDX has a mutation in TP53 and loss of PTEN and RB1. We have documented a 100% take rate in mice after thawing the PCPDX tumor from frozen stock. The PCPDX is castrate- and docetaxel-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive, and has gene expression patterns associated with such drug responses. After tail vein injection, the PCPDX tumor cells can colonize the lungs of mice. CONCLUSION: This PCPDX, along with others that are established and characterized, will be useful pre-clinically for studying the heterogeneity of prostate cancer biology and testing new therapeutics in models expected to be reflective of the clinical setting.

Videos of Sipuleucel-T Programmed T Cells Lysing Cells That Express Prostate Cancer Target Antigens.

Sipuleucel-T, an autologous cellular immunotherapy, was approved to treat metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in 2010 in the United States. Treatment with sipuleucel-T primes the immune system to target prostate acid phosphatase, which is expressed by prostate cancer cells, potentially leading to lysis of cancer cells. Expanding on previously reported indirect evidence of cell killing with sipuleucel-T treatment, we sought to provide direct evidence of cell lysis through visualization. We used advanced video technology and available samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects enrolled in the STAMP trial (NCT01487863). Isolated CD8+ T cells were used as effector cells and cocultured with autologous monocytes pulsed with control or target antigens. Differentially stained effector and target cells were then video recorded during coculture. Here, we present video recordings and analyses of T cells from sipuleucel-T-treated subjects showing-for the first time-direct lysis of cells that express prostate cancer target antigens, prostate acid phosphatase, or prostate-specific antigen.

Antiadenovirus Antibodies Predict Response Durability to Nadofaragene Firadenovec Therapy in BCG-unresponsive Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Secondary Analysis of a Phase 3 Clinical Trial.

A recent phase 3 trial of intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec reported a promising complete response rate for patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This study examined the ability of antiadenovirus antibody levels to predict the durability of therapeutic response to nadofaragene firadenovec. A standardized and validated quantitative assay was used to prospectively assess baseline and post-treatment serum antibody levels among 91 patients from the phase 3 trial, of whom 47 (52%) were high-grade recurrence free at 12 mo (responders). While baseline titers did not predict treatment response, 3-mo titer >800 was associated with a higher likelihood of durable response (p = 0.026). Peak post-treatment titers >800 were noted in 42 (89%) responders versus 26 (59%) nonresponders (p = 0.001; assay sensitivity, 89%; negative predictive value, 78%). Moreover, 22 (47%) responders compared with eight (18%) nonresponders had a combination of peak post-treatment titers >800 and peak antibody fold change >8 (p = 0.004; assay specificity, 82%; positive predictive value, 73%). A majority of responders continued to have post-treatment antibody titers >800 after the first 6 mo of therapy. In conclusion, serum antiadenovirus antibody quantification may serve as a novel predictive marker for nadofaragene firadenovec response durability. Future studies will focus on large-scale validation and clinical utility of the assay. PATIENT SUMMARY: This study reports on a planned secondary analysis of a phase 3 multicenter clinical trial that established the benefit of nadofaragene firadenovec, a novel intravesical gene therapeutic, for the treatment of patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Prospective assessment of serum anti-human adenovirus type-5 antibody levels of patients in this trial indicated that a combination of post-treatment titers and fold change from baseline can predict treatment efficacy. While this merits additional validation, our findings suggest that serum antiadenovirus antibody levels can serve as an important predictive marker for the durability of therapeutic response to nadofaragene firadenovec.

Short Courses of Antibiotics Are Safe in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) carry high morbidity and mortality. While early aggressive surgical debridement is well-accepted treatment for NSTIs, the optimum duration of adjunct antibiotic therapy is unclear. An increasing focus on safety and evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship suggests a value in addressing this knowledge gap. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether shorter antibiotic courses have similar outcomes compared to longer courses in patients with NSTI following adequate source control. POPULATION: 142 consecutive patients with surgically managed NSTI were identified on retrospective chart review between December 2014 and December 2018 at two academic medical centers. RESULTS: Patients were predominately male (74%) with a median age of 52 and similar baseline characteristics. The median number of debridements to definitive source control was 2 (IQR 1-3) with the short course group undergoing a greater number of debridements control 2.57 ± 1.8 vs 1.9 ± 1.2, (P = .01). Of 142 patients, 34.5% received a short course and the remaining 65.5% received a longer course of antibiotics. There was no significant difference in the incidence of bacteremia or wound culture positivity between groups. There was also no significant difference in in-hospital mortality, 8% vs 6% (P = .74), incidence of C. difficile infection, median length of stay, or 30-day readmission. CONCLUSION: Provided adequate surgical debridement, similar outcomes in morbidity and mortality suggest antibiotic courses of 7 days or less are equally safe compared to longer courses.

Recovery of Pediatric Patients After Firearm Injury: Can Health Systems Do More?

BACKGROUND: Firearm injuries are the second leading cause of death among youth in the United States. Nonfatal firearm injuries far outnumber fatalities, yet data detailing the recovery and post-injury needs of pediatric patients after hospital discharge are limited. This study evaluated health system support of pediatric patients after firearm injury, from acute hospitalization to outpatient follow-up. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients <18 years who presented to an urban level 1 trauma center between 2014 and 2019. Cases were categorized as accidental or intentional (stratified as assault-related or "crossfire" injuries). Outcomes included biopsychosocial assessment (BA) utilization, trauma psychology service consultation, and linkage to outpatient services. RESULTS: Among 115 patients, 94% were victims of community violence. Black (50%) and Latinx (44%) patients were disproportionately affected, as were males aged 15-16 years (71%). Overall mortality was 8%. Biopsychosocial assessment and trauma psychology consultations occurred in 43% and 20% of cases, respectively. Of eligible patients, 71% received referral to post-hospitalization support services. The most commonly identified needs were counseling, gang intervention, and help with the carceral system. CONCLUSION: Health systems should support long-term recovery of pediatric patients after firearm injury, particularly addressing social and structural determinants of health. Inpatient-to-outpatient linkages should be strengthened, and prospective follow-up is needed.

Active surveillance of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from a prospective observational study (MaRCC).

BACKGROUND: Systemic therapy (ST) can be deferred in patients who have metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and slow-growing metastases. Currently, this subset of patients managed with active surveillance (AS) is not well described in the literature. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of patients with mRCC across 46 US community and academic centers. The objective was to describe baseline characteristics and demographics of patients with mRCC initially managed by AS, reasons for AS, and patient outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize demographics, baseline characteristics, and patient-related outcomes. Wilcoxon 2-sample rank-sum tests and χ2 tests were used to assess differences between ST and AS cohorts in continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to assess survival. RESULTS: Of 504 patients, mRCC was initially managed by AS (n = 143) or ST (n = 305); 56 patients were excluded from the analysis. Disease was present in 69% of patients who received AS, whereas the remaining 31% had no evidence of disease. At data cutoff, 72 of 143 patients (50%) in the AS cohort had not received ST. The median overall survival was not reached (95% CI, 122 months to not estimable) in patients who received AS versus 30 months (95% CI, 25-44 months) in those who received ST. Quality of life at baseline was significantly better in patients who were managed with AS versus ST. CONCLUSIONS: AS occurs frequently (32%) in real-world clinical practice and appears to be a safe and appropriate alternative to immediate ST in selected patients.