Assessment of Postpartum Stress Using the Maternal Postpartum Stress Scale (MPSS) in Spanish Women.

Although scales that evaluate postpartum stress exist, they lack specificity in maternal postpartum stress. The MPSS was created because there was a need to assess maternal stress during the postpartum stage. The introduction of the MPSS has enriched the evaluation tools for postpartum stress and has helped understand maternal stress at various postpartum time points and identify women at high risk for postpartum stress during this period. The aim was to translate the MPSS into Spanish and study its psychometric properties. Postpartum women (N = 167) with a mean age of 34.26 (SD = 4.71) were involved in this study. In addition to the MPSS, a battery of instruments was administered: a demographic sheet, the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The MPSS data were analyzed, checking item communality first. As a result, three items showed unsatisfactory communality values (h2 < 0.40). Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted, comparing factor models using the full pool of MPSS items or the version without items with unacceptable communality. As a result, the original three-factor structure was endorsed on the Spanish MPSS, with better fit indices when removing items with low communality (RMSEA = 0.067, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99). The reliability of this version was satisfactory (ω = 0.93). Finally, group comparisons for some perinatal variables were performed, showing no significant differences between groups of interest (p = 0.05 and above). To conclude, the MPSS will contribute to the existing literature, having a wider capacity to assess perinatal mental health difficulties in Spanish-speaking populations.

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Fear of Childbirth: Role of Perceived Preparedness for Childbirth / [La intolerancia a la incertidumbre y el miedo al alumbramiento: el papel que juega la preparación para el parto]

Background: Fear of childbirth (FOC) can lead to diverse adverse outcomes for pregnant women. Personality dispositions are one of the predictors of FOC, and intolerance of uncertainty is one of them. Previous studies were inconclusive, suggesting that intolerance of uncertainty was a predictor of FOC in pregnant women. However, the underlying mechanisms of that relation are still underexamined. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the mediation role of perceived preparedness for childbirth in the association between intolerance of uncertainty and FOC. Method: Participants were 168 primiparous pregnant and 124 multiparous pregnant women. Women fill out the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), and a demographic sheet while waiting for regular prenatal checkup in hospital. Results: Results showed that perceived preparedness was a full mediator between intolerance of uncertainty and FOC in primiparous women. Intolerance of uncertainty was not correlated with FOC nor preparedness in multiparous women. Conclusions: Intolerance of uncertainty predicted FOC only indirectly through lower perceived preparedness for childbirth in primiparous women. Practical implications are discussed. (AU)

Antecedentes: El miedo al parto puede acarrear consecuencias desfavorables para las mujeres gestantes. Las disposiciones de personalidad constituyen uno de los predictores del miedo al parto, una de las cuales es la incertidumbre. Hasta ahora los estudios no han sido concluyentes al indicar que la intolerancia a la incertidumbre predecía el miedo al alumbramiento en mujeres encinta. No obstante, no se han examinado suficientemente los mecanismos subyacentes a dicha relación. Método: Así, este estudio transversal se propone analizar el papel mediador que juega la preparación percibida para el parto en la asociación entre intolerancia a la incertidumbre y el miedo al parto. Han participado 168 embarazadas primíparas y 124 multíparas, que cumplimentaron el Cuestionario Wijma sobre Expectativas/Experiencia sobre el Parto, la Escala de Intolerancia a la Incertidumbre y un formulario demográfico mientras esperaban a la revisión prenatal en el hospital. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la preparación percibida es un gran mediador de la relación entre la intolerancia a la incertidumbre y el miedo al parto en mujeres primíparas. En las mujeres multíparas la intolerancia a la incertidumbre no correlacionaba con el miedo al parto ni con la preparación para ese momento. Conclusiones: La intolerancia a la incertidumbre predijo el miedo al parto solo indirectamente a través de una menor preparación percibida para el parto en mujeres primíparas. Se comentan las implicaciones prácticas. (AU)

Perfectionism, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women / El perfeccionismo, la tolerancia a la incertidumbre y el miedo al parto en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas

Background: Fear of childbirth (FOC) has adverse effect on delivery, maternal and infant health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of FOC and to examine the role of perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, and preparedness for childbirth in explaining FOC in non-pregnant and pregnant women, as well as the role of mode of delivery in multiparous women. Method: In the cross-sectional study, 197 non-pregnant, 168 nulliparous and 124 multiparous pregnant women filled out questionnaires on FOC (W-DEQ), perfectionism (PNPS), intolerance of uncertainty (IUS), and a question on preparedness for childbirth. Results: More important determinants of FOC were personality traits (perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty) in non-pregnant and nulliparous pregnant women, as opposed to previous childbirth experience (emergency caesarean section) in multiparous women. However, preparedness for childbirth was associated with FOC in all three sub-groups. Conclusion: Preparedness for childbirth should be the target in prenatal classes in order to alleviate FOC. (AU)

Antecedentes: El miedo al parto (MP) influye de un modo adverso en el mismo y en la salud materna e infantil. El estudio tiene por objeto analizar la prevalencia del MP y el papel del perfeccionismo, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre y la preparación para el parto para explicar el MP en mujeres embarazadas y no embarazadas así como el papel que juega el modo de alumbramiento en mujeres multíparas. Método: En el estudio transversal 197 mujeres no encintas, 168 embarazadas nulíparas y 124 multíparas cumplimentaron cuestionarios sobre MP (W-DEQ), perfeccionismo (PNPS), intolerancia a la incertidumbre (IUS) y una pregunta sobre preparación para el parto. Resultados: Los determinantes más importantes del MP fueron los rasgos de personalidad (perfeccionismo e intolerancia a la incertidumbre) en mujeres no encintas y en embarazadas nulíparas en oposición a la experiencia previa de parto (cesárea de emergencia) en mujeres multíparas. No obstante, la preparación para el parto se asociaba al MP en los tres subgrupos. Conclusión: La preparación para el parto debería abordarse en las clases prenatales para aliviar el MP. (AU)

Measuring stress after childbirth: development and validation of the Maternal Postpartum Stress Scale.

BACKGROUND: Due to a wide range of stressors during the first postpartum year, this study aimed to develop and validate a self-report measure of stress intensity specific for postpartum. METHOD: Postpartum women (N= 603) completed the Maternal Postpartum Stress Scale in a cross-sectional online study. They also filled out questionnaires on general stress, depression, and anxiety . Factor analysis, reliability, and validity were examined. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure: Personal needs and fatigue , Infant nurturing , and Body changes and sexuality. The reliability of the total scale and all subscales was good. Significant positive correlation with general stress indicated good convergent validity, and with depression and anxiety good divergent validity. Primiparous mothers had a higher score on the Infant nurturing subscale, and the mothers of infants with health problems had a higher score on the total scale, Personal needs and fatigue, and Infant nurturing. CONCLUSION: Maternal Postpartum Stress Scale is a new, valid, and reliable 22-items scale that measures stress during the first postpartum year. The total scale and tree subscales can be calculated separately to provide detailed information about stressors that mothers struggle with. The scale can be used for research and practical purposes.

Longitudinal study of social anxiety symptoms and appearance rejection in predicting body dysmorphic symptoms: Appearance-based rejection sensitivity as a mediator.

Previous findings from cross-sectional studies suggest that social anxiety symptoms and negative peers' experiences regarding appearance were predictors of body dysmorphic symptoms through appearance-based rejection sensitivity. However, little is known about longitudinal relations and parental appearance rejection on body dysmorphic symptoms. Therefore, this study aims to examine the longitudinal mediation of appearance-based rejection sensitivity with social anxiety symptoms, remembered peers', maternal, and paternal appearance-based rejection as predictors, and body dysmorphic symptoms as an outcome. The study included 277 university students who completed questionnaires in two-measurements points 5 months apart. The results indicated that social anxiety symptoms predicted changes in body dysmorphic symptoms through appearance-based rejection sensitivity. In addition, remembered childhood peers' appearance-based rejection predicted both directly and indirectly changes in body dysmorphic symptoms over time. Maternal and paternal appearance-based rejection were not predictors of appearance-based rejection sensitivity or body dysmorphic symptoms. Findings support rejection sensitivity theory and the long-lasting impact of negative peers' experiences for impaired body dysmorphic symptoms. However, further research regarding remembered parental negative experiences is needed.

Clinical practice guidelines with recommendations for peripartum depression: A European systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically review all Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) with recommendations for peripartum depression in European countries. METHODS: A systematic review according to the PRISMA statement was conducted. CPGs focussing on peripartum depression or with at least one specific recommendation for peripartum depression from European countries were selected. Searching was conducted in electronic databases (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), and by contacting professional societies and international experts until November 24th, 2021. Characteristics of the included CPGs and their recommendations were extracted. A methodological quality assessment was conducted using the AGREE-II tool. RESULTS: A total of 239 records were identified after duplicate removal. Of these, 54 were examined for full-text inspection. The final selection yielded 14 CPGs from 11 European countries in 10 languages. Of them, 11 provided recommendations on pharmacological treatments, 10 on psychological treatment (e.g., cognitive-behavioural therapy), 10 on screening, 8 on diagnosis, 6 on other treatments (e.g., physical exercise), 5 on prevention, and 5 other recommendations (e.g., provide information). Regarding the overall methodological quality, only five (35.7%) guidelines were rated as of adequate quality, reaching a score ≥ 70% in the overall assessment of the AGREE-II instrument. Of the six AGREE-II domains, applicability scored the lowest and clarity of presentation scored the highest. CONCLUSION: The absence of CPGs in most European countries, the discrepancy in recommendations and the low methodological quality of the guidelines may lead to disparities and inequalities in peripartum depression management in Europe. The COST Action Riseup-PPD highlights key considerations for future guideline developers.

The metacognitive model of rumination and depression in postpartum women.

OBJECTIVES: The metacognitive model of rumination and depression (Papageorgiou & Wells, 2003, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 261) postulates that beliefs that perseverative negative thinking, i.e. rumination, will help solve problems contributing to rumination. However, this activates negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and social consequences of ruminations, which exacerbate depression. The metacognitive model has been well-supported but with some inconsistencies in specific pathways. It has also not yet been tested for postpartum depression (PPD). Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relations between the metacognitive model of rumination and depression when applied to PPD symptoms and to compare it with the cognitive model of depression. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHOD: Postpartum mothers (N = 603) participated in an online study in their first postpartum year. They completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postnatal Negative Thoughts Questionnaire (PNTQ), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), Positive Beliefs about Rumination Scale (PBRS) and Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scale (NBRS). RESULTS: A path analysis revealed that the model had an excellent fit to the data. Specifically, positive beliefs about rumination predicted engagement in rumination that, in turn, predicted PPD, both directly and indirectly, through negative beliefs about uncontrollability and the social consequences of rumination. A cognitive model with ruminations as a partial mediator between negative postpartum thoughts and PPD symptoms also had a good fit. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the cognitive and metacognitive mechanisms underlying postpartum depression, which might be similar to depression in general and have important implications for treatment strategies.

The relationship between birth satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder and postnatal depression symptoms in Croatian women.

Studies show that a woman's dissatisfaction with her birth experience may affect her well-being. This study aimed to examine: (1) the birth satisfaction in Croatian women and compare it with UK normative data; (2) the association of different dimensions of birth satisfaction with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms. In a cross-sectional online study, 603 postnatal Croatian women completed the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (subscales: Stress experienced during labour (SL), Women's personal attributes (WA), and Quality of care provision (QC)); City Birth Trauma Scale (subscales: Birth-related symptoms and General symptoms); and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Subscale and total scale scores were calculated. Path analysis tested the model of three aspects of birth satisfaction effect on PTSD dimensions and depressive symptoms. The average birth satisfaction score was significantly lower compared to the UK data on the total scale and all three subscale scores. Path analysis revealed that all three dimensions of birth satisfaction (SL, WA, and QC) had an effect on Birth-related symptoms. However, only Women's personal attributes (i.e., feeling anxiety or being in control during childbirth) had an effect on General symptoms and depressive symptoms, as well. Different aspects of birth satisfaction are important for maternal mental health following childbirth.